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第二讲代词和介词近几年，高考对代词的考查主要集中在代词的基本用法上，因此这类试题一般较为简单。语法填空侧重对it用法的考查；而短文改错对代词的考查主要集中在不定代词、反身代词、形容词性物主代词和代词的格等的用法上。考生在解题时要根据语境、句意判断人称和数，应仔细阅读上下文，根据代词具体指代的对象和在句中充当的成分，确定代词的格。未来高考对代词的考查将继续侧重代词的基本用法，并会加强语境的真实性和复杂性。(一)考点练悟(用代词填空)“Without the ball, Im half complete of 1._ (I)，” Luis Figo, one of the worlds greatest football players once said.The Portuguese played his first international match in 1991 at the age of 18 and has kept scoring ever since.He reached a new mark on February 18 by playing 2._ (he) hundredth match for his national team in a friendly match against England. A crowd of more than 30,000 fans watched and cheered for 3._ (he) in Lisbon. “Figo, Figo，” 4._ shouted excitedly when he walked onto the field.The Real Madrid player, 31, wanted to help his country in Euro 2004 and to win 5._ Spanish Cup with Real Madrid. Madrid bought Figo from FC Barcelona for 82.4 million dollars in 2000, and he showed everyone what a great player he was by winning FIFAs Footballer of the Year award in 2001.“Figo works like an artist and has the skills to be the most complete player，” said FIFA President Joseph Blatter in 2001. “Figo 6._ (he) is a real leader who always tries his best on the field and a good team player. 7._ is no problem for him to work together with his teammate at Real Madrid, star footballer David Beckham.” In fact, Figo was the first 8._ to welcome Beckham when he arrived. “We have a strong team, and we can help one 9._ and work together to be successful，” Figo said.答案：1.myself2.his3.him4.all5.another6.himself7.It8.one9.another(二)快捷技法思考趋向1当提示词为代词时，需分析判断用其主格、宾格、物主代词、反身代词中的哪种形式。2如空后无提示词，且空格处在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语时，考虑填代词。解题规则1人称代词、物主代词和反身代词常考点(1)人称代词中第三人称的主格(he, she, it, they)与宾格(him, her, it, them)常指代前文或后文出现的人或物。当提示词为人称代词的主格时需考虑是否变为宾格。(如题3)(2)形容词性物主代词(my, your, his, her, its, our, their)在句中作定语，常表示物体的所属；而名词性物主代词(mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs)在句中可以作主语、宾语和表语，但不可以作定语。(如题2)(3)反身代词(myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves)表示动作的承受者就是动作的执行者，可以在句中作宾语、表语和同位语。(如题1,6)2替代词和不定代词常考点(1)替代词that, those, one, onesthat可以指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词，其复数形式为those。one指代前面出现过的同类事物中的“一个”，其复数形式为ones。(如题8)(2)不定代词的用法both, either, neither都强调两者，可作主语、宾语和定语。neither表示“两者都不”； either表示“两者中任何一个”； both表示“两者都”。all和none都强调三者或三者以上，all表示“全部都”，而none表示“全部都不”。(如题4)another表示“(三者或三者以上中的)另一个，再一个”； the other意为“(两者中的)另一个”；other意为“其余的，另外的”； others泛指其余的人或物。(如题5,9)3it的常考点(1)it可指代事物或上文提到过的内容。(2)it可作形式主语或形式宾语，用来指代不定式、动词ing形式或从句，而把真正的主语或宾语后置。(如题7)(3)表示“喜欢，恨”等情感的动词后面跟从句时，要先接it，再接从句，这类动词有like, love, hate, dislike, appreciate等。(4)it常用于一些固定搭配中，如it is no wonder that “难怪”；make it“成功；赶上”；when it comes to .“当提到”等。(一)考点练悟下文中共有6处错误，每句中最多有一处。请找出并改正。How time flies! I had hardly had time to enjoy the warmth of your home when its time to go back to school. This winter I spent ten days studying maths, chemistry and physics, none of which was easy for mine.But I still had some fun during the Spring Festival. I attended uncles wedding and my new aunt was very beautiful. To our disappointment, I didnt get much lucky money as I had expected. I also went to the cinema with several classmates. They played jokes on each other and had a big meal in a restaurant called “Red Lobster”. The food there was very delicious and we all really enjoyed myself.答案：第二句：yourmy第三句：mineme第五句：attended后加my第六句：ourmy第八句：TheyWe第九句：myselfourselves(二)快捷技法思考趋向1考虑是否存在指代错误，即所用代词与其指代的对象是否相符。2考虑代词是否存在数和格的误用。3考虑人称代词与反身代词是否存在错用。4考虑物主代词是否误用。5考虑不定代词的错用。解题规则1代词的错用代词数的错用人称代词、物主代词以及反身代词等都有单复数之分，要根据上下文确定单复数。物主代词的错用形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，不能单独使用，常用来修饰名词；名词性物主代词相当于名词，常单独使用，不能修饰名词。人称代词与反身代词的错用反身代词是指代主语的，使动作的发出者把动作反射到本人身上。若所用代词与主语不一致，就要用人称代词而不用反身代词。不定代词的错用常见的有many与much, some(thing)与any(thing), other与another，表示两者的both, either, neither与表示三者或三者以上的all, none等。代词的指代错误若文中出现代词，它所代替的词一定存在于前文或后文的某处，要注意它们的前后一致性。2代词的缺失与多余代词的缺失主要是人称代词与物主代词的缺失，若缺少主语需考虑是否用人称代词，还要根据上下文考虑名词前是否缺少物主代词，另外还要注意it的缺失。代词的多余主要是定语从句中代词的多余和固定结构中代词的多余。在定语从句中，若引导词在从句中作宾语，此时就不能再用it, him或them等作宾语；在句式“sb./sth.beadj.to do”中，do后不能再用it或them。高考对介词的考查主要集中在介词的基本用法及含介词的固定搭配的用法上。语法填空题对介词的考查形式为纯空格，即没有提示词，这对考生正确理解句意和掌握的知识提出了较高的要求。短文改错题对介词的考查主要涉及介词的多余、缺失或误用，其中固定搭配中介词的误用是考查的重点。因此，考生应在掌握介词基本用法的同时，注意总结和积累其与名词、形容词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意义和用法。(一)考点练悟(用适当的介词填空)In the chemistry lab, because 1._ the students carelessness, the tube cracked and the liquid in it caused a fire on the table. Fortunately, he put it out 2._ time at last.In fact, it is common to have some small accidents caused 3._ carelessness. I used to enjoy cooking, so I always sought a chance to cook. However, the desire led 4._ an accident.Once I stayed 5._ home alone. I found it a chance to cook. I put all the food I needed 6._ a pot. Then I had to wait 7._ it to boil. In order to kill the waiting time, I went to watch TV. Only in a few minutes was I fascinated by a wonderful programme. It was about half an hour later that I remembered my food. I turned off the cooker immediately but unfortunately the food ran over 8._ the pot. I was blamed and had to clean the kitchen.So we should pay attention 9._ everything we are doing to avoid accidents.答案：1.of2.in3.by4.to5.at6.into7.for 8from9.to(二)快捷技法思考趋向1若空格后是名词、代词或动名词，且它们在句中不是作主语、表语或动词的宾语时，那么空格处一般是填介词。(如题1,2,3,6,8)2看空格前的动词或形容词，若空格处能与之构成固定搭配，且空格后的成分又作宾语，那么空格处一般填介词。(如题4,5,7,9)解题规则1几组常见介词的辨析(1)表示时间的in, on, atin表示在某段较长的时间内(如世纪、年代、月份等)或泛指上午、下午、晚上等。on表示在具体的日子或具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上等。at表示某个时间点、时刻等。 (2)表示时间的in和afterin表示“在时间之内/之后”，所在的句子必须表示将来。after表示“在时间之后”，通常“after时间段”与过去时连用。(3)表示方位的through和acrossthrough表示“从的内部穿过”。 across表示“从表面穿过”。(4)表示交通方式的by和on/inby后可直接跟涉及和不涉及交通工具的名词，名词前不加冠词。on/in后跟交通工具时，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。(5)表示“用”的by, in, withby指“靠手段，用方法，凭借”，后可接名词、代词或动名词。in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前。with多用于表示工具或身体器官的名词前。(6)表示“除之外”的besides和exceptbesides表示“除之外还”。except表示“除之外”。 2其他常考的介词with(1)(表示状态)具有，带有(2)(表示伴随)随着(3)(表示原因)由于，因为(4)(表示关系)和一起(5)构成with复合结构against(1)(表示态度)反对(2)(表示对比)以为背景(3)(表示方位)倚靠着of(1)表示“的”(2)“ofn.”相当于该名词对应的形容词for“for时间段”表示“长达”despite尽管，虽然without如果没有beyond超出，超越3介词在固定搭配中的考查介词在固定搭配中的考查主要有以下几种形式：(1)介词与名词的搭配(2)介词与形容词的搭配(3)介词与动词的搭配(一)考点练悟下文中共有6处错误，每句中最多有两处。请找出并改正。Studying on the UK has been a good experience for me. When I first arrived, I found life very hard as I didnt know anybody here, but I soon got to know other Chinese students at the university. Later I became interested communicating to people from various cultures, and I made more friends.During my study, I chose to live in my classmates in the dormitory. I think its better than living in a British family because of I can meet people from different countries easily. The courses here are excellent. I enjoy the way the teachers give lessons. We are encouraged to think for ourselves, which is quite different with what I have experienced before.答案：第一句：onin第三句：interested后加in; towith第四句：第一个inwith第五句：去掉of第八句：withfrom(二)快捷技法思考趋向1判断介词与其后的名词搭配是否得当。2判断介词与前面的动词或形容词的搭配是否得当或存在多余、遗漏的情况。3判断固定搭配中的介词是否被篡改。解题规则1介词的错用介词基本用法的错用有时我们会受汉语的影响错用介词，例如：“在帮助下”，英语应用with the help of而不是under the help of。固定搭配中介词的错用介词可与名词、动词、形容词等构成固定搭配，其中的介词是固定的。有时搭配中介词不同，意义也不同。2介词的多余与缺失介词的多余及物动词后可以直接跟宾语，无需再加介词；last, next等后跟名词表时间时无需加介词。介词的缺失不及物动词后跟宾语时应加相应的介词。注意固定搭配中介词的有无。课堂应用体验 .语法填空(2018洛阳联考)I have never liked my English name.My parents didnt know that Cindy was short for Cynthia, or that Cindy Brady was the Cindy of the moment.They _1_ (choose) it because it sounds like my Chinese name, Shintzer.My name isnt full of flowers like most Chinese girls names.My grandfather wanted me to have _2_ (strong) of character, not mere physical beauty.“Cindy” seems colorless by comparison.Its just a couple of syllables that sound good together.I grew up _3_ (speak) English and eating with a fork.Yet the customs about names are extremely _4_ (tradition), down to our use of an ancient naming poem.Most Chinese names are _5_ of a kind, a coupling of two words out of thousands of possibilities expressing the familys hopes for the child.It was March when my brother and his wife _6_ (expect) their second boy.The emails began to fly as we conferred about the babys Chinese name.My brothers wife is Korean, so the name had to sound good _7_ Korean, too.One thing was certain his name would contain the word “shi”， or “world”， _8_ can also mean “generation”We are on the _9_ (six) word of a couplet that my family has used to name its _10_ (son) for generations.语篇解读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过叙述自己名字的由来及成长经历，介绍了中国人起名的特点及寓意。1chose考查动词时态。父母为作者起名字发生在过去，所以此处用一般过去时。2strength考查名词。作者的祖父想让作者意志力坚强。have在此处为实义动词，意为“有”，后跟名词作宾语。3speaking考查非谓语动词。作者是讲英语和用叉子吃饭长大的。此处的主语I与动词speak之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故填speaking。“and eating”也是提示。4traditional考查形容词。然而关于名字的风俗是非常传统的。此处应用形容词作表语。5ones考查代词。根据下文中的“a coupling of two words out of thousands of possibilities expressing the familys hopes for the child”的提示可知，此处为泛指，且与下文中的“two words”相呼应，所以此处用代词one的复数形式表示泛指。6were expecting考查动词时态。那是在三月份的时候，作者的哥哥和他的妻子一直期待着他们第二个儿子的出生。此处叙述的是发生在过去的事情，应用过去时态，且表示过去某一阶段持续的动作，故用过去进行时。7in考查介词。表示用某种语言用介词in。8which考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语，修饰先行词“the word shi， or world”，故应填which。9sixth考查序数词。此处表示第六个字。故应用序数词，表示“第六个”。10sons考查名词复数。此处指给祖祖辈辈的子孙起名。根据语境可知，此处应用复数。.短文改错Last weekend my friends and I did something fair cool we made the film on my mobile phone. We all had different thing to do.My friends were the actors, but I was the director. My mum provided us some old clothes and my friends all put it on. They looked very funny. My brother plays the guitar in the film. We watched the whole thing on my computer after get back to my house. It was amazed. Now I have made up my mind to become a film director in the future. Ill do what I can to make it to come true.答案：第一句：fairfairly; thea第二句：thingthings第三句：butand第四句：us后加with; itthem第六句：playsplayed第七句：getgetting第八句：amazedamazing第十句：去掉第二个to10
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