2022年考博英语-宁夏大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷4（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-宁夏大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题The countrys deficit that year（ ）to a record 169.8 billion dollars.问题1选项A.soaredB.souredC.soredD.sourced【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项soared“飙升，骤然上升”；B选项soured“发酵，厌烦”；C选项sored“弄伤”；D选项sourced“发动，寻找来源”。句意：该国当年的赤字_创纪录的1698亿美元。这里表达的是“当年的赤字飙升至”，因此A选项符合题意。2. 翻译题Today, there is widespread agreement that cloning for reproduction is unsafe and should be banned. Now, the debate has shifted away from the ethics of baby-making and toward the morality of cloning embryos for their cells and issues, which might be used to treat diseases. The controversy pits religious conservatives and abortion opponents, who regard embryos as nascent human life, against patients groups, scientists and the biotechnology industry.【答案】现在，人们达成共识的是，为再生产而进行的克隆是不安全的，因此应该禁止。当前，人们争论的焦点已不再局限于克隆婴儿的伦理问题。人们的注意已转移到对胚胎的克隆上来，尽管由之产生的组织和细胞有助于治疗很多疾病。因为保守的宗教人士和堕胎反对者认为胚胎是早期的生命形式，他们自然与患者、科学家和生物工业站在争论的两边。3. 单选题The survey found 80 percent of viewers were（ ）by the violent scenes in the film.问题1选项A.eliminatedB.alertedC.offendedD.discouraged【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项eliminated“被淘汰，消除”；B选项alerted“使警觉，警告”；C选项offended“冒犯，生气”；D选项discouraged“使灰心”。句意：调查发现，80%的观众对影片中的暴力镜头感到（ ）。这里表达的含义是“对暴力镜头感到被冒犯（反感）”。因此C选项符合题意。4. 单选题I am thankful to the company for giving me such a chance, and I earnestly hope that I will（ ）everyones expectations.问题1选项A.boil down toB.look forward toC.live up toD.catch on to【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项boil down to“归结为”；B选项look forward to“期待”；C选项live up to“不辜负，做到”；D选项catch on to“理解，突然了解”。句意：我非常感谢公司给我这样一个机会，并衷心希望我能_大家的期望。考查了固定搭配live up to expectation“不辜负的期望”，这里表示“我能不辜负大家的期望”。因此C选项符合题意。5. 单选题We need someone really（ ）who can organize the office and make it run smoothly.问题1选项A.crucialB.realisticC.essentialD.efficient【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项crucial“重要的，决定性的”；B选项realistic“现实的，现实主义的”；C选项essential“基本的，必要的”；D选项efficient“有效率的，有能力的”。句意：我们需要一个真正（ ）人，他能组织好办公室，使之顺利运作。通过句意可以看出，这个所需要的人应该是“很有效率的”，因此D选项符合题意。6. 单选题The intelligence department was accused, of failure to（ ）the troops to the possibility of an enemy attack during the weekend.问题1选项A.instructB.warnC.dictateD.alert【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项instruct“指导，通知”；B选项warn“警告（偏向于告诫）”；C选项dictate“命令，口述”；D选项alert“使警觉，警告（更加正式）”。句意：情报部门被指控未能在周末向部队（ ）敌人可能发动袭击的情况。本句的句意是要表达“情报部门没有及时通报让部队警觉”，因此D选项符合题意。7. 单选题Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so. Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today. It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients captured in the product it was relatively inefficient.Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields. Throughout this period food became cheaper, safe and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat loss and to diminishing biodiversity.Whats more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050. Yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions.All this means that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th. This will require radical thinking. For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones. We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be “zero impact”. The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage.Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons of all the various way land is used. There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield: energy use, environmental costs, water purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity. It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting. But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity.What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production.1.How do people often measure progress in agriculture?2.Specialization and the effort to increase yields have resulted in（ ）.3.What does the author think of traditional farming practices?4.What will agriculture be like in the 21st century?5.What is the authors purpose in writing this passage?问题1选项A.By its sustainability.B.By its impact on the environment.C.By its productivity.D.By its contribution to economic growth.问题2选项A.localized pollutionB.competition from overseasC.the shrinking of farmlandD.the decrease of biodiversity问题3选项A.They have remained the same over the centuries.B.They have not kept pace with population growth.C.They are not necessarily sustainable.D.They are environmentally friendly.问题4选项A.It will supply more animal products.B.It will go through radical changes.C.It will abandon traditional farming practices.D.It will cause zero damage to the environment.问题5选项A.To remind people of the need of sustainable development.B.To suggest ways of ensuring sustainable food production.C.To advance new criteria for measuring farming progress.D.To urge people to rethink what sustainable agriculture is.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。根据题干定位到第一段最后一句This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.（在农业领域尤其如此，可持续发展往往被视为进步的唯一衡量标准，而没有从历史和文化的角度进行适当的评价。）因此可持续发展就是人们衡量农业进步的指标，A选项“通过它的可持续性正确”。B选项“通过它对环境的影响”；C选项“通过它的生产力”；D选项“通过它对于经济发展的贡献”这三项都不是文章认为的观点。2.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第三段Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields.However, these changes have also led to habitat loss and to diminishing biodiversity.（来自海外的竞争促使农民专业化并提高产量。在这一时期，食品变得更便宜、更安全、更可靠。然而，这些变化也导致了栖息地的丧失和生物多样性的减少。）也就是说这些使农民专业化并且增加产量的手段使得物种生物性减少，因此D选项“生物多样性的减少”正确。A选项“局部污染”这个是原文所没有提及的；B选项“来自海外的竞争”这个是造成物种多样性减少的根本原因，因果颠倒；C选项“农田的萎缩”原文并没有明确提及。3.判断推理题。根据题干关键词定位到倒数第三段第三句话For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones.（例如，我们需要摆脱认为传统做法不可避免的比新做法更具可持续性的想法。）也就是说传统做法并不比新做法具有持续性，因此C选项“它们不一定是可持续的”正确。A选项“它们几个世纪以来一直保持不变”原文未提及；B选项“它们没有跟上人口增长的步伐”，不符合原文；D选项“它们是环保的”与原文相悖。4.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位到倒数第三段第一、二句话All this means that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th. This will require radical thinking.（所有这些都意味着，21世纪的农业将与20世纪截然不同。这需要激进的思维。）激进的思维将会带来根本性的改变，根据这句话可以得出B选项“它将经历根本性的变化”正确。A选项“它将提供更多的动物产品”，无关项；C选项“它将放弃传统的农业做法”，原文并没有明确的提出说是否要放弃传统农业的做法；D选项“它将对环境造成零损害”，这个是做不到的。5.主旨大意题。文章第一段提到，This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.（在农业领域尤其如此，可持续发展往往被视为进步的唯一衡量标准，而没有从历史和文化的角度进行适当的评价。）人们忽略了从历史文化的角度去合理评价它；接下来三段具体分析了人们是如何忽略的；第五段至末段提出21世纪的农业将与以前的截然不同，要求人们改变原有的农业方面的可持续发展思想。由此可知，作者主要是为了让人们重新思考什么是可持续发展的农业，因此D选项“敦促人们重新思考什么是可持续农业”。A选项“提醒人们可持续发展的需要”，是片面的信息；B选项“建议确保可持续粮食生产的方法”，只是文章中有略过，不是主旨；C选项“提出衡量农业发展的新标准”，作者并没有提出。8. 单选题The survival（ ）of some wild animals is not very high as they are ruthlessly hunted for their skins.问题1选项A.ratioB.rateC.scaleD.standard【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项ratio“比例，比率”；B选项rate“进度，速度”，A项指的是两个量的比值，强调相比、相除的关系，B项指的是比率，速度，率等，如“tax rate税率”、“crime rate犯罪率”；这个句子中的生存率指的是“野生动物的存活数量和死亡的野生动物数量之比”，是两个数量之比，所以A项更符合。句意：一些野生动物的存活率不是很高，因为它们被残酷地猎杀以获取皮毛。；C选项scale“规模”；D选项standard“标准，水准”。因此A选项符合题意。9. 单选题People under a lot of（ ） may experience headaches, minor pains and sleeping difficulties.问题1选项A.stressB.exposureC.enduranceD.endeavor【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项stress“压力”；B选项exposure“曝光”；C选项endurance“忍耐力”；D选项endeavor“努力，尽力”。句意：（ ）大的人可能会经历头痛、轻微疼痛和睡眠困难。原句要表达的意思是“压力大的人会头痛”，因此A选项符合题意。10. 单选题Couples blessed with strength and aggression（ ）looks are better off having boys, as these characteristics are of more use to males.问题1选项A.other thanB.rather thanC.rather tooD.in spite of【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项other than“除了，不同于”；B选项rather than“而不是”；C选项rather too“稍微一点”；D选项in spite of“尽管”。句意：与长相相比，体力强、有进取心的夫妇更容易生男孩，与长相相比，因为这些特征对男性更有用。这里表达的意思是“体力和进取心才是决定孩子性别的重点，而不是长相”，因此B选项符合题意。11. 单选题Build the Birds Nest calls for giant curving beams which crisscross in an（ ）pattern of woven steel.问题1选项A.intuitiveB.intensiveC.intrinsicD.intricate【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项intuitive“直觉的，凭直觉获知的”；B选项intensive“加强的，集中的”；C选项intrinsic“本质的，固有的”；D选项intricate“复杂的，错综的”。句意：建造鸟巢需要巨大的弯曲梁，它们交错成_的编织钢结构。这里表达的意思是“交错成复杂的编织钢结构”，因此D选项符合题意。12. 翻译题The intimacy between man and nature begins with the birth of man on the earth and becomes each century more intelligent and far-reaching. To nature, therefore, we turn as to the oldest aim most influential teacher of our race, from one point of view once our task-master, now our servant, from another point of view, our constant friend instructor and inspirer. The very intimacy of this relation robs it of a certain mystery and richness which it would have for all minds if it were there ward of the few instead be being the privilege of the many. To the few it is in every age, full of wonder and beauty; to the many it is a matter of course.【答案】从地球上出现人类开始，人与自然之间的亲密关系也随之诞生，而且不断地被发扬光大，这种关系每一世纪都比以前变得更为明智而深远。所以，我们求助于自然，并把自然视为人类的最年长和最有影响力的老师。从某一个观点来看，自然曾一度是我们的监工，现在却变为我们的奴仆。但从另一个观点来看，自然一直是我们最忠实的朋友、教导者和启发者。这种和谐紧密的关系，如果仅仅是少数人的特权，而大多数人并不能享有，那便会在人们心目中引发一种神秘和情趣。但是事实上，这种亲密关系是被天下所有的人共享的，这就使那和谐紧密的关系失去了神秘和情趣。对于少数人来说，这种关系在每个时代都充满了奇妙和美好；对于多数人来说，这种关系只是理所当然的一件事。13. 单选题Dont let his criticism（ ） you; he belongs to the kind of people who always take great delight in finding fault with others behavior.问题1选项A.persuadeB.concernC.dismissD.discourage【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项persuade“说服”；B选项concern“影响，牵扯”；C选项dismiss“解散，解雇”；D选项discourage“阻止，使气馁”。句意：不要因为他的批评而（ ）；他是那种喜欢对别人的行为吹毛求疵的人。本句表达的意思“不要因为他的批评而气馁”，因此D选项符合题意。14. 单选题When I emerged from the telephone box, I came face to face with a little man, who was looking as（ ）as a stray dog.问题1选项A.humbleB.patheticC.dreadfulD.merciful【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项humble“谦逊的，简陋的”；B选项pathetic“可怜的，悲哀的”；C选项dreadful“可怕的，糟透的，令人不快的”；D选项merciful“ 仁慈的，慈悲的，宽容的”。句意：当我从电话亭出来时，迎面遇到一个小个子男人，他看上去像一只流浪狗一样（ ）。这里表达的意思是男人像流浪狗一样可怜，因此B选项符合题意。15. 单选题In the summer of 1978 an English farmer named Ian Stevens was driving his tractor through a field of wheat when he discovered something strange. Some of his wheat was lying flat on the ground. The flattened wheat formed a circle about six meters across. Around this circle were four smaller circles of flattened wheat. In the following years more and more similar circles were found in a field of wheat or corn. So people cannot help but ask the question: What causes the circles?At first, people suspected that the circles were a trick. To prove that the circles were a trick people tried to copy them: they tried to make circles exactly like the ones the farmers had found. They couldnt do it. They couldnt enter a field of grain without leaving tracks, and they couldnt flatten the grain without breaking it. The circles are apparently not a trick. Many people believe that beings from outer space are making the circles. Some think that the beings are trying to communicate with us from far away and that the circles are messages from them. Others believe that the beings have actually landed on earth and that the circles are mark left by their spaceships. Several times people reported seeing strange flying objects near field, where circles later appeared.Scientists say theyre not sure what causes them. They have suggested several theories. For example, some scientists say that “microbursts” of wind created the circles. A microburst is a downward rush of cool air the same downward rush of air that sometimes causes an airplane to crash. Others scientists say that forces within the earth cause the circles to appear. But circles often appear in forms. It is hard to believe that any natural force could create those forms. And recently farmers have discovered not only circles but also other shapes such as triangles in their fields. Could any natural force created a perfect triangle in a field of grain?In the summer of 1990 some scientists spent three weeks in the part of England where many circles have appeared. They had all the latest high-tech equipment. This equipment worth 1.8 million dollars recorded nothing. But one night, as the scientists were watching a field circles formed in the field behind them. These circles are shown in the photograph. The scientists had neither seen nor heard anything.1.What causes the circles?2.The thing that proves that the circles were not a trick is that（ ）.3.The circles mean（ ）.4.The only thing for the scientists to be happy about in the summer of 1990 is possibly（ ）.5.A proper title for this passage is（ ）.问题1选项A.TeenagersB.FarmersC.Flying objectsD.None of the above问题2选项A.two men said they made the circles themselvesB.farmers were making the circles to attract touristsC.people cannot copy the circles without leaving marks or breaking the grainD.scientists suggest theories that support the idea that circles were made by natural forces问题3选项A.that beings from outer space are trying to communicate with human beingsB.that beings from outer space have visited the earthC.that there do exist strange flying objectsD.none of the above问题4选项A.that they discovered how the circles were madeB.that they saw the circles with the help of the latest high-tech equipmentC.that they were able to show the circles in a photographD.none of the above问题5选项A.An Unsolved MysteryB.Strange Flying ObjectsC.The Power of Natural ForcesD.The Discovery of Strange Circles【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。题干问什么东西导致了这些圈圈？我们定位到倒数第二段的第一句话Scientists say theyre not sure what causes them.（科学家表示，他们不确定是什么导致了这种情况。）从这句话我们可以得出，科学家们目前也并不知道是什么导致了这些怪圈，其他的都只是猜测，因此答案为D；A选项“青少年”，B选项“农民”，C选项“飞行物”，这些都是人们的猜测。2.事实细节题。题干问是什么证实了这些圈圈并不是一个恶作剧？根据第二段第一句话At first, people suspected that the circles were a trick. To prove that the circles were a trick people tried to copy them（起初，人们怀疑这些圆圈是骗人的。为了证明这些圆圈是骗人的，人们试图模仿它们）我们可以得出答案是C选项。A选项“两个男人说是他们制造了这个圈”，B选项“农民们做了这个圈去吸引游客”，D选项“科学家认为理论支持这些圈是由自然力量完成的”。3.事实细节题。A选项“这些圆圈意味着来自外太空的生物正试图与人类交流”，B选项“这些圆圈意味着来自外太空的生物已经访问过地球”，C选项“这些圆圈意味着确实存在奇怪的飞行物”，D选项“以上都不对”；题干问这些圈圈意味着什么。根据题干我们可以定位到第二段，第二段说了Many people believe that beings from outer space are making the circles. Some think that the beings are trying to communicate with us from far away and that the circles are messages from them. Others believe that the beings have actually landed on earth and that the circles are mark left by their spaceships.（许多人相信是外太空的生物制造了这些圆圈。一些人认为外太空的生物试图与我们交流，而这些圆圈是他们的信息。其他人相信存在实际上已经登陆地球的生物和圆圈是他们的宇宙飞船留下的印记。）但是这些都是人们的推测，目前科学家并没有给出明确的结论，因此A、B、C都不对，答案为D。4.判断推理题。题干问科学家们在1990年夏天唯一感到高兴的事情可能是？C选项“他们能够在照片上显示圆圈”，根据题干我们定位到倒数第一段的倒数第二句话：These circles are shown in the photograph.（这些圆圈如照片所示。）可以得出，他们开心的事是C，他们能够在照片上显示圆圈。A选项“他们发现了这些圆圈是如何形成的”，B选项“他们借助最新的高科技设备看到了这些圆圈”，D选项“以上都不对”。5.文章标题题。题干让我们给文章找一个合适的标题。A选项“一个未解之谜”，B选项“奇怪的飞行物”，C选项“自然的力量”，D“奇怪的圈圈的发现”，根据全文我们知道，这个怪圈的谜底我们到目前都没有解开，因此它是一个未解之谜，D选项过于浅显，不能总结全文的含义，因此答案为A。16. 单选题Why should you think about in trying to find your career? You are probably better at some school subjects than others. These may show strengths that you can use in your work. A boy who is good at mathematics can use that in an engineering career. So it is important to know the subjects you do well in at school. On the other hand, you may not have any specially strong or weak subjects but your records show a general satisfactory standard. Although not all subjects can be used directly in a job, they may have indirect value. Knowledge of history is not required for most jobs but if history is one of your good subjects you will have learned to remember facts and details. This is an ability that can be useful in many jobs.If you have had a part-time job on Saturdays or in the summer, think what you gained from it. If nothing else, you may have learned how to get to work on time, to follow instructions and to get on with older workers. You may have learned to give correct change in a shop, for example. Just as important, you may become interested in a particular industry or career you see from the inside in a part-time job.Facing your weak points is also part of knowing yourself. You may be all thumbs when you handle tools; perhaps you are a poor speller or cannot add up a column of figures. It is bitter to face any weaknesses than to pretend they do not exist. Your school record, for instance, may not be too good, yet it is an important part of your background. You should not be apologetic about it but instead recognize that you will have a chance of a fresh start at work.1.Which of the following best sums up the first paragraph?2.The writer thinks that for a student to have a part-time job is probably（ ）.3.According to the passage, if a students school record is not good, he（ ）.4.Which subject is supposed to have no direct value for job hunting?5.The whole passage centers on（ ）.问题1选项A.The importance of doing well at school.B.Using school performance to help to choose a career.C.The importance of being good at all subjects.D.The indirect value of schoolwork.问题2选项A.a waste of time that could have been spent on studyB.useful for his future workC.a good way to earn extra moneyD.a good way to find out his weak points问题3选项A.will be a complete failure in his future workB.will not be able to find a suitable jobC.will regret not having worked harder at schoolD.may do well in his future work问题4选项A.Mathematics.B.English.C.Technical Drawing.D.History.问题5选项A.choosing a career according to what one is skilled inB.acquiring knowledge by working hard at schoolC.finding ones strong and weak pointsD.developing ones abilities useful in school work【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.归纳概括题。根据题干定位到第一段，第一段讲的就是人们可以在学校的功课中找到自己擅长的科目，并且将它未来直接或间接应用到具体的职业生涯中。Although not all subjects can be used directly in a job, they may have indirect value.（虽然不是所有的科目都可以直接使用在工作中，它们可能有间接的价值。）因此D选项“学校功课的间接价值”正确。A、B、C都只是片面观点，并不能总结全段。2.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段If you have had a part-time job on Saturdays or in the summer, think what you gained from it. If nothing else, you may have learned how to get to work on time, to follow instructions and to get on with older workers.（如果你在周六或夏天有一份兼职工作，想想你从中得到了什么。如果没有别的，你可能已经学会了如何按时上班，如何听从指示，以及如何与年长的员工相处。）这些都是说的未来工作时可