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被动语态一、语态概述 英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为:主动、主动、主去动。如:Many people speak English. 谓语:speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。巧记为:被动、被动、主被动。所谓“被动语态”,相当于中文中常说的“被”、“由”的句式,如:“他的自行车被偷了。”,“这座楼房是由他们建造的。”再如:English is spoken by many people. 主语English是动词speak的承受者。判断:看下面的两个例句,你来判断哪个是主动哪个是被动? He opened the door.他开了门。 (_) The door was opened.门被开了。 (_)说明:好了,现在我们对被动语态的句子形式有了一个形象的认识,但英语句子是千变万化的,这时就需要你有“火眼金睛”了。下面我们来具体了解一下被动语态的构成。二、被动语态的构成 被动特点强调宾(语),用be加上过去分(词)。行为对象作主语,逻辑主语by来引。1. English is _(speak)in Canada.2. The blouse is _(make)of silk.3. English is _(speak)by many people. 谁做的动作不知道,说出谁做的没必要。动作承受者需强调,用被动语态莫忘了。1. Some stamps were _(steal)last week.2. The PRC was _(found)on October 1, 1949.3. Football is _(play)in most middle schools.被动语态须留意,P.P前面助动be. be + P.Pam(is,are)现在时,am(is,are)+P.Pwas和were表过去。was(were)+P.P完成have(has)been。have(has)been+P.P将来,情态,be原形。will(can,may,must)be+P.P进行时态两个be,前表时态后加ing。am(is,are)+being+P.P 被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。 说明:别看英语中一会儿主动被动一会儿现在时一会儿过去时啥的,好像看得咱们眼花缭乱啦。其实呢,这么一堆东西归纳起来,就两点:时态和语态。歌诀:被动语态be字变,过去分词跟后面。说明:那么,什么时候用被动语态呢?简单的说,凡是汉语中带“被”的句子,都能转换成英语的被动语态。几种常用时态的被动语态1.一般现在时: am/is/are+过去分词 肯定句:Bikes are _(sell)in that shop. 否定句:Bikes are not sold in that shop. 疑问句:Are bikes sold in that shop? Yes, they are. / No, they arent.2.一般过去时: was/were+过去分词 肯定句:China was _(liberate)in 1949. 否定句:China was not liberated in 1949. 疑问句:Was China liberated in 1949? Yes, it was. / No, it wasnt.3.一般将来时: shall/will/be going to + be+过去分词 肯定句:An English class will be _(give)by Jack tomorrow. 否定句:An English class will not be given by Jack tomorrow. 疑问句:Will an English class be given by Jack tomorrow? Yes, it will. / No. it wont.4.现在进行时:am/is/are + being+过去分词 肯定句:A car is being _(drive)now. 否定句:A car is not being driven now. 疑问句:Is a car being driven now? Yes, it is. / No, it isnt.5.现在完成时:have / has+ been+过去分词 肯定句:A road has been _(build)by the government. 否定句:A road hasnt been built by the government. 疑问句:Has a road been built by the government? Yes, it has. / No, it hasnt.6.情态动词:情态动词+be + P.P 1)This clock can be _(repair)here. 2)The trees may be _(plant)at other times of the year. 3)The composition must be _(hand)in after class. 4)The young trees should be _(plant)in spring.三、被动语态的用法(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如: Some new computers were _(steal)last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的) This book was _(publish)in 1981. 这本书出版于1981年。(2)强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。例如: The window was _(break)by Mike. 窗户是迈克打破的。 This book was _(write)by him. 这本书是他写的。 Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed. 每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。歌诀:谁做的动作不知道,说出谁做的没有必要;动作承受者需强调,被动语态运用到。 主动态和被动态指的是动词形式,是词法概念;而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构,从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子,而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。四、主动语态变被动语态的方法 (1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 (2)把谓语变成被动结构(be过去分词)(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。 (3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。例如: All the people _(laugh)at him. He was _(laugh)at by all people. They _(make)the bikes in the factory. The bikes are _(make)by them in the factory.歌诀:宾变主,主变宾,by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动,be后“过分”来使用。五、含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由“情态动词be过去分词”构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。歌诀: 情态动词变被动,情态加be加“过分”,原来带to要保留。例如: We can _(repair)this watch in two days. This watch can be _(repair)in two days. You ought to _(take)it away. It ought to be _(take)away. They should _(do)it at once. It should be _(do)at once.六、含双宾语的主动结构变被动结构 teach ,give ,pass ,show ,buy, tell等动词常常带有两个宾语(双宾语:直接宾语和间接宾语),改为被动语态时,应将其中一个宾语改为被动结构的主语,另一个宾语仍保留在原处。一种情况是把间接宾语(指人)变为主语,直接宾语(指物)不变;另一种情况是把直接宾语(指物)变为主语,间接宾语(指人)不变,这时,间接宾语前通常加介词to,有时加for。例如:1. My father gave me a new book on my birthday. I was given a new book(by my father)on my birthday.(间接宾语作了主语) A new book was given to me(by my father)on my birthday.(直接宾语作了主语)2. Father bought me a new coat. I was bought a new coat . (间接宾语作了主语) A new coat was bought for me. (直接宾语作了主语)口诀:如遇双宾语,最好变间宾。如若变直宾,be done后加to(或for)七、补充(1)含有使役动词(make /let /have)或感官动词(hear ,see, listen to ,look at ,find ,watch, feel等)的句子,在主动语态中这些词后常跟不带to的动词不定式,但是在改成被动语态时,则一定要把省去的to再加上去,另外help这一个词在主动语态中后面的动词不定式可以带to,也可不带to, 但在被动语态中也必须把to加上去。如: He made me stand outside. I was made to stand outside(by him). I saw him play football. He was seen to play football(by him).有一个顺口溜方便记忆:宾补动词真奇怪,to在句中像妖怪。主动句中to走开,被动句中to回来。(2)含有宾语补足语的句子改为变动语态。(宾补放在原来位置不变)例:We call him Xiao Ming. 主 谓 宾 宾补e is called Xiao Ming by us. He found the novel very interesting.The novel was found very interesting by him.(3)没有被动语态的动词:1. 没有被动语态的词, 表示状态或特征的及物动词如 cost, fit, have, suit等没有被动形式,另外,像happen = take place, break out(爆发),break down(坏了) result from(缘于),belong to, consist of等只用主动语态,而不用被动语态2. 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态: appear,die ,disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, last, lie, remain, sit, spread(传播), stand, come true, fall asleep, .3. 大多数系动词:be , feel (摸起来),sound(听起来),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),look(看起来),等词无被动语态,它们的主动形式表示被动意义。例:The shirt feels very soft. 这件衬衣摸起来很柔软。Many changes have taken place in our country.小小练习( )1. Basketball _after school twice a week. A. is played B. will be played C. was played( )2. A lift _ to go up and down every day. A. is used B. are used C. be used( )3. Shoes _ in the shop last year. A. was sold B. is sold C. were sold( )4. In this game their hands _. A. not be seen B. be not seen C. cant be seen( )5. These mooncakes _ already by Mary. A. will be eaten B. havent been eaten C. have been eaten( )6. He _ to the hospital in a few minutes. A. was taken B. is taken C. will be taken( )7. My birthday cake _yet.A. is made B. has been made C. hasnt been made( )8. English _ in this school since 1980. A. is taught B. has been taught C. was taught( )9. The boy _by Ling Feng. A. are looked after B. can be looked after C. were looked after( )10. These treasures _since many years ago. A. have been kept B. were kept C. are kept( )11. The garden _ a week ago. A. is tidied B. has been tidied C. was tidied( )12. He wanted to know if the tickets _ to him tomorrow. A. would be sent B. will be sent C. are sent( )13. At the crossing, a policeman _often _. A. is.seen B. was.seen C. are.seen( )14. Sometimes they _ play football. A. are seen to B. are seen C. will be seen to( )15. All the clothes in the shop _. A. is tried on B. was tried on C. can be tried on( )16. The worker said that he _ a ladder at once. A. needs B. needed C. was needed D. is needed( )17. A doctor _for by her last month. A. send B. were sent C. was sent D. sent( )18. The doctor _ Edisons mother. A. was saved B. has been saved C. saved D. have saved( )19. So much metal _ into small pieces here every day. A. were cut B. are cut C. is cut D. cut( )20. - Where is Jims telephone number? - It _ on the blackboard already. A. writes B. wrote C. is written D. has been written6
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