考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考前自测提分卷2(含答案详解）

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考前自测提分卷（含答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题The good news made headlines nationwide: Deaths from several kinds of cancer have declined significantly in recent years. But the news has to be bittersweet for many cancer patients and their families. Every year, more than 500,000 people in the United States still die of cancer. In fact, more than half of all patients diagnosed with cancer will die of their disease within a few years. And while its true survival is longer today than in the past, the quality of life for these patients is often greatly diminished. Cancerand many of the treatments used to fight itcauses pain, nausea, fatigue, and anxiety that routinely go undertreated or untreated.In the nations single-minded focus on curing cancer, we have inadvertently devalued the critical need for palliative care, which focuses on alleviating physical and psychological symptoms over the course of the disease. Nothing would have a greater impact on the daily lives of cancer patients and their families than good symptom control and supportive therapy. Yet the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the federal governments leader in cancer research and training, spent less than one percent of its 1999 budget on any aspect of research or training in palliative care.The nation needs to get serious about reducing needless suffering. NCI should commit to and fund research aimed at improving symptom control and palliative care. NCI also could designate “centers of excellence” among the cancer centers it recognizes. To get that designation, centers would deliver innovative, top-quality palliative care to all segments of the populations the centers serve; train professionals in medicine, nursing, psychology, social work, and other disciplines to provide palliative care; and conduct research.Insurance coverage for palliative and hospice care also contributes to the problem by forcing people to choose between treatment or hospice care. This “either/or” approach does not readily allow these two types of essential care to be integrated. The Medicare hospice benefit is designed specifically for people in the final stages of illness and allows enrollment only if patients are expected to survive six months or less. The benefit excludes patients from seeking both palliative care and potentially life-extending treatment.That makes hospice enrollment an obvious deterrent for many patients. And hospices, which may have the most skilled practitioners and the most experience in administering palliative care, cannot offer their services to people who could really benefit but still are pursuing active treatment.It is innately human to comfort and provide care to those suffering from cancer, particularly those close to death. Yet what seems self-evident at an individual, personal level has not guided policy at the level of institutions in this country. Death is inevitable, but severe suffering is not. To offer hope for a long life of the highest possible quality and to deliver the best quality cancer care from diagnoses to death, our public institutions need to move toward policies that value and promote palliative care.16. Palliative care is concerned with improving patients _.17. According to the author, research on palliative care _.18. The main problem of insurance coverage for hospice care and active treatment is that _.19. Hospices offer cancer patients _.20. This text is mainly about _.问题1选项A.survival ratesB.quality of lifeC.lifespansD.options for health insurance providers问题2选项A.is more important than research for cancer curesB.has been overlooked by researchersC.is virtually non-existentD.is regarded by researchers as a frivolous topic问题3选项A.it does not allow patients to seek bothB.it only covers patients whose life expectancy is less than six monthsC.it deprives patients of the right to choose between two proven treatment methodsD.hospice care is only covered when it may extend a patients life expectancy问题4选项A.an alternative to palliative careB.comfort in their early stages of illnessC.skilled and experienced palliative careD.an alternative to active treatment问题5选项A.improving cancer research in the U.SB.reforming insurance coverage for cancer patientsC.understanding different options for cancer treatment and careD.reducing the suffering of cancer patients【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】16.事实细节题。根据第二段第一句palliative care, which focuses on alleviating physical and psychological symptoms over the course of the disease.（姑息治疗的重点是在疾病过程中减轻身体和心理症状。）和第二句Nothing would have a greater impact on the daily lives of cancer patients and their families than good symptom control and supportive therapy.（没有什么比平稳控制症状和支持性治疗对癌症患者及其家人的日常生活影响更大的了。），可知姑息治疗对日常生活影响最大，所以B选项“生活质量”正确。A选项“存活率”，C选项“寿命”和D选项“健康保险公司的选择”不是姑息治疗的重点，故错误。因此B选项正确。17.推理判断题。根据第二段第一句In the nations single-minded focus on curing cancer, we have inadvertently devalued the critical need for palliative care（在我国一心一意致力于治愈癌症的同时，我们无意中低估了对姑息治疗的迫切需要）和第三段第一句The nation needs to get serious about reducing needless suffering.（国家需要认真对待减少不必要的痛苦。），可知在作者看来，姑息治疗应该更加被重视，所以B选项“被研究者忽视了”正确，没有说姑息治疗比治疗癌症本身更重要，故A选项“比癌症治疗的研究更重要”错误。C选项“几乎不存在”：根据第二段最后一句Yet the National Cancer Institute (NCI)spent less than one percent of its 1999 budget on any aspect of research or training in palliative care.（然而，作为联邦政府在癌症研究和培训方面的领导机构，国家癌症研究所在姑息治疗的任何方面的研究或培训上的支出不到其1999年预算的1%。），可知有这方面的研究，只是很少，故错误。D选项“研究者认为这个主题很无聊”：文章没有提及，故错误。因此B选项正确。18.事实细节题。根据第四段第一句Insurance coverage for palliative and hospice care also contributes to the problem by forcing people to choose between treatment or hospice care.（姑息治疗和临终关怀的保险范围也导致了这个问题，因为它迫使人们在治疗和临终关怀之间做出选择。），可知医疗保险让人只能在姑息治疗和临终关怀选择其一，所以A选项“不允许病人同时寻求两者”正确，但还是可以选择，故C选项“剥夺了患者在两种已被证实的治疗方法之间选择的权利”错误。B选项“只覆盖预期寿命少于6个月的患者”和D选项“只有当临终关怀可以延长病人的预期寿命时，它才包括在内”：根据第四段第三、四句The Medicare hospice benefit is designed specifically for people in the final stages of illness and allows enrollment only if patients are expected to survive six months or less. The benefit excludes patients from seeking both palliative care and potentially life-extending treatment.（医疗保险临终关怀福利是专门为处于疾病最后阶段的人设计的，只有在患者预计存活时间为6个月或更短的情况下才允许登记。这种好处使患者既不寻求姑息治疗，也不寻求可能延长生命的治疗。），这里说的是临终关怀的使用情况，即患者预计存活时间为6个月或更短的时候采用临终关怀，这时不以延长寿命为目的，故错误。因此A选项正确。19.事实细节题。根据第五段第二句And hospices, which may have the most skilled practitioners and the most experience in administering palliative care（临终关怀院或许有对临终关怀最有经验的医生和姑息治疗经验），可知临终关怀院提供给患者C选项“熟练和经验丰富的姑息治疗”，所以C选项正确。B选项“疾病早期阶段的舒适”：根据第四段第三句The Medicare hospice benefit is designed specifically for people in the final stages of illness（医疗保险临终关怀福利是专门为处于疾病最后阶段的人设计的），可知临终关怀不针对疾病早期，故错误。A选项“姑息治疗的替代方案”，和D选项“积极治疗的替代方案”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此C选项正确。20.主旨大意题。文章第一段引入治疗癌症的副作用没有得到充分治疗，第二、三段呼吁国家对此采取措施，第四、五段提到临终关怀对减轻患者痛苦的保险情况，最后一段总结全文强调推动姑息治疗，全文都在围绕减轻患者痛苦的医疗方法，所以D选项“减少癌症患者的痛苦”正确。A选项“改善美国的癌症研究”，B选项“改革癌症患者的保险范围”和C选项“了解癌症治疗和护理的不同选择”是文章的部分内容，不足以概括全文，故错误。因此D选项正确。2.单选题There are many copper mines in the state of Arizona, _ contributes significantly to the states economy.问题1选项A.a factB.which factC.whose factD.that【答案】C【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：亚利桑那州有许多铜矿，这一事实对该州的经济做出了重大贡献。非限制性定语从句在句子中是一个独立成分，不受主句的限制，也就是说从句去掉以后主句仍然成立；非限制性定语从句与先行词和主句之间的关系不甚紧密，通常用逗号与主句分隔开；非限制性定语从句先行词不用that，先行词是关系代词或关系副词不能省略。A选项a fact在这里不构成从句，故错误。B选项which fact不需要用名词fact，故错误。D选项that不用在非限制性定语从句中，故错误。C选项whose fact符合句子意思和语法。因此C选项正确。3.单选题The early years of the United States government were characterized by a debate concerning _ or individual states should have more power.问题1选项A.whether the federal governmentB.either the federal governmentC.that the federal governmentD.the federal government【答案】A【解析】考查状语从句。句意：美国政府早期的特点是一场关于是联邦政府还是州政府应该拥有更多权力的辩论。根据题目划分句子成分可知，concerning到句子结尾是修饰debate的后置定语，横线到句子结尾是修饰concerning的状语从句；eitheror“或者或者”，whetheror“是还是”，结合语境A选项whether the federal government符合题意。因此A选项正确。4.单选题By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period slave society was _ disintegration.问题1选项A.on the ground ofB.on the top ofC.in the light ofD.on the verge of【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项on the ground of“因为”；B选项on the top of“除之外；在之上”；C选项in the light of“鉴于”；D选项on the verge of“接近于，濒临于”。句意：到春秋末年，奴隶社会已_处于解体。根据语境，这里指奴隶社会快要解体了，所以on the verge of“接近于，濒临于”符合题意。因此D选项正确。5.单选题_ that rather than avoid capture he presented himself at the prison gates.问题1选项A.Legend has itB.As has legendC.Legend as has itD.As it has legend【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：据说，为了不被抓，他去自首了。A选项Legend has it“据说”为固定搭配，符合题意，其余选项用法错误。因此A选项正确。6.单选题In the last few years, intensive design and development effort _ to the introduction of electronic exchanges.问题1选项A.have been appliedB.has been appliedC.is being appliedD.would be applied【答案】A【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：在过去几年中，密集的设计和开发努力已应用于电子交换的引进。根据谓语动词apply的动作从过去开始发生，持续到现在，并且将持续下去确定用现在完成时态；根据主语intensive design and development effort是复数确定用复数形式，所以A选项have been applied符合题意。因此A选项正确。7.单选题Ever since the Industrial Revolution brought workers from small shops into factories, supervision has been required. Only during the last hundred years, however, has industrial management grown into a highly organized set of modern methods for achieving efficiency. Thus, management is a new human history, and it has already become vitally important for the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economies.Efficiency means getting results with the least possible waste of time, effort, and money. Therefore, efficiency is the aim of all management, both public and private. In private business, efficiency can be measured by profit, the surplus of income over expenditures.The managers a job, then, is to get people to do things efficiently. The top manager manages other managers, chooses and trains them, plans their operations, and checks the results. All managers have practical complex problems, but they utilize methods based on a growing body of knowledge. Shop managers carry out time and motion studies to improve workers efficiency, and foremen give on-the-job training to workers. Industrial mangers employ specialists to keep machines working properly and to ensure the supply of spare parts. The flow of work is supervised to avoid any unplanned idleness of workers of equipment. Each step in manufacturing is planned in detail, and the cost of each step is carefully calculated. Supervisors consult experts regularly in order to master new techniques. Personnel managers have learned to obtain greater efficiency from workers by providing rest periods and by improving morale through better heating, lighting, safety devices, cafeterias, and recreation facilitieseven when these have not been demanded by labor unions. The use of modern electronic devices had led to increasing automation, in which many automatic machines function without any need for human labor.Scientific management methods have spread to all branches of industrynot only manufacturing, but also accounting, finance, marketing, and other office work. There are planning systems, organization systems and control systems. Within these there are other systems for delegation of authority, budgeting, information feedback for control, and so on. The essence of all the functions of management is coordination, the harmonious combination of all individual efforts for the achievement of the objectives of the enterprise.26. From the first paragraph, we know that _.27. The top manager _.28. All managers employ _.29. Personnel managers provide rest periods, safety devices, recreation facilities, etc. _.30. The essence of all management functions is _.问题1选项A.industrial management depends on the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economiesB.industrial management is indispensable to the successes of all kinds of businesses and of national economiesC.the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economies has nothing to do with industrial managementD.industrial management did not develop until the last fifty years问题2选项A.is responsible for selecting other managers and help them do things efficientlyB.gets other managers to choose and train themselvesC.manages other managers operationsD.learns new techniques from other managers问题3选项A.various methods to solve their practical and complex problemsB.specialists to keep machines working properlyC.workers who give on-the-job trainingD.advisers to handle practical and complex problems问题4选项A.because the labor unions demand themB.just to improve the workers moraleC.to obtain greater efficiency from workersD.to ensure the good working conditions问题5选项A.to combine individual efforts to achieve the objectives of the enterpriseB.the coordination of the functions of managementC.the harmonious coordination of organization efforts for the achievement of individual objectivesD.to coordinate the systems for planning, organization and control【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A【解析】26.事实细节题。根据第一段最后一句management is a new human history, and it has already become vitally important for the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economies.（管理是新的人类历史，已经对各类企业的成功和国民经济发展来说至关重要。），可知B选项“工业管理对于各类企业和国家经济的成功必不可少”正确，A选项“工业管理依赖于各种企业和国家经济的成功”和C选项“各类企业和国家经济的成功与工业管理无关”错误。D选项“工业管理直到最近五十年才发展起来”：根据第一段第二句Only during the last hundred years, however, has industrial management grown into a highly organized set of modern methods for achieving efficiency.（然而，只是在最近的一百年里，工业管理才发展成为一套极有组织的现代提高效率的方法。），可知工业管理在最近百年内而非五十年内发展起来，故错误。因此B选项正确。27.事实细节题。根据第三段第二句The top manager manages other managers, chooses and trains them, plans their operations, and checks the results.（总经理管理其他经理，选拔和培训，制作工作计划，并检查结果。），可知总经理主要做选人用人的工作，A选项“负责挑选其他经理，并帮助他们有效率地做事”正确，B选项“让其他经理选择和培训他们自己”，C选项“管理其他经理的业务”和D选项“从其他经理那里学习新技术”错误。因此A选项正确。28.语义推测题。根据第三段第三句All managers have practical complex problems（所有的管理者都有实际的复杂问题），所以A选项“解决实际和复杂的问题的各种方法”正确。B选项“保证机器正常工作的专家”：根据第三段第五句Industrial mangers employ specialists to keep machines working properly（工业管理人员雇用专家来确保机器正常工作），可知这是工业管理人员的职责，故错误。C选项“提供在职培训的工作人员”：根据第三段第四句foremen give on-the-job training to workers.（领班给工人进行在职培训），可知这是领班的职责，故错误。D选项“处理实际和复杂问题的顾问”：文章没有提到顾问，故错误。因此A选项正确。29.语义推测题。根据第三段倒数第二句Personnel managers have learned to obtain greater efficiency from workers by providing rest periods and by improving morale through better heating, lighting, safety devices, cafeterias, and recreation facilitieseven when these have not been demanded by labor unions.（人事经理已经学会通过提供休息时间和通过改善暖气、照明、安全设备、自助餐厅和娱乐设施来提高员工的士气以便提高工作效率，即使这些工会都没有要求。），可知人事经理做这些事是为了提高员工的工作效率，C选项“从工人那里获得更高的效率”正确，A选项“因为工会的要求”和B选项“只是为了提高员工的士气”和D选项“确保良好的工作条件”不是最终目的，故错误。因此C选项正确。30.事实细节题。根据文章最后一句The essence of all the functions of management is coordination, the harmonious combination of all individual efforts for the achievement of the objectives of the enterprise.（管理的一切职能的本质是协调，是所有个人努力和谐结合，以实现企业的目标。），可知A选项“结合个人的努力来实现企业的目标”正确，B选项“管理职能的合理分配”，C选项“为实现个人目标，组织所作的协调”和D选项“协调计划、组织和控制的系统”不符合文章内容，故错误。因此A选项正确。8.单选题Teachers complain that children _ these tests without being able to write a decent essay, solve a multi-step math problem or construct a framework.问题1选项A.look throughB.carry throughC.sail throughD.put through【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项look through“浏览；仔细查看”；B选项carry through“（常指不顾困难）完成”；C选项sail through“轻易完成；顺利通过”；D选项put through“给接通电话；使遭受”。句意：老师们抱怨说，孩子们没有写出一篇像样的文章、解决一个多步骤的数学问题或构建一个框架，在这种情况下_这些测试。根据语境，sail through“顺利通过”搭配tests“测试”比较合理，意指学生不做什么努力就通过测试了。因此C选项正确。9.单选题The government is trying to help these enterprises out of the _ by various means.问题1选项A.flightB.plightC.delightD.twilight【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项flight“班机；逃走”；B选项plight“困境；誓约”；C选项delight“高兴”；D选项twilight“暮色；衰退期”。句意：政府正试图通过各种方式帮助这些企业走出_。根据语境，这里是指政府帮助遇到麻烦的企业，所以plight“困境”符合题意。因此B选项正确。10.单选题The genetic characteristics of all life forms on earth are embodied in the chemical structure of DNA molecule. An organisms DNA molecules provide a complete blueprint for its physical makeup. Genetic engineering is the process of altering the DNA genetic code to characteristics of plants and animals. Through the process, scientists can literally build to order new life forms that perform desired functions. For hundreds of years, humans have engineered the development of food crops and domesticated animals through selective breeding practices. For example, the modern dairy cow is the result of centuries of carefully breeding individual animals that carried the genetic trait for high milk production. However, new technology makes it possible for scientists to restructure the DNA molecules themselves and this obtains more rapid and more radical genetic changes than were possible in the past. This new process is commonly called recombinant DNA technology or gene splicing the pieces according to a new pattern. The genespliced DNA molecule may have a genetic code that has never existed before.Although recombinant DNA technology is still in its infancy, it has already demonstrated its value. New crop breeds produced by his process are already growing in farmers fields. Crops that are genetically engineered to resist pests, diseases, and drought could be important in efforts to alleviate starvation around the world. Scientists are trying to use genetic engineering to produce important drugs such as insulin and interferon cheaply. They are also working on a genetically engineered generation of wonder drags to combat cancer and other killer diseases. However, the recombinant DNA technology brings with it problems our society has not previously faced. Gene splicing could produce new disease microorganisms, deadly to us or to the plants and animals upon which we depend. The possibility of altering human genetic structure raises serious moral political, and social issues. Genetic engineering illustrates dramatically the promises and angers of technological development. The decisions our society makes about genetic engineering will undoubtedly have tremendous consequences in the years to come.31. The best title for this passage is _.32. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about recombinant DNA technology?33. The word “alleviate” in paragraph 2 is nearest in meaning to _.34. It can be inferred from the passage that _.35. The authors attitude towards genetic technologies is _.问题1选项A.The Basic Function of Genetic EngineeringB.New Applications of Genetic EngineeringC.Recombinant DNA Technology, A New Process in Genetic EngineeringD.The Promises & Dangers of Technological Development问题2选项A.It can bring about rapid and radical genetic changes in life forms.B.It can be used to restructure DNA molecules to produce new desired plant and animal breeds.C.It may increase the risk of producing some unexpected diseases.D.It proves an effective way to cure cancer and other incurable diseases.问题3选项A.relieveB.avoidC.eliminateD.terminate问题4选项A.there will inevitably be a heated debate over the general application of the recombinant DNA technologyB.the use of the recombinant DNA technology on human beings will be forbiddenC.the recombinant DNA technology can be traced back to hundreds of years agoD.serious dilemmas may be generated when it is used to modify human genetic code问题5选项A.enthusiasticB.indifferentC.criticalD.objective【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D