2022年考博英语-西安交通大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷52（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-西安交通大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Every American high-school student may or may not hope, to go to college, but if he does, depending on how much he wants to, he probably can. At any rate, six out of ten high-school graduates go to college, not all of them go immediately lack of money, the Armed Forces, an attractive job, illness, anyone of a hundred reasons, common and uncommon may hold some out for a year, or two, or five, but they too will go eventually. Some of them will go to for-year colleges, some to junior colleges, some to technical institutes. And the number will climb. In ten years seven out of ten high-school graduates will go, and in twenty years four out of five.The fact that so many high-school graduates now continue their education suggests that there is a high value on college in American life. And this is so. A young man or a young woman of college age is more or less expected to be going to college simply because that is the best thing to be doing at that age. The expectation is not abstract devotion to education but ordinary common sense based on the values of college. The fact is that the differences, in terms of lifetime experiences, between the average student who goes to college and the average student who does not, are so favorable to the college-going student that any student who can reach college owes it to himself to do so.The word “reach” is important. College is a separate experience. It is optional in the sense that no student is required to go to college as he is required by lawin most statesto go to high school. But it is not optional for a student who would like to enter a profession, or who would like to get into the management structure of business or finance, or who would like to enter government service. Such a student has no choice but to go to college.1.Which of the following is the least possible reason that may hold a high-school graduate out for a number of years before he goes to college?2.What percentage of todays American high-school graduates will eventually go to college?3.The main reason for most high-school graduates to go to college is that （ ）.4.It is implied but not directly mentioned that （ ） .5.The word “them” in line 3 of paragraph 1 refers to （ ） .6.In twenty years time, how many high school-graduates will go to college?7.The word “this” in line 2 of paragraph 2 refers to（ ） .8.Going to high school is （ ） .问题1选项A.His service in the army.B.The problem of age.C.The problem of money.D.His poor health.问题2选项A.About 60%B.About 70%C.About 80%D.About 90%问题3选项A.they want to devote themselves to higher education of AmericaB.higher education, in a sense, means better job opportunitiesC.college education is their only possible choiceD.they think college is a separate, joyful experience they must learn问题4选项A.in most states a student is required by law to go to high school.B.in some states there is law that requires every high-school graduate to go to collegeC.to go to college is the best thing for a young man of college ago to do.D.a high-school education is not enough for those who want to be, for example, doctors, lawyers, managers, or scientists.问题5选项A.high-school graduatesB.four-year collegesC.technical institutesD.junior colleges问题6选项A.Seven out of ten.B.Five out of tenC.Four out of five.D.Six out of ten问题7选项A.high value on college education in American lifeB.the fact that so many high-school graduates go to collegeC.demand of going to college by high-school graduatesD.low value on college education in American life问题8选项A.optionalB.requiredC.a separate experienceD.profession-based education【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A第6题:C第7题:A第8题:B【解析】1.根据第一段第二句可知, 部分高中生毕业后没能立马进入大学而继续留校是因为缺钱, 参军, 吸引人的工作, 疾病等各种各样的原因, 只有选项B年龄没有涉及, 所以本题选B。2.根据第一段第二句 “At any rate, six out of ten high-school graduates go to college, not all of them go immediately lack of money” 可知，现在有60%的高中毕业生将会去上大学。选项A符合原文。3.根据第二段的第一句“The fact that so many high-school graduates now continue their education suggests that there is a high value on college in American life.”如此多高中毕业生现在继续接受教育的事实表明, 大学在美国生活中有很高的价值。选项D符合原文。4.根据最后一段最后两句可知, 对于想要进入职业领域、想要进入商业或金融管理结构、想要进入政府部门的学生来说, 这是不可选的。这样的学生除了上大学别无选择。选项D符合原文。5.根据原文结合句意可知, “them”指代的是前面所提到的未能立即上大学的高中毕业生。选项A正确。6.根据第一段最后一句“In ten years seven out of ten high-school graduates will go, and in twenty years four out of five.”可知选项C正确。7.根据原文句意可知, 这里的“this”指代的是上一句提到的“there is a high value on college in American life.”选项A符合原文。8.根据最后一段第二句“It is optional in the sense that no student is required to go to college as he is required by lawin most statesto go to high school.”在大多数州, 法律要求学生上高中, 而不是要求学生上大学。由此可知, 上高中是必须的, 选项B正确。2. 单选题Noah Websters Dictionary was （ ） in 1828 and has been extremely influential in American language usage ever since then.问题1选项A.the first publishedB.first publishedC.the first to be publishedD.to be first published【答案】B【解析】根据句意：这部字典在1828年首次出版, 事情已经完成, 首先排除选项C和D；选项A不符合句意, 所以只有选项B正确。3. 翻译题Passage 1肝脏是人体最大的腺体, 它位于右上腹部。肝脏表面光滑, 因血液供应丰富而呈暗红色。大约25%的心输出量流向肝脏。肝脏有许多重要的功能：1)营养物(蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪)、药物和毒素的摄取、储存和代谢。2)合成蛋白的产生和机体物质的代谢。Passage 2100多年前, 世界上第一辆汽车的诞生让人们感受到速度带来的震撼。然而, 汽车在给人类社会带来便捷的同时, 消耗了大量的石油, 而且每天排放大量污染物, 对人类健康和生态环境造成严重危害。因此, 研发节能与新能源汽车成为全球汽车业发展的主题。Passage 3管理是一种社会职能, 隐藏在习俗、信念等传统里, 以及政府政策和政治制度中, 管理也是文化。人与人的关系正代替人与自然或人与物之间的关系成为相互交往的首要方式。人文文化从科学寻找自信心、理智能意念；科学从人文文化吸取朝向人的情感、价值观念。Choose ONLY ONE text form the following and translate it into English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet provided if more than ONE translation appears on the Answer Sheet, only the first or the indicated one would be scored【答案】Passage 1The liver is the largest gland in the body and is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It is glossy in appearance and dark red in color from the rich supply of blood flowing through it. Approximately 25% of the cardiac output flows to the liver. It performs many important functions: First, the uptake, storage, and disposal of nutrients (protein, carbohydrates and fat), drugs, toxins. Second, the production of synthetic proteins and the metabolism of substances produced by the body.Passage 2100 years ago, the worlds first car was born to make people feel the thrill of speed. However, the car bring convenience to the human society, it consumes a lot of oil at the same time, and discharge large quantities of pollutants every day, causing serious harm to human health and ecological environment. Therefore, the development of energy-saving and new energy automobile has become the theme of global automotive industry development.Passage 3Management is a kind of social function, hidden in traditional custom, faith, as well as the government policy and political system. Management is also a culture. Interpersonal relationship is replacing the relationship between human and the nature or human and material and become the primary mode of interaction. Humanistic culture looking for self-confidence, rational ideas from science; science absorbing human emotions and values from the humanistic culture.4. 单选题The function of the office is to perform administrative work. First, it must provide the necessary communications with customers, banks, governments, and other outside organizations. Second, it must service the information requirements within the company itself. In order to meet these needs efficiently, the Office Manager must employ the most appropriate business methods, systems and equipment.In an efficient administrative structure, clerical operations are organized so that they add to the profitability of the business. However, in many countries the number of clerical staff has increased while the total number of workers employed in production has fallen.To ensure that office services run smoothly, there must be the means to check, sort, copy and file correspondence and other paperwork. Today there is a growing range of machine that can be used to do such jobs. The size and resources of a company will determine how mechanized or computerized its office systems are.The office must give maximum service at minimum cost. A balance must be kept between production, marketing, and administration. As a company develops and grows, the contribution of administration will vary in kind and in value.The most important objective in modem offices is the processing of data in order to provide a means of business control, but in many companies there are weaknesses in the ability to manage communications efficiently. For example, some data are often used only by individual managers, and different departments in the same company may use different data processing systems. In order to contribute to business efficiency, however data processing must be a centralized service. The system which is required is one that looks at the total needs of a business and therefore assists management in making appropriate decisions quickly.An office may receive information by telecommunications, by mail or by computer. An office worker must have skill in language and arithmetic to handle this and other business information properly. Almost all office jobs require at least a high school education. Many employers prefer people who have taken courses beyond the high school level. A person can get such advanced training at a community college, or business or vocational school.An office requires a staff of managers to plan and direct work. As a business grows, so does the amount of information that must be handled by its office workers. The managers coordinate the activities of these employees so that accurate records can be kept concerning correspondence, inventory, payroll, sales, and taxes.1.The office manager has to use the most suitable business system in order to（ ） .2.According to the passage, the function of the office manager is to（ ） .3.In what way are some companies inefficient in managing communications?4.The degree of computerization in a companys office is limited by（ ） .5.The word “mean” (line 2, paragraph 5) can be best replaced by（ ） .6.The structure of this passage can be described as（ ） .7.The tone of this passage is（ ） .8.The main topic of this passage is（ ） .问题1选项A.ensure that office services run economicallyB.check and copy business correspondenceC.service the information requirements of the companyD.provide means of business negotiation问题2选项A.provide the necessary information for the local authorityB.keep a balance between production, marketing and administrationC.assist management in making appropriate decisions quicklyD.make sure that administrative work is performed efficiently问题3选项A.By not making data available to all managers.B.By was using the same data processing systems.C.By checking business correspondence.D.By depending on a manufacturing base.问题4选项A.the business methods and systemsB.the correspondence and other paperworkC.the data and data processing systemsD.the size and resources of a company问题5选项A.meaningB.wayC.chanceD.time问题6选项A.deductiveB.inductiveC.accommodationstyledD.circular问题7选项A.neutralB.objectiveC.negativeD.subjective问题8选项A.office structureB.office functionsC.office sizeD.factors affecting accomplishment of office function【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B第6题:A第7题:B第8题:D【解析】1.根据第一段最后一句, 为了有效地满足这些需求, 办公室经理必须采用最适当的业务方法、系统和设备。而这些需求则是上一句提到的, 与客户、银行、政府和其他外部组织提供必要的沟通以及满足公司内部的信息需求, 所以选项C正确。2.根据第一段首句可知, 办公室的职能是执行管理工作。再由第一段最后一句, 为了有效地满足这些需求, 办公室经理必须采用最适当的业务方法、系统和设备。由此可以推断, 办公室经理的职责是确保管理工作得到有效的执行。选项D符合原文。3.根据第五段的内容可知, 许多公司在有效管理通信的能力存在缺陷。例如, 一些数据通常只由个别经理使用., 也就是说, 不向所有管理人员提供数据, 所以选项A正确。4.根据第三段最后一句“The size and resources of a company will determine how mechanized or computerized its office systems are.”可知选项D与原文描述一致。5.根据原文可知, “provide a means of business control”指提供一种业务控制手段。mean这里表示方式, 方法, 手段。选项B正确。6.deductive演绎法, 推论法, 即由结论到事件的推理；inductive归纳法, 即由事件推导出结论；accommodationstyled调节型；circular螺旋型。原文首先提出的是观点, 然后通过具体的事件一步步论证, 所以本文的结构为推理演绎, 选项A正确。7.结合文章内容可知, 全文的基调都是客观公正的, 没有任何带个人色彩的观点。所以选项B正确。8.本文主要是讲影响公司职能发挥的因素, 其他选项太片面, 不是本文主旨。5. 翻译题Passage 1人体移植器官非常短缺。虽然实验室里能够培育出膀胱和皮肤, 但形成更加错综复 杂的器官和血管网络则非常棘手, 例如心脏、肾、肝、肺、胰腺, 胆囊和肌肉组织。从 猪身体上进行异种器官移植是另一个新途径。每一个这样的移植器官都是自然发育的复 杂器官。只要人体接受它们, 这将形成源源不断的人体移植器官来源。Passage 2近日, 美国一个机场开始采用一种新的安检技术。在乘客接受安检时, 只有远程的 管理局工作人员才能看到图像, 但看不到乘客万人, 而现场安检人员则相反。这种图像 不能被保存、传输和打印, 看过之后将会立刻被删除。此外, 远程工作人员看到的图像 面部经过模糊化处理。预计这种方法将很快得到推广使用。Passage 3手表定理在企业经营管理方面给我们一种非常直观的启发, 就是对同一个人或同一 个组织的管理不能同时采用两种不同的方法, 不能同时设置两个不同的目标。否则将使 这个企业或这个人天所适从。手表定理所指的另一层含义在于每个人都不能同时挑选两 种不同的价值观, 否则, 你的行为将陷于混乱。Choose ONLY ONE text form the following and translate it into English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet provided if more than ONE translation appears on the Answer Sheet, only the first or the indicated one would be scored【答案】Passage 1Human organ transplantation falls far shortage of demand. Although our laboratory is capable of developing a bladder and skin, replicating its intricate internal network of blood vessels is fairly involved (incredibly difficult).For example, heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas and muscle. Pigs are considered as a new organ donor for human future xenotransplantation. Each of these transplanted organs is a complex natural-developed one. As long as the human body accepts them, that would be an alternate source of human organs for transplant.Passage 2Recently, an American airport is introducing a new security technology. When the passengers are going through airport security inspection, their images can only be seen by the remote administration workers, and for them, the passengers themselves are invisible. For the security staff, the opposite is true. This image cant be stored, transmitted or printed and will be deleted immediately after seen. In addition, the facial features are obscured in the image. This method is expected to be soon applied.Passage 3Watch Theorem offers us a very intuitive inspiration in the aspect of enterprise management, that is, management of the same person or the same organization cannot use two different methods or set two diverse goals at the same time. Otherwise it will make the enterprise or the person confused about what to do. Watch Theorem refers to another layer of meaning is, everyone can not choose from two different values, or else, your actions will be in chaos.6. 写作题Different people have different ideas about “future”. Some people understand it as pain and death; some believe it means hope and expectation; still others regard it as somewhere you reach within an hour of sixty minutes. What is your own idea and how would you support it? Write a composition about it of at least 150 words. You can either use the given title “FUTURE”, or make some slight changes as you like.【答案】My Future7. 单选题If an object is suspended from an point on the vertical line passing through its center of gravity, the object will remain（ ） .问题1选项A.secureB.flexibleC.stationaryD.mobile【答案】C【解析】句意：如果一个物体从通过其重心的垂直线上的一个点上悬停, 该物体将保持静止。选项C符合语境。8. 单选题The chief foods eaten in a country depends largely on（ ）best in its climate and soil.问题1选项A.all what it growsB.what growsC.which growsD.what does it grow【答案】B【解析】根据句子结构可知, 句中缺少宾语。选项A结构错误, 先行词all后面只能接关系代词that；选项C缺少先行词；选项D是疑问句, 不能做宾语。所以选项B正确。9. 单选题The helicopter is an incredibly versatile machine. It can fly, straight up or down, hover like a fly, and go forwards, backwards, or sideways. It therefore needs no long, prepared runway like a normal airplane does. It can operate from a flat roof in the city or from a clearing in the jungle with equal ease. However, helicopters are nowhere near as fast as normal fixed-wing airplanes and have a top speed of only about 200 miles an hour.The helicopter has often been called the flying windmill because of the long, rotating blades, or rotor, on top of its body. This main rotor serves as both propeller and wings to provide the thrust to drive the helicopter along and the lift to raise it off the ground. The rotor blades have the same aero-foil shapes as airplane wings and propellers to generate the required lift and thrust.When the main rotor rotates, the body of the helicopter lends to spin by reaction in the opposite direction. To counteract this effect, a small rotor is mounted sideways on the tail. The thrust produced by this tail rotor in normal flight just balances the turning tendency of the helicopter body which therefore remains steady. Both the main and the tail rotors are driven by the helicopter engine through the same gearbox. Another way of maintaining stability in the air is to have twin main rotors which each rotate in opposite directions. Then, the spinning tendency of one cancels that of the other.Movement of the helicopter in a direction - forwards, backwards, sideways, up or down - is achieved simply by varying the pitch of the rotor blades. The pitch is the angle at which the blades slice through or bite the air. To fly straight upwards all the blades are set at the same sharp pitch. In this position they achieve maximum lift. To descend, the pitch of the blades is reduced so that the lift is insufficient to support the helicopters weight.The pilot adjusts the pitch for up or down movement by moving the collective-pitch stick. This is also linked to the engine throttles so that more power is applied as the pitch increases. This is to overcome the greater air resistance with the sharper pitch. Conversely, the engine is throttled back when the pitch is reduced for descent because there is less air resistance.To fly forwards, the pitch of the rotor blades is varied as they rotate. For forward motion, the pitch is made least at the front and gradually increased as the blade moves backwards. This has the effect of sweeping the air backwards, and therefore pushing the helicopter forwards. The same goes for any horizontal movementthe pitch is made least in the desired direction of travel. The cyclic-pitch stick controls the pitch of the rotor for horizontal flight.1.From the first paragraph we can infer that（ ） .2.Whats the basic function of the main rotor of a helicopter?3.The movement of the helicopter in any direction is controlled by（ ） .4.To fly forwards, a helicopter has to （ ） .5.The word descend in line 4 of paragraph 4 can be best replaced by （ ） .6.The phrase This position in line 4 of paragraph 4 refers to （ ） .7.What is the most appropriate title for this passage?问题1选项A.nothing is perfectB.generally speaking, helicopters are better than other airplanesC.fixed-wing airplanes have a top speed of about 200 miles per hourD.helicopters are not at all versatile问题2选项A.To counteract the spinning of a helicopter.B.To maintain stability in the air.C.To rotate in opposite direction.D.To produce the force to drive it along and the lift to raise it off the ground.问题3选项A.a small rotorB.its tailC.varying the pitch of the rotor bladesD.counteracting maximum lift问题4选项A.support the helicopters weightB.sweep the air backwards and push the helicopter forwardsC.be linked to the engine throttleD.slice through the air问题5选项A.settleB.comeC.go downD.decrease问题6选项A.To fly