被动语态讲解

被动语态一、语态概述 英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。如：Many people speak English. 谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。所谓“被动语态”，相当于中文中常说的“被”、“由”的句式，如：“他的自行车被偷了。”，“这座楼房是由他们建造的。”再如：English is spoken by many people. 主语English是动词speak的承受者。判断：看下面的两个例句，你来判断哪个是主动哪个是被动？ He opened the door.他开了门。 （_） The door was opened.门被开了。 （_）说明：好了，现在我们对被动语态的句子形式有了一个形象的认识，但英语句子是千变万化的，这时就需要你有“火眼金睛”了。下面我们来具体了解一下被动语态的构成。二、被动语态的构成 被动特点强调宾（语），用be加上过去分（词）。行为对象作主语，逻辑主语by来引。1. English is _（speak）in Canada.2. The blouse is _（make）of silk.3. English is _（speak）by many people. 谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没必要。动作承受者需强调，用被动语态莫忘了。1. Some stamps were _（steal）last week.2. The PRC was _（found）on October 1, 1949.3. Football is _（play）in most middle schools.被动语态须留意，P.P前面助动be. be + P.Pam（is,are）现在时，am（is,are）+P.Pwas和were表过去。was（were）+P.P完成have（has）been。have（has）been+P.P将来，情态，be原形。will（can,may,must）be+P.P进行时态两个be，前表时态后加ing。am（is,are）+being+P.P 被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。 说明：别看英语中一会儿主动被动一会儿现在时一会儿过去时啥的，好像看得咱们眼花缭乱啦。其实呢，这么一堆东西归纳起来，就两点：时态和语态。歌诀：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。说明：那么，什么时候用被动语态呢？简单的说，凡是汉语中带“被”的句子，都能转换成英语的被动语态。几种常用时态的被动语态1.一般现在时： am/is/are+过去分词 肯定句：Bikes are _（sell）in that shop. 否定句：Bikes are not sold in that shop. 疑问句：Are bikes sold in that shop? Yes, they are. / No, they arent.2.一般过去时： was/were+过去分词 肯定句：China was _（liberate）in 1949. 否定句：China was not liberated in 1949. 疑问句：Was China liberated in 1949? Yes, it was. / No, it wasnt.3.一般将来时： shall/will/be going to + be+过去分词 肯定句：An English class will be _（give）by Jack tomorrow. 否定句：An English class will not be given by Jack tomorrow. 疑问句：Will an English class be given by Jack tomorrow? Yes, it will. / No. it wont.4.现在进行时：am/is/are + being+过去分词 肯定句：A car is being _（drive）now. 否定句：A car is not being driven now. 疑问句：Is a car being driven now? Yes, it is. / No, it isnt.5.现在完成时：have / has+ been+过去分词 肯定句：A road has been _（build）by the government. 否定句：A road hasnt been built by the government. 疑问句：Has a road been built by the government? Yes, it has. / No, it hasnt.6.情态动词：情态动词+be + P.P 1）This clock can be _（repair）here. 2）The trees may be _（plant）at other times of the year. 3）The composition must be _（hand）in after class. 4）The young trees should be _（plant）in spring.三、被动语态的用法（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如： Some new computers were _（steal）last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。（不知道电脑是谁偷的） This book was _（publish）in 1981. 这本书出版于1981年。（2）强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。例如： The window was _（break）by Mike. 窗户是迈克打破的。 This book was _（write）by him. 这本书是他写的。 Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed. 每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要；动作承受者需强调，被动语态运用到。 主动态和被动态指的是动词形式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构，从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词（词组）作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词（词组）作谓语动词的句子。四、主动语态变被动语态的方法 （1）把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 （2）把谓语变成被动结构（be过去分词）（根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式）。 （3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如： All the people _（laugh）at him. He was _（laugh）at by all people. They _（make）the bikes in the factory. The bikes are _（make）by them in the factory.歌诀：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。五、含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词be过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。歌诀： 情态动词变被动，情态加be加“过分”，原来带to要保留。例如： We can _（repair）this watch in two days. This watch can be _（repair）in two days. You ought to _（take）it away. It ought to be _（take）away. They should _（do）it at once. It should be _（do）at once.六、含双宾语的主动结构变被动结构 teach ,give ,pass ,show ,buy, tell等动词常常带有两个宾语（双宾语：直接宾语和间接宾语），改为被动语态时，应将其中一个宾语改为被动结构的主语，另一个宾语仍保留在原处。一种情况是把间接宾语（指人）变为主语，直接宾语（指物）不变；另一种情况是把直接宾语（指物）变为主语，间接宾语（指人）不变，这时，间接宾语前通常加介词to，有时加for。例如：1. My father gave me a new book on my birthday. I was given a new book（by my father）on my birthday.（间接宾语作了主语） A new book was given to me（by my father）on my birthday.（直接宾语作了主语）2. Father bought me a new coat. I was bought a new coat . （间接宾语作了主语） A new coat was bought for me. （直接宾语作了主语）口诀：如遇双宾语，最好变间宾。如若变直宾，be done后加to(或for)七、补充（1）含有使役动词（make /let /have）或感官动词（hear ,see, listen to ,look at ,find ,watch, feel等）的句子，在主动语态中这些词后常跟不带to的动词不定式，但是在改成被动语态时，则一定要把省去的to再加上去，另外help这一个词在主动语态中后面的动词不定式可以带to,也可不带to, 但在被动语态中也必须把to加上去。如： He made me stand outside. I was made to stand outside（by him）. I saw him play football. He was seen to play football（by him）.有一个顺口溜方便记忆：宾补动词真奇怪，to在句中像妖怪。主动句中to走开，被动句中to回来。（2）含有宾语补足语的句子改为变动语态。（宾补放在原来位置不变）例：We call him Xiao Ming. 主 谓 宾 宾补e is called Xiao Ming by us. He found the novel very interesting.The novel was found very interesting by him.（3）没有被动语态的动词：1. 没有被动语态的词， 表示状态或特征的及物动词如 cost, fit, have, suit等没有被动形式，另外，像happen = take place, break out(爆发)，break down(坏了) result from(缘于)，belong to, consist of等只用主动语态，而不用被动语态2. 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态: appear,die ,disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, last, lie, remain, sit, spread（传播）, stand, come true, fall asleep, .3. 大多数系动词：be , feel (摸起来)，sound(听起来)，smell(闻起来)，taste（尝起来），look(看起来)，等词无被动语态，它们的主动形式表示被动意义。例：The shirt feels very soft. 这件衬衣摸起来很柔软。Many changes have taken place in our country.小小练习（ ）1. Basketball _after school twice a week. A. is played B. will be played C. was played（ ）2. A lift _ to go up and down every day. A. is used B. are used C. be used（ ）3. Shoes _ in the shop last year. A. was sold B. is sold C. were sold（ ）4. In this game their hands _. A. not be seen B. be not seen C. cant be seen（ ）5. These mooncakes _ already by Mary. A. will be eaten B. havent been eaten C. have been eaten（ ）6. He _ to the hospital in a few minutes. A. was taken B. is taken C. will be taken（ ）7. My birthday cake _yet.A. is made B. has been made C. hasnt been made（ ）8. English _ in this school since 1980. A. is taught B. has been taught C. was taught（ ）9. The boy _by Ling Feng. A. are looked after B. can be looked after C. were looked after（ ）10. These treasures _since many years ago. A. have been kept B. were kept C. are kept（ ）11. The garden _ a week ago. A. is tidied B. has been tidied C. was tidied（ ）12. He wanted to know if the tickets _ to him tomorrow. A. would be sent B. will be sent C. are sent（ ）13. At the crossing, a policeman _often _. A. is.seen B. was.seen C. are.seen（ ）14. Sometimes they _ play football. A. are seen to B. are seen C. will be seen to（ ）15. All the clothes in the shop _. A. is tried on B. was tried on C. can be tried on（ ）16. The worker said that he _ a ladder at once. A. needs B. needed C. was needed D. is needed（ ）17. A doctor _for by her last month. A. send B. were sent C. was sent D. sent（ ）18. The doctor _ Edisons mother. A. was saved B. has been saved C. saved D. have saved（ ）19. So much metal _ into small pieces here every day. A. were cut B. are cut C. is cut D. cut（ ）20. - Where is Jims telephone number? - It _ on the blackboard already. A. writes B. wrote C. is written D. has been written6