考研考博-考博英语-北京航空航天大学考前自测提分卷49(含答案详解）

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-北京航空航天大学考前自测提分卷（含答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题The energy contained in rock within the earths crust represents a nearly unlimited energy source, but until recently commercial retrieval has been limited to underground hot water and/or steam recov- ry systems. These systems have been developed in areas of recent volcanic activity, where high rates f heat flow cause visible eruption of water in the form of geysers and hot springs. In other areas, owever, hot rock also exists near the surface but there is insufficient water present to produce erup- ive phenomena. Thus a potential hot dry rock ( HDR) reservoir exists whenever the amount of spon- aneously produced geothermal fluid has been judged inadequate for existing commercial systems.As a result of recent energy crisis, new concepts for creating HDR recovery systems which in- olve drilling holes and connecting them to artificial reservoirs placed deep within the crust are be- ng developed. In all attempts to retrieve energy from HDRs, artificial stimulation will be required to reate either sufficient permeability or bounded flow paths to facilitate the removal of heat by circula- ion of a fluid over the surface of the rock.The HDR resource base is generally defined to include crustal rock that is hotter than 150C, is t depths less than ten kilometers, and can be drilled with presently available equipment. Although ells deeper than ten kilometers are technically feasible, prevailing economic factors will obviously etermine the commercial feasibility of wells at such depths. Rock temperatures as low as 100oC may e useful for space heating； however, for producing electricity, temperatures greater than 200C are esirable.The geothermal gradient, which specifically determines the depth of drilling required to reach a esired temperature, is a major factor in the recoverability of geothermal resources. Temperature gra- ient maps generated from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept by the American Associa- ion of Petroleum Geologists suggest that tappable high - temperature gradients are distributed all across he United States. ( There are many areas, however, for which no temperature gradient records ex- st. )Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large. If an average geothermal temperature radient of 22C per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13 ,000,000 quadrillion B. T. U. ?s of to- al energy are calculated to be contained in crustal rock to a ten-kilometer depth in the United States. f we conservatively estimate that only about 0. 2 percent is recoverable, we find a total of all the coal emaining in the United States. The remaining problem is to balance the economics of deeper, hotter, ore costly wells and shallower, cooler，less expensive wells against the value of the final product, e- ectricity and/or heat.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to( ).2.The passage would be most likely to appear in a ( )3.According the passage, an average geothermal gradient of 22C per kilometer of depth can be used to( )4.It can be inferred from the passage that the availability of temperature -depth records for any spe-cific area in the United States depends primarily on the( ).5.Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?问题1选项A.alert readers to the existence of HDRs as an available energy sourceB.document the challenges that have been surmounted in the effort to recover energy from HDRsC.warn the users of coal and oil that HDRs are not an economically feasible alternativeD.encourage the use of new techniques for the recovery of energy from underground hot water and steam问题2选项A.petrological research report focused on the history of temperature-depth records in the United StatesB.congressional report urging the conservation of oil and natural gas reserves in the United StatesC.technical journal article concerned with the recoverability of newly identified energy sourcesD.consumer report describing the extent and accessibility of remaining coal resources问题3选项A.balance the economics of HDR energy retrieval against that of underground hot water or steam recovery systemsB.determine the amount of energy that will be used for space heating in the United StatesC.provide comparisons between hot water and HDR energy sources in United StatesD.estimate the total HDR resource base in the United States问题4选项A.possibility that HDRs may be found in that areaB.existence of previous attempts to obtain oil or gas in that areaC.history of successful hot water or steam recovery efforts in that areaD.failure of inhabitants to conserve oil gas reserves in that area问题5选项A.Energy from Water Sources: The Feasibility of Commercial SystemsB.Geothermal Energy Retrieval: Volcanic Activity and Hot Dry RocksC.Energy Underground: Geothermal Sources Give Way to Fossil FuelsD.Tappable Energy for Americas Future: Hot Dry Rocks【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.最后一段指出：Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large（HDR 能源基础是巨大的）。A项“提醒读者HDR可作为可利用能源”符合文意。2.本文旨在提醒读者HDR可作为可利用能源。所以，这篇文章可能出现在C项“关于新发现能源可恢复性的技术期刊”上。3.根据题干关键词“average geothermal gradient of 22C per kilometer of depth”定位至最后一段：Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large. If an average geothermal temperature gradient of 22C per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13,000,000 quadrillion B. T. U. s of total energy are calculated to be contained in crustal rock to a ten-kilometer depth in the United States （迹象表明，HDR的能源库巨大。如果按每公里深度的地热梯度平均为22摄氏度计算，可以得出美国1万公里深度的地壳岩石中所包含的总能源。）D项“estimate the total HDR resource base”符合文意。4.第四段指出：“Temperature gradient maps generated from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists suggestthat tappable high -temperature gradients are distributed all across the United States.”B项“该地区先前试图获取燃油和天然气”符合文意。5.本文讲述了HDR能源的发现及应用前景，通篇的关键词为HDR。D项最适合做文章的标题。2.单选题A century ago in the United States, when an individual brought suit against a company, public opinion tended to protect that company. But perhaps this phenomenon was most striking in the case of the railroads. Nearly half of all negligence cases decided through 1896 involved railroads. And the railroads usually won.Most of the cases were decided in state courts, when the railroads had the climate of the times on their sides. Government supported the railroad industry; the progress railroads represented was not to be slowed down by requiring them often to pay damages to those unlucky enough to be hurt working for them.Court decisions always went against railroad workers. Mr. Farwell, an engineer, lost his right hand when a switchmans negligence ran his engine off the track. The court reasoned that since Farwell had taken the job of an engineer voluntarily at good pay, he had accepted the risk. Therefore the accident, though avoidable had the switchmen acted carefully, was a “pure accident”. In effect a railroad could never be held responsible for injury to one employee caused by the mistake of another.In one case where a Pennsylvania Railroad worker had started a fire at a warehouse and the fire had spread several blocks, causing widespread damage, a jury found the company responsible for all the damage. But the court overturned the jurys decision because it argued that the railroads negligence was the immediate cause of damage only to the nearest buildings. Beyond them the connection was too remote to consider.As the century wore on, public sentiment began to turn against the railroadsagainst their economic and political power and high fares as well as against their callousness （无情）toward individuals.1.What does the word “negligence” mean in the passage?2.Which of the following is NOT true in Farwells case?3.What must have happened after the fire case was settled in court?4.The following aroused public resentment EXCEPT（ ）.5.What does the passage mainly discuss?问题1选项A.ignoranceB.arroganceC.carelessnessD.depression问题2选项A.Farwell would not have been injured if the switchman had been more careful.B.The court argued that the victim had accepted the risk since he had willingly takenhis job.C.The court decided that the railroad should not be held responsible.D.Farwell was injured because he negligently ran his engine off the track.问题3选项A.The railroad compensated for the damage to the immediate buildings.B.The railroad compensated for all the damage by the fire.C.The railroad paid nothing for the damaged building.D.The railroad worker paid for the property damage himself.问题4选项A.political powerB.high faresC.economic lossD.indifference问题5选项A.Railroad oppressing individuals in the US.B.History of the US railroads.C.Railroad workers working rights.D.Law cases concerning the railroads.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.根据题干“negligence”定位至第三段：Mr. Farwell, an engineer, lost his right hand when a switchmans negligence ran his engine off the track（法威尔先生是铁路公司的一名工程师，由于一名扳道工因negligence而导致机车脱离轨道，法威尔失去了右手）。由此推测negligence意为疏忽，过失。ignorance无知，愚昧，arrogance傲慢，carelessness 粗心，疏忽，depression 沮丧；经济大萧条。据此可知，C项正确。2.文章第三段指明是一位扳道工由于疏忽而导致机车脱离轨道，法威尔失去了右手，而非法威尔本人。D项的说法错误。3.题干问的是法院对火灾案的判决结果。第四段指出：a jury found the company responsible for all the damage. But the court overturned. Beyond them the connection was too remote to consider（陪审团裁决铁路公司负责全部损失，但法院推翻了陪审团的决定，认为铁路公司的疏忽只是直接导致最邻近的建筑物受到损失，因而只对此负责任，而离得较远的房屋的损失则不在赔偿范围）。因此，铁路公司只赔偿最邻近的建筑物受到的损失。4.根据题干关键词resentment定位至最后一段：Public sentiment began to turn against the railroadsagainst their economic and political power and high fares as well as against their callousness toward individuals（公众舆论开始反对铁路公司反对他们在经济和政治上的权力、高票价以及他们对个人的冷漠无情。据此可知，C选项“经济损失”不包括在里面。5.本文主要讨论的是与铁路公司有关的法律案件。3.单选题The language barrier made communication difficult, but finally，part of my mes-sage（ ）.问题1选项A.passed awayB.went overC.came upD.got through【答案】D【解析】短语辨析。passed away去世；went over重温，仔细检查；came up发生，接近；got through使理解，向讲清楚。句意：语言障碍使沟通很困难，但我的一部分想法最终还是被（ ）了。因此D选项符合句意。4.单选题Please refrain （ ） smoking.问题1选项A.fromB.ofC.atD.against【答案】A【解析】短语辨析。句意：请勿吸烟。Refrain和 from搭配为固定短语，意为“制止，克制不做某事”，因此正确答案是A选项。5.写作题In the current job market, university graduates are having a hard time finding jobs while many employers are complaining about the shortage of work hands. Write an essay of no less than 200 words analyzing the phenomenon. Your essay should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.【答案】Why Are University Graduates Having a Hard Time Finding Jobs?6.单选题Racket, din clamor, noise, whatever you want to call it, unwanted sound is Americas most widespread nuisance. But noise is more than just a nuisance. It constitutes a real and present dangerto peoples health. Day and night, at home, at work, and at play, noise can produce serious physical and psychological stress. No one is immune to this stress. Though we seem to adjust to noise by ignoring it, the ear, in fact, never closes and the body still responds sometimes with extreme tension, as to a strange sound in the night.The annoyance we feel when faced with noise is the most common outward symptom of the stress building up inside us. Indeed, because irritability is so apparent, legislators have made public annoy-ance the basis of many noise abatement programs. The more subtle and more serious health hazards associated with stress caused by noise traditionally have been given much less attention. Nevertheless, when we are annoyed or made irritable by noise, we should consider these symptoms fair warning that other thing may be happening to us, some of which may be damaging to our health. Of many health hazards to noise, hearing loss is the most clearly observable and measurable by health professionals. The other hazards are harder to pin down. For many of us, there may be a risk that exposure to the stress of noise increases susceptibility to disease and infection. The more susceptible among us may experience noise as a complicating factor in heart problems and other diseases. Noise that causes an- noyance and irritability in health persons may have serious consequences for these already ill in mind or body.Noise affects us throughout our lives. For example, there are indications of effects on the unborn child when mothers are exposed to industrial and environmental noise. During infancy and childhood, youngsters exposed to high noise levels may have trouble falling asleep and obtaining necessary a- mounts of rest.Why, then, is there not greater alarm about these dangers? Perhaps it is because the link be- tween noise and many disabilities or diseases has not yet been conclusively demonstrated. Perhaps it is because we tend to dismiss annoyance as a price to pay for living in the modern world. It may also be because we still think of hearing loss as only an occupational hazard.1.In Paragraph 1, the phrase “immune to” is used to mean（ ）.2.The authors attitude toward noise would best be described as（ ）.3.Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?4.The author condemns noise essentially because it（ ）.5.The author would probably consider research about the effects noise has on people to be（ ） .问题1选项A.unaffected byB.hurt byC.unlikely to be seen byD.unknown by问题2选项A.unrealisticB.traditionalC.concernedD.hysterical问题3选项A.Noise is a major problem ; most people recognize its importance.B.Although noise can be annoying, it is not a major problem.C.Noise is a major problem and has not yet been recognized as such.D.Noise is a major problem about which nothing can be done.问题4选项A.is against the lawB.can make some people irritableC.is a nuisanceD.is a danger to peoples health问题5选项A.unimportantB.impossibleC.a waste of moneyD.essential【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1. 根据“immune to”定位至其后面一句：Though we seem to adjust to noise by ignoring it, the ear, in fact, never closes and the body still responds（尽管我们似乎通过忽视噪音来适应噪音，但实际上，耳朵永远不会关闭，身体仍然会做出反应），由此推断我们不可能不受噪音的影响，选项Aunaffected by”表示“不受影响”。2. 文章最后一段提出：为什么人们没有对噪音问题更为警醒，并且后面给出了若干猜测的理由，都指出了人们对噪音问题不够重视，说明作者十分关注噪音对人类的健康产生的影响，因此C项正确。3. 文章第一段和最后一段的大意为：噪音已经成为一个普遍的问题，但是人们并没有重视噪音对人体健康产生的危害。选项C表示“噪音是一个主流问题，但并没有被充分意识到”符合题意。4. 文章指出：噪音会对人体的身心健康产生危害，并且围绕这一点展开，因此D选项“对人们的健康是一种威胁”符合题意。5. 最后一段指出：人们对噪音对健康的危害不够重视，并且噪音和疾病以及残疾之间的关系并没有得到证实，由此推断，作者认为对噪音的研究是有必要的，可以以此唤醒人们对此的注意，故选项D essential“有必要的”符合题意。7.单选题I think Kim would be great for the job. Her work record is（ ）.问题1选项A.impeccableB.enrichedC.rudimentaryD.tarnished【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。句意：我认为Kim可以胜任这份工作。她的工作记录是（ ）。impeccable无瑕疵的，没有缺点的；enriched浓缩的，强化的；rudimentary基本的，残遗的未发展的；tarnished生锈的，有污点的。选项A符合句意。8.单选题The town planning commission said that their financial（ ）for the next fiscalyear was optimistic; they expect increased tax revenues.问题1选项A.outlookB.oversightC.notionD.subject【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意：城市规划委员会表示，他们对下一个财政年度的财务前景持乐观态度；他们预计税收会增加。9.单选题They tossed your thoughts back and forth for over an hour, but still could not make（ ）of them.问题1选项A.impressionB.comprehensionC.meaningD.sense【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。句意：他们反复考虑了你的观点长达一个多小时，但是仍然不能（ ）它们。impression印象；comprehension理解；meaning意思；sense感觉；观念；道理；理智。make sense of为固定搭配，意为 “理解”。10.翻译题Bacteria（细菌）, like people, can be divided into friend and foe. 81.Inspired by evidence that the friendly sort may help with a range of ailments（疾病）, many people consume bacteria in the form of yogurts and dietary supplements. Such a smattering of artificial additions, however, represents but a drop in the ocean. There are at least 800 types of bacteria living in the human gut. And research by Steven Gill of the Institute for Genomic Research in Rockville, Maryland, and his colleagues, published in this weeks Science, suggests that the collective genome of these organisms is so large that it contains 100 times as many genes as the human genome itself.Dr Gill and his team were able to come to this conclusion by extracting bacterial DNA from the faeces （粪便）of two volunteers. 82.Because of the complexity of the samples, they were not able to reconstruct the entire genomes（基因组）of each of the gut bacteria, just the individual genes. But that allowed them to make an estimate of numbers.What all these bacteria are doing is tricky to identifythe bacteria themselves are difficult to cultivate. 83.So the researchers guessed at what they might be up to by comparing the genes they discovered with published databases of genes whose functions are already known.84.This comparison helped Dr Gill identify for the first time the probableenzymatic（酶（性）的）processes by which bacteria help humans to digest the complexcarbohydrates in plants. The bacteria also contain a plentiful supply of genes involved in the synthesis of chemicals essential to human lifeincluding two B vitamins and certain essential amino acidsalthough the team merely showed that these metabolic pathways exist rather than proving that they are used. Nevertheless, the pathways they found leave humans looking more like ruminants: animals such as goats and sheep that use bacteria to break down otherwise indigestible matter in the plants they eat.The broader conclusion Dr Gill draws is that people are superorganisms whose metabolism represents an amalgamation of human and microbial attributes. The notion ofa superorganism has emerged before, as researchers in other fields have come to view humans as having a diverse internal ecosystem. 85.This, suggest some, will be crucial to the success of personalised medicine, as different people will have different responses to drugs, depending on their microbial flora.（微生物群落） Accordingly, the next step, says Dr Gill, is to see how microbial populations vary between people of different ages, backgrounds and diets.Another area of research is the process by which these helpful bacteria first colonize the digestive tract. Babies acquire their gut flora as they pass down the birth canal and take a gene-filled gulp of their mothers vaginal and faecal flora. It might not be the most delicious of first meals, but it could well be an important one.Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.【答案】81. 有益菌可以帮助人们治疗多种疾病，受此启发，很多人通过使用酸乳食品和各种补品的办法吸收细菌。然而，这种人为补充细菌的做法是极其肤浅的。82. 由于样本的复杂性，吉尔博士及其研究组人员还不能构建出肠道内细菌的完整基因组，而只能构建出单体基因。不过，这也可以使他们对整体数量作出估算。83. 因此，研究人员只能将发现的基因和那些功能已经研究清楚的基因的公开数据库进行比较，从而猜测可能得到的研究结果。84. 这种比较帮助吉尔博士第一次确定了可能存在的细菌借以帮助人体消化从植物体摄入的复杂碳水化合物的酶催化反应的过程。85. 有人认为，这一点对个性化药物的成功开发是至关重要的，因为不同的人具有不同的微生物群落，对不同的药物有不同的反应。