考研考博-考博英语-武汉大学考试易错、难点名师剖析押密卷15（附带答案详解）

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-武汉大学考试易错、难点名师剖析押密卷（附带答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.不定项选择题Mr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the Wests dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire.On the pessimists side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average.Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the Internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the Internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth.Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugmans phrase. But Silicon Valleys best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.Uber and Airbnb are bringing dramatic improvements to two large industries that have been more or less stuck for decades. Morgan Stanley estimates that driverless cars could result in $ 507 billion a year of productivity gains in America, mainly from people being able to stare at their laptops instead of at the road.1.What has led to the pessimistic opinion concerning the worlds economy?2.The first argument on the optimists side is unconvincing because the official figures（ ）.3.What is true about the IT companies in Silicon Valley?4.How can driverless cars benefit American industries?问题1选项A.It is based on macro-level statistics on productivity.B.It is based on close observation on corporate and investor behavior.C.It is due to the fact that many old firms are not run by bureaucrats.D.It is due to the fact that not enough new firms have been created.问题2选项A.are both wrong and unconvincingB.downplay the Internet revolutionC.fail to include the consumer surplusD.cant explain the decline in productivity growth问题3选项A.They have only focused on the fun part of life.B.They have made a difference in the real world.C.They have more persuasive productivity.D.They have only just begun to develop.问题4选项A.Driverless cars have revived two large American industries.B.The sale of driverless cars can reach hundreds of billion dollars.C.Thanks to them people free from driving can do more creative work.D.Driverless cars have stimulated the development of Uber and Airbnb【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. What has led to the pessimistic opinion concerning the worlds economy? 1. 是什么导致了对世界经济的悲观看法？A. It is based on macro-level statistics on productivity. A. 它是基于生产率的宏观统计数据。B. It is based on close observation on corporate and investor behavior. B. 它是基于对公司和投资者行为的密切观察。C. It is due to the fact that many old firms are not run by bureaucrats. C. 因为许多老公司并不是由官僚管理的。D. It is due to the fact that not enough new firms have been created. D. 这是由于没有建立足够多的新公司。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据关键词pessimistic定位到第二段第一句“在悲观主义者看来，最有力的论据不在于密切关注企业和投资者的行为，而是基于生产率的宏观统计数据”，理解可知，基于生产率的宏观统计数据导致了对世界经济的悲观看法。故选项A符合原文。【干扰项排除】B选项“它是基于对公司和投资者行为的密切观察”与原文相反，反向干扰；C选项“这是因为许多老公司并不是由官僚管理的”与题干无关，张冠李戴；D选项“这是由于没有建立足够多的新公司”没有提及，无中生有。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. The first argument on the optimists side is unconvincing because the official figures _. 2. 乐观主义者的第一个论点并不令人信服，因为官方数据_。A. are both wrong and unconvincing A. 是错误的，也没有说服力B. downplay the Internet revolution B. 低估了互联网革命C. fail to include the consumer surplus C. 没有包括消费者剩余D. cant explain the decline in productivity growth D. 无法解释生产率增长的下降【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据关键词optimists定位到第三段，根据最后两句“但这并不能令人信服。官方数据很可能低估了互联网革命的影响，就像他们过去低估了电力和汽车的影响一样，但他们的低估程度不足以解释最近生产率增长的下降。”，理解可知，即使乐观主义者认为官方数据低估了互联网革命的影响，但是这个低估的程度并不足以解释最近生产率增长的下降。所以乐观主义者的第一个论点并不令人信服，是因为官方数据无法解释生产率增长的下降。D选项符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“是错误的，也没有说服力”表述与原文不符，文中并没有表达官方数据是错误的且没有说服力，曲解原文；B选项“低估了互联网革命”和C选项“没有包括消费者剩余”是乐观主义者的观点，与题干不符，张冠李戴。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. What is true about the IT companies in Silicon Valley? 3. 关于硅谷的IT公司，什么是正确的？A. They have only focused on the fun part of life. A. 他们只关注生活中有趣的部分。B. They have made a difference in the real world. B. 他们改变了现实世界。C. They have more persuasive productivity. C. 他们的说服力更强。D. They have only just begun to develop. D. 他们才刚刚开始发展。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据关键词Silicon Valley定位至倒数第二段最后两句“过去十年，许多IT公司可能专注于Paul Krugman所说的有趣而非根本的东西。但硅谷最好的公司肯定专注于改变物质世界（change the material world）。”，理解可知，硅谷的IT公司在过去十年可能是专注于有趣的东西，但是最好的IT公司一定关注于改变世界。B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“他们只关注生活中有趣的部分”中的only太过绝对，曲解原文；C选项“他们的说服力更强”和D选项“他们才刚刚开始发展”未提及，无中生有。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. How can driverless cars benefit American industries? 4. 无人驾驶汽车如何使美国工业受益？A. Driverless cars have revived two large American industries. A. 无人驾驶汽车重振了美国两大产业。B. The sale of driverless cars can reach hundreds of billion dollars. B. 无人驾驶汽车的销售额可达数千亿美元。C. Thanks to them people free from driving can do more creative work. C. 多亏了他们，人们不用开车就能做更多有创意的工作。D. Driverless cars have stimulated the development of Uber and Airbnb. D. 无人驾驶汽车刺激了优步和爱彼迎的发展。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据关键词driverless定位到文章最后一段，由最后一句“无人驾驶汽车每年将为美国带来5070亿美元的生产力增长，这主要是因为人们可以盯着自己的笔记本电脑而不是看着道路”可知，无人驾驶汽车能为美国带来5070亿美元的生产力增长，主要是因为人们可以在车上干别的事情，故C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“无人驾驶汽车重振了美国两大产业”和B选项“无人驾驶汽车的销售额可达数千亿美元”未提及，无中生有；D选项“无人驾驶汽车刺激了优步和爱彼迎的发展”，文中没有提到无人驾驶汽车与优步和爱彼迎的关系，该项无中生有。2.翻译题改革开放以来，中国找到了一条适合自己国情的促进和发展人权的道路。中国是一个历史悠久、人口众多、资源和财富相对短缺的东方发展中国家。在这样一个国家促进人权，既不能照搬西方发达国家的人权发展模式，也不能因袭其他发展中国家的做法，只能从中国的国情出发，探索具有自身特点的发展道路。改革开放以后，中国在总结历史经验和教训的基础上，找到了一条真正符合中国国情的促进人权发展的道路。这就是：将生存权和发展权放在首位，在改革、发展、稳定的条件下，全面推进人权。这条道路的特点是：在发展人权的基本方向上，坚持发展生产力和共同富裕的原则，立足于改善全国人民的生活和促进全国人民人权的发展。在促进人权的轻重缓急上，强调生存权、发展权的首要地位，同时兼顾公民的政治、经济、社会、文化权利和个人、集体权利的全面发展；在促进和保障人权的方式上，强调稳定是前提，发展是关键，改革是动力，法制是保障。20多年来，由于中国坚持了这条正确的发展道路，不仅使全国人民的生活状况和精神风貌大为改观，而且形成了一整套比较完备的保障人民民主权利的政治制度和法律体系，从而使人权建设在制度化、法律化的轨道上取得了长足的进展，人权状况呈现出不断改善的良好态势。Directions:Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.【答案】Since the implementation of reform and opening-up policy, China has found a road for the promotion and development of human rights that suits its reality. China is an Oriental developing country with a long history, a large population and relatively scarce resources and wealth. To promote human rights in such a country, China must neither imitate indiscriminately Western countries development mode of human rights nor follow other developing countries methods but start from Chinas actual conditions and explore a road with its own characteristics. Since the implementation of reform and opening-up policy, China has, on the basis of summing up historical experiences and drawing lessons from them, found a way to build socialism with Chinese characteristics, and therefore has found a way to promote and develop human rights that is agreeable to Chinas reality. This means putting the right to subsistence and development in the first place and pushing forward human rights in an allround way under the conditions of reform, development and stability. The features of this road are to adhere to the principle of developing productive forces and promoting common prosperity, based on improving the life of people all over China and promoting the development of human rights of all the Chinese people in terms of the basic orientation of developing human rights. As for the order of importance and urgency of developing human rights, the right to subsistence and development should be put in the first place and in the meantime, consideration should be given to developing in an all-round way citizens political, economic, social and cultural rights as well as individual and collective rights. As for the way of promoting and guaranteeing human rights, it should be emphasized that stability is the prerequisite; development is the crux; reform is the driving force; and government according to law is the guarantee. Over the past two decades, Chinas adherence to this correct road to development has led to not only the improvement of Chinese peoples living conditions and their morale but also the formation of a whole set of relatively complete political and legal systems ensuring peoples democratic rights. Thus, great progress has been made in putting human rights into a legal and institutional framework, and Chinas human rights development has been improving incessantly.3.写作题Directions: Opinions vary about the most important factor that influences a students success in school. Some people argue that the most important factor is a good teacher. Give your comment by using specific reasons and examples. Please write an essay on this topic in no less than 200 words on the ANSWER SHEET.【答案】【参考范文】Different people have different views on what is the most important factor to influence students success in school. Some people think the most important factor is the students intellectual ability or students interest in learning, while others believe that a teacher with rich teaching experience is the most important, because such a teacher can give students the most accurate guidance in class. Personally, I believe that there are many factors that affect students academic performance, although teachers are important, the foundation of learning lies with the students themselves.Firstly, students are the subjects of learning and the bearers of learning tasks. If they are not willing to learn, or there are problems in learning methods and attitudes, it is quite normal that they do not have obvious achievements. Therefore, in order to get students to do well, the first problem to be solved should be to arouse students learning enthusiasm, teach them the learning methods and skills they should have, and make them willing to learn, otherwise other efforts will be in vain.Secondly, the teachers teaching is also very important. The real masters are those who are good at simplifying complex problems, not those so-called experts who are mystifying. If the teacher can systemize the fragmented knowledge, simplify the complex knowledge, make the boring knowledge interesting, and teach some learning skills, it will greatly reduce the difficulty of students learning, so that more students will be willing to learn. But its all based on students willingness to learn.In conclusion, the most important factor affecting students academic performance is the students themselves. If we can work on the factors that can be changed, I believe that our students performance will improve.4.单选题Walls and wall building have played a very important role in Chinese culture. These people, from the dim mists of prehistory have been wall-conscious; from the Neolithic periodwhen ramparts of pounded earth were used-to the Communist Revolution, walls were an essential part of any village. Not only towns and villages, the houses and the temples within them were somehow walled, and the houses also had no windows overlooking the street, thus giving the feeling of wandering around a huge maze. The name for “city” in Chinese means wall, and over these walled cities, villages, houses and temples presides the god of walls and mounts,whose duties were, and still are, to protect and be responsible for the welfare of the inhabitants. Thus a great and extremely laborious task such as constructing a wall, which was supposed to run through the country, must not have seemed such an absurdity.However,it is indeed a common mistake to perceive the great wall as a single architectural structure, and it would also be erroneous to assume that it was built during a single dynasty. For the building of the wall spanned the various dynasties and each of these dynasties somehow contributed to the reburbishing and the construction of a wall, whose foundations had been laid many centuries ago. It was during the fourth and third century B. C. that each warring state started building walls to protect their kingdoms, both against one another and against the northern nomads. Especially three of these states: the Qin, the Zhao and the Yan, corresponding respectively to the modern provinces of Shanxi, Shaanxi and Hebei, over and above building walls that surrounded their kindoms, also laid the foundations on which Qin Shi Huang Di would build his first continuous Great Wall.The role that the Great Wall played in the growth of Chinese economy was an important one. Throughout the centuries many settlements were established along the new border. The garrison troops were instructed to reclaim wasteland and to plant crops on it, roads and canals were built, to mention just a few of the works carried out. All these undertakings greatly helped to increase the countrys trade and cultural exchanges with many remote areas and also with the southern, central and western parts of Asiathe formation of the Silk Route. Builders, garrisons,artisans,farmers and peasants left behind a trail of objects, including inscribed tablets, household articles, and written work, which have become extremely valuable archaeological evidence to the study of defense institutions of the Great Wall and the everyday life of these people who lived and died along the wall.1.Chinese cities resembled a maze because（ ）.2.Constructing a wall that ran the length of the country （ ） .3.The Great Wall of China （ ） .4.Crops were planted（ ） .问题1选项A.they were designed to protect their kingdomsB.the houses had no external windowsC.the name for cities means “wall”D.walls have always been important there问题2选项A.honored the god of walls and mountsB.was an absurdly laborious taskC.may have made sense within Chinese cultureD.made the country look like a huge maze问题3选项A.used existing foundationsB.was built in a single dynastyC.was built by the Qin, the Zhao and the YanD.was refurbished in the fourth and third centuries B. C.问题4选项A.on wastelandB.to reclaim wastelandC.on reclaimed wastelandD.along the canals【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. Chinese cities resembled a maze because _. 1. 中国城市就像一个迷宫，因为_。A. they were designed to protect their kingdoms A. 它们被设计来保护它们的王国B. the houses had no external windows B. 房子没有外部窗户C. the name for cities means “wall” C. 城市的意思是“墙”D. walls have always been important there D. 在那里，墙一直都很重要【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第一段第三句“不仅是城镇和村庄，房屋和寺庙都有围墙，房子也没有窗户可以俯瞰街道，给人一种在巨大迷宫中漫步的感觉（giving the feeling of wandering around a huge maze）”，从中可知，中国的城市像一个迷宫，是因为房子没有窗户，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“它们被设计来保护它们的王国”是公元前4世纪和公元前3世纪的国家修护城墙的目的，和题干无关，张冠李戴；C项“城市的意思是墙”和D项“在那里，墙一直都很重要”虽然在文中有提及，但是并不符合题干的问题，属于张冠李戴。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. Constructing a wall that ran the length of the country _. 2. 建造一堵贯穿整个国家的墙_。A. honored the god of walls and mounts A. 是为了纪念墙神和山神B. was an absurdly laborious task B. 是一项极其费力的工作C. may have made sense within Chinese culture C. 可能在中国文化中有意义D. made the country look like a huge maze D. 让这个国家看起来像个巨大的迷宫【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第一段最后一句“因此，像修筑一堵穿越全国的城墙这样艰巨而又极其费力的工作，就不会显得如此荒谬了”，结合它的上一句“在这些有城墙的城市、村庄、房屋和寺庙的上方，有墙神和山神，他们的职责过去是现在依然是保护和负责居民的福利”综合理解可知，修筑贯穿全国的高墙是一项艰巨而又费力的工作，但是在中国文化中，城墙上有墙神和山神，来保佑居民的福利；所以建造一堵贯穿整个国家的墙在中国的文化中是具有一定意义的，C项“可能在中国文化中有意义”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“是为了纪念墙神和山神”根据解题思路可知，该项曲解原文；B项“是一项极其费力的工作”虽然在文中确有提及，但不是题干问的重点之处，属于本末倒置；D项“让这个国家看起来像个巨大的迷宫”与建造一堵贯穿整个国家的墙的原因无关，偷换概念。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. The Great Wall of China _. 3. 中国长城_。A. used existing foundations A. 使用存在的地基B. was built in a single dynasty B. 是在一个朝代建造的C. was built by the Qin, the Zhao and the Yan C. 是由秦朝、赵朝和燕朝建造的D. was refurbished in the fourth and third centuries B. C. D. 在公元前4世纪和公元前3世纪被翻修【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第二段第二句“因为长城的修建跨越了各个朝代（wall spanned the various dynasties），而每个朝代都在某种程度上对长城的翻新和建造做出了贡献，而这些长城的地基在许多世纪以前就已经奠定了（whose foundations had been laid many centuries ago）”，从中可知，长城的地基在很久以前就有了，所以A项“使用存在的地基”表述与原文相符。故该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B项“是在一个朝代建造的”，根据解题思路可知，长城的修建跨越了好几个朝代，该项与原文不符，属于曲解原文；C项“是由秦朝、赵朝和燕朝建造的”，根据第二段最后两句“在公元前4世纪和公元前3世纪，每个交战的国家开始建造城墙来保护自己的王国，以抵御彼此和北方游牧民族的入侵。特别是其中三个国家（three of these states）：秦朝、赵国和燕国”，可知，每一个交战国家都有建造城墙，而秦、赵、燕只是其中的几个国家，该项偷换概念；D项“在公元前4世纪和公元前3世纪被翻修”，根据C选项的解题思路可知，公元前4世纪至公元前3世纪才开始修建长城，而不是翻新，该项曲解原文。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. Crops were planted _. 4. 庄稼种植_。A. on wasteland A. 在荒地上B. to reclaim wasteland B. 为了开垦荒地C. on reclaimed wasteland C. 在开垦的荒地上D. along the canals D. 沿着运河【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据关键词crops定位至第三段第三句“卫戍部队奉命开垦荒地，在上面种植庄稼（The garrison troops were instructed to reclaim wasteland and to plant crops on it）”，从中可知，庄稼的种植是在开垦了的荒地上，C项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“在荒地上”根据解题思路可知，该项表述与原文不符，曲解原文；B项“为了开垦荒地”并不是庄稼种植的目的，而是其原因，该项偷换概念；D项“沿着运河”，原文只是提到修建运河，并没有说庄稼种植在运河边上，该项曲解原文。5.单选题Space is a dangerous place, not only because of meteors but also because of rays from the sun and other stars. The atmosphere again acts as our protective blanket on the earth. Light gets through, and this is essential for plants to make the food which we eat. Heat, too, makes our environments tolerable and some ultraviolet rays penetrate the atmosphere. Cosmic rays of various kinds come through the air from outer space, but enormous quantities of radiation from the sync are screened off. As soon as men leave the atmosphere they are exposed to this radiation but their spacesuits or the walls of their spacecraft, if they are inside, do prevent a lot of radiation damage.Radiation is the greatest known danger to explorers in space. Doses of radiation are measured in units called “rems”. We all receive radiation here on the Earth from the sun, from cosmic rays and from radioactive minerals. The “normal” dose of radiation that we receive each year is about 100 millirems (0. 1 rem) ; it varies according to where you live, and this is a very rough estimate. Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than this without being damaged; the figure of 60 rems has been agreed. The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damagea person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and this will not be discovered until the birth of ( deformed) children or even grandchildren.Early space probes showed that radiation varies in different parts of space around the Earth. It also varies in time because, when great spurts of gas shoot out of the sun ( solar flares), they are accompanied by a lot of extra radiation. Some estimates of the amount of radiation in space, based on various measurements and calculations, are as low as 10 rems per year, others are as high as 5 rems per hour. Missions to the moon (the Apollo flights) have had to cross the Van Allen belts of high radiation an