2022年考博英语-东华大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷81

2022年考博英语-东华大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题This is but a_ of the total amount of information which the teenager has stored.问题1选项A.frictionB.fractionC.factionD.fracture【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“friction”，意为“摩擦力，摩擦”，B选项“fraction”，意为“分数，部分”；C选项“faction”，意为“派别，小集团”，D选项“fracture”，意为“破裂，断裂”，句意：这只是青少年所储存的全部信息的一小部分。因此，B选项符合句意。2. 单选题My husband ate a _breakfast before he set off for his remote farmhouse.问题1选项A.primeB.convenientC.heartyD.heady【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“prime”，意为“最初的，首位的”；B选项“convenient”，意为“方便的，附近的”；C选项“hearty”，意为“衷心的，强健的，营养丰富的，丰盛的”；D选项“heady”，意为“顽固的，任性的”。句意：我的丈夫在启程去偏远农舍之前，享用了一顿丰盛的早餐。因此，C选项符合题意。3. 单选题Taking advantage of his popularity in the opinion polls, the Prime Minister has decided to call a_ election for next month.问题1选项A.convincingB.magneticC.snapD.clean-cut【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“convincing”，意为“令人信服的；有说服力的”；B选项“magnetic”，意为“地磁的；有磁性的；有吸引力的”；C选项“snap”，意为“突然的”，snap election是个短语，意为“提前选举；临时选举”；D选项“clean-cut”，意为“（尤指男人）外表整洁的，优雅高尚的；轮廓分明的”。句意：首相利用他在民意调查中的声望，决定在下个月_提前_举行选举。本句表示“首相想趁着自己在民意调查中富有声望，于是提前进行选举，来获取优势地位”。因此C选项符合题意。4. 单选题The _ that she suggested for discussion were based on the most recent medical research.问题1选项A.contributionsB.occupationsC.expostulationsD.amendments【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“contribution”，意为“贡献，捐款”；B选项“occupation”,意为“占有权，职业”；C选项“expostulation”意为“劝导，忠告”；D选项“amendment”，意为“改善，修正建议”。句意：她建议讨论的修正案是基于最新的医学研究。因此，D选项符合题意。5. 单选题Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “good and services” than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange a tall, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.1. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by _.2. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph 1) implies that _.3. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are _.4. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys _.5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?问题1选项A.posing a contrastB.justifying an assumptionC.making a comparisonD.explaining a phenomenon问题2选项A.monkeys are also outraged by slacking rivalsB.resenting unfairness is also monkeys natureC.monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each otherD.no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions问题3选项A.more inclined to weigh what they getB.attentive to researchers instructionsC.nice in both appearance and temperamentD.more generous than their male companions问题4选项A.prefer grapes to cucumbersB.can be taught to exchange thingsC.will not be co-operative if feeling cheatedD.are unhappy when separated from others问题5选项A.Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B.Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C.Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D.Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the world.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“开篇作者是通过什么方法切入主题？”。首段举出人们对加薪不等的事情会气愤，说这种行为是“人类化的”(all too human)，但现在有研究表明这种行为也是“猴子化的”(all too monkey)行为。这里对这种行为的两种可能的属性进行类比以引出全文的主题；B项“证实一种假设”，原文提出的假定原本是人与猴不一样，所以该项错误；D项“解释一种现象”，这个说法不能够将开头和主题的内在联系结合起来。另外根据第二段第二行like their female human counterparts（就像女性人类一样）可知，这是比较的相同点；A项“指出对比”和C项“做出对照”看起来都是对的，但是A项里面的contrast是指不同处的比较，comparison是指相同处的比较，因此该题C选项正确。2.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“第一段最后一行的句子it is all too money暗示什么？”。先找到all too human的是什么行为，根据第二句Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one.（然而，如果你得知一位同事的工资比你高，你自己的快乐就会消失）和第三句Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged.（事实上，如果他以懒散著称，你甚至可能会感到愤怒）可以推断出，人类对不公平的待遇会愤怒；最后一句提到有研究表明猴子也有这种行为，称为all too monkey；因此all too monkey暗示对不公平的憎恨猴子也会。A项“猴子也会被懒散的竞争对手激怒”，文中只是提到人会被懒散的竞争对手激怒，没有说动物也会被懒散的竞争对手激怒，所以不选；C项“猴子和人一样，也会彼此嫉妒”是干扰项，文中的主题是告诉大家猴子和人一样对不公平也会愤怒；D项“除了猴子没有动物能够培养出这样的感情”，文中没有提到其他动物，所以不选。因此该题只有B选项正确。3.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“选择雌性卷尾猴作为研究对象，很可能是因为它们确实是？”。第二段最后一句提到 like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.（和人类女性一样，它们往往比男性更关注“商品和服务”的价值），可知雌性猴子比雄性猴子更会权衡。B项“注意研究员的指示”，没提到，所以不选；C项“漂亮且性情温和”，第二段确实提到了雌性猴子可爱且性情温和，但是这不是它们会被作为研究对象的原因，是因为它们和人类女性一样对价值的权衡才是研究的原因；D项“比雄性伙伴更大方”也未提及。因此A选项正确。4.【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“Brosnan博士和de Waal博士最终在他们的研究中发现，猴子”。最后一段第三句Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.（只有当每只动物都觉得没有被欺骗时，这种合作才有可能稳定下来）可知，如果感觉受到欺骗，猴子之间的合作就被打破了。A项“相比黄瓜更喜欢葡萄”和B项“被教会交换东西”都是实验中采取的一些行动，不是研究发现的结果，所以不选；D项“当被分开时会不高兴”，这个选项是断章取义，因此错误。所以，本题正确答案是C选项。5.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“从最后一段我们可以推断出什么？”。A选项“猴子可以通过训练来发展社交情绪”，看最后一段第一句The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions（研究认为，卷尾猴和人类一样，也会受到社会情绪的引导）可知，社会情绪是受引导而不是训练，A项不选；C项“动物通常像人一样公开表达自己的感情”，看最后一段第三行Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone.（义愤填膺的情绪，似乎并不是人类独有的），这里文中描述的是愤怒的情绪，开头也是以不公平待遇的愤怒开篇，C选项有点过度解读，所以不选；D项“猴子之间的合作只有在野外才能保持稳定”，文中是说不受到欺骗才会稳定，D项错误；B项“人类的愤慨起源于一个不确定的来源”，根据最后一句whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchin and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species has 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.（这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上独立进化而来的，还是来自于3500万年前该物种的共同祖先，至今仍是一个未解之谜），可知人类的这种愤慨起源于不确定的因素，因此B项正确。6. 单选题Shopping habits in the United States have changed greatly in the last quarter of the 20th century.（1） in the 1900s most American towns and cities had a Main Street. Main Street was always in the heart of a town. This street was （2） on both sides with many（3） businesses. Here, shoppers walked into stores to look at all sorts of merchandise: clothing, furniture, hardware, groceries.（4） , some shops offered（5） . These shops included drugstores, restaurants, shoerepair stores, and barber or hairdressing shops.（6） in the 1950s, a change began to（7） . Too many automobiles had crowded into Main Street（8） too few parking places were（9） shoppers. Because the streets were crowded, merchants began to look with interest at the open spaces（10） the city limits. Open space is what their car driving customers needed. And open space is what they got（11） the first shopping center was built. Shopping centers, or rather malls,（12） as a collection of small new stores（13） crowded city centers. （14） by hundreds of free parking space, customers were drawn away from（15） areas to outlying malls. And the growing（16） of shopping centers led（17） to the building of bigger and better-stocked stores.（18） the late 1970s, many shopping malls had almost developed into small cities themselves. In addition to providing the（19） of one-stop shopping, malls were transformed into landscaped parks, （20） benches, fountains, and outdoor entertainment.问题1选项A.As early asB.EarlyC.Early asD.Earlier问题2选项A.builtB.designedC.intendedD.lined问题3选项A.variedB.variousC.sortedD.mixed up问题4选项A.Apart fromB.HoweverC.In additionD.As well问题5选项A.medical careB.foodC.cosmeticsD.services问题6选项A.SuddenlyB.AbruptlyC.ContrarilyD.But问题7选项A.be taking placeB.take placeC.be taken placeD.have taken place问题8选项A.whileB.yetC.thoughD.and then问题9选项A.available forB.available toC.used byD.ready for问题10选项A.overB.fromC.out ofD.outside问题11选项A.whenB.whileC.sinceD.then问题12选项A.startedB.foundedC.set upD.organized问题13选项A.out ofB.away fromC.next toD.near问题14选项A.AttractedB.SurprisedC.DelightedD.Enjoyed65.问题15选项A.innerB.centralC.shoppingD.downtown66.问题16选项A.distinctionB.fameC.popularityD.liking67.问题17选项A.onB.in turnC.by turnsD.further68.问题18选项A.ByB.DuringC.InD.Towards69.问题19选项A.cheapnessB.readinessC.convenienceD.handiness70.问题20选项A.because ofB.andC.withD.provided【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D第6题:D第7题:B第8题:A第9题:B第10题:D第11题:A第12题:A第13题:B第14题:A第15题:D第16题:C第17题:B第18题:A第19题:C第20题:C【解析】1. 【试题解析】考查单词用法。A项as early as“同一样早”；B项early可为形容词也可为副词，做副词时意为“早期”；C选项没有early as 这种搭配；D选项earlier“较早”，为early的比较级。由空格后“in the 1900s”可知是指20世纪初期、早期，所以B选项符合题意。句意：在20世纪初，大多数美国城镇都有一条主要街道。2. 【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A项built“建造，建立”；B项designed“设计；计划”；C项intended“故意的，有意的”；D项lined“排队、填满”。由空格后“businesses”可知是指街道两边排列的大大小小的商店，所以D选项符合题意。句意：街道的两旁排列着很多各种各样的商店。3. 【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A项varied“各式各样的”；B项various“各种各样的；多方面的”；C项sorted“（非正式）组织好的”；D项mixed up“混淆不清的，困惑的”。varied和various都可以指同一范畴的不同种类，在表示“各种各样，各不相同的”意思时，一般可以换用，只是前者侧重于“不同”的含义，后者则侧重于种类数目的“多”。由空格后“businesses”可知是指街道两边排列的各种不同种类的商店，侧重于种类数目的多，所以B选项符合题意。句意：街道的两旁排列着很多各种各样的商店。4. 【试题解析】考查前后逻辑关系。A项Apart from“远离，除之外”，后必须接名词或动名词；B项However“无论如何；不管怎样”；C项In addition“除此之外”可单独使用；D项As well“也；同样地”，一般用于句末。由空格前后可知是指商店除了销售商品，还提供服务，所以C选项符合题意。句意：除了各种各样的商店销售各种各样的商品之外，有些商店还提供服务。5. 【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A项medical care“医疗护理”；B项food“食物”；C项cosmetic“化妆品”；D项service“服务”。由空格前“some shops”可知商店是提供服务的地方，所以D选项符合题意。句意：除了各种各样的商店销售各种各样的商品之外，有些商店还提供服务。6. 【试题解析】考查前后逻辑关系。A项Suddenly“突然”；B项Abruptly“突然地；唐突地”；C项Contrarily“相反地；反之”；D项But“但是”。由空格后“a change”可知这里表示转折且需填入一个连词，所以D选项符合题意。句意：但是在五十年代，情况发生了变化。7. 【试题解析】考查语法知识。take place只有主动语态，故可排除C，而begin to后应接动词不定式，只有take place“发生”可用，所以B选项符合题意。句意：但是在五十年代，情况发生了变化。8. 【试题解析】考查前后逻辑关系。A项while是连词，“而，却”，表比较；B项yet“然而”，表转折；C项though“尽管，虽然”，表让步；D项and then“然后”。根据空格前后“Too many automobiles”和“too few parking places”可知，太多的车与很少的停车场是一个对比关系，所以A选项符合题意。句意：参考59题。9. 【试题解析】考查固定搭配。A项available for“可用于的；对有效的”；B项available to“可以用来，现有的”；C项use by“在以前使用”；D项ready for“对有适合准备”。根据空格后“shoppers”再加上be available to sb.为固定搭配，意为“对某人来说可用的，可得到的”，所以B选项符合题意。句意：主干道上挤满了太多的汽车，而可供购物者停车的地方却太少。10. 【试题解析】考查方位词辨析。A项over“在上面”；B项from“从起；从开始”；C项out of“的外面”；D项outside“外面”，多指超过某一个界限、范围等。根据空格后“the city limits”可知这里是指城市界限之外的地方，所以D选项符合题意。句意：由于道路拥挤，商人们开始对城市界限以外的开阔地感兴趣。11. 【试题解析】考查语法知识。由空格后“the first shopping center was built”可知这里是一个时间状语从句，所以只能用when，所以A选项符合题意。B项while“在期间”，表示一段时间；C项since“自从”，主句一般用现在完成时；D选项then“之后”，在此语义不符。句意：当第一个购物中心建成时，他们得到了开放的空间。12. 【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A项started“开始”；B项founded“建立（found的过去分词）；创立”；C项set up“建立”；D项organized“组织”。由空格后“as a collection of small new stores”（作为一些小商店的集合）可知这里是指大的商场都是由小的商店开始的，所以A选项符合题意。句意：购物中心是从聚集一些小的店铺开始的。13. 【试题解析】考查词组辨析。A项out of“在之外”；B项away from表示距离，“远离”；C项next to“靠近，下一个”；D项near“近的”。由空格后“crowded city centers”（拥挤的市中心）可知这里是指远离，所以B选项符合题意。句意：购物中心，或者更确切地说是商场，最初是在拥挤的城市中心之外的一些小的新商店的集合。14. 【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A项Attracted“吸引”；B项surprise“使惊奇”；C项delight“使喜悦”；D项enjoy“欣赏，喜爱”。由空格后“by hundreds of free parking space”（数以百计的免费停车位），再联系前文提到街道拥挤，所以免费停车位会吸引无数的人，所以A项符合语义。句意：被数百个免费停车位所吸引。15. 【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A项inner指“内部的；内心的”；B项central“中心的；主要的”；C项shopping“购物，买东西”；D项downtown“市中心的”。由前后语义可知顾客被免费停车位从市中心吸引到城市外的商业中心，所以D项符合语义。句意：在数百个免费停车位的吸引下，顾客们纷纷从市中心涌向郊外的购物中心。16. 【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A项distinction“声望”；B项fame“卓越，好名声”；C项popularity“普及，流行；名气”，指名气很大，知名度很高；D项liking“喜爱，喜好”。由空格后“shopping centers”可知是指购物中心的名气，所以C项符合语义。句意：这些购物中心越来越大的名气反过来导致了更大，设备更好的商店的建成。17. 【试题解析】考查前后逻辑关系。A项on“在之上”；B项in turn“依次”，引申为“反过来”；C项by turns“轮流；交替”；D项further“进一步地；而且”。由66题可知，名气增大反过来促进了建成更好的商店，所以B项符合语义。句意：这些购物中心越来越大的名气反过来导致了更大，设备更好的商店的建成。18. 【试题解析】考查语法知识。由空格后“the late 1970s”可知，只有by所组成的时间状语与完成时连用，意为“到为止”，其他三个选项均被排除，所以A项符合语义。句意：到20世纪70年代末，许多购物中心几乎发展成了小城市。19. 【试题解析】考查名词辨析与上下文语义。A项cheapness“廉价”；B项readiness“敏捷，迅速”；C项convenience“便利”；D项handiness“轻便；灵巧”。由空格前“providing”可知，convenience与providing组成短语“提供方便，便利”，符合上下文义，所以C项符合语义。句意：除了提供一站式购物的便利外。20. 【试题解析】考查介词、连词辨析。A项because of“由于”；B项and“和”；C项with“和在一起，带有”；D项provided“假如，倘若”。由空格前后“landscaped parks, benches”可知，这里是指公园带有何种基础设施，所以with在这里是带有的意思，因此C项符合语义。句意：商业街被变成了带有长椅、喷泉及户外娱乐的风景优美的公园。7. 单选题_ conflict among city-states caused the eventual decline of Greek civilization.问题1选项A.ContinuousB.ContinualC.ConstantD.Contrary【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项continuous“连续不断的”，指整个事发的过程都没有中断；B项continual“持续不断的”，指一再的、频繁的、反复发生的；C项constant“不变的、恒定的”；D项contrary“相反的、对立的”；句意：城邦国家之间频繁的冲突导致希腊文明最终衰落。因此该题B项正确。8. 填空题Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and put a slash(/) in the blank.【答案】1.【试题答案】simple改为simply2. 【试题答案】on改为in3. 【试题答案】frozen改为freezing4.【试题答案】去掉being5.【试题答案】去掉and6.【试题答案】去掉the7.【试题答案】去掉why8.【试题答案】whether改为that9.【试题答案】raising改为rising10.【试题答案】for改为by【解析】1.【试题解析】：此题考查词性区分。你可能不知道雾仅仅是一种可以触碰到地面的云，这里需要用副词simply来修饰，simple是形容词放在这里句意不通。2.【试题解析】：此题考查固定搭配。in rare cases在罕见的情况下，属于固定词组搭配。3.【试题解析】：此题考查动词。below是介词，后面应加动词的-ing形式，空气的温度在冰点以下。4.【试题解析】：此题考查动词。are being+形容词表示一时的表现，be+形容词表示一直这样，在此处指的是一个既定事实，因此去掉being。5.【试题解析】：此题考查固定词组。the morethe+动词的比较级，表示越多什么越怎么样，中间不需要加连接词。6.【试题解析】：此题考查冠词用法。air与前面的water形式应当一样，the是定冠词表示特指，此处是泛指空气。7.【试题解析】：此题考查句意理解。前面已经有了puzzle for，表示疑问，再用why来询问的话太过赘述。8.【试题解析】：此题考查whether和that引导主语从句的用法。它可以证明液滴在98摄氏度时会下落，因此是一个既定事实，不能用whether是否来引导。9.【试题解析】：此题考查raising和rising的区别。，.通常形容自然界的物体：如潮涨,，日出以及这里的气流上升，都是用rise而不能raise。此外,，在这里rising是分词作形容词使用,，rise后不能加物体,，只有sth rise而不能用rise sth。. raise是及物动词,， raise sth.，如raise ones hand。10.【试题解析】：此题考查固定搭配。replace by sth 用什么替换，以什么接替，replace一般与介词by或者with搭配。9. 单选题At one time, marriages were always_ by the church, but this is not the case now.问题1选项A.sanctifiedB.underpinnedC.scannedD.appreciated【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“sanctified”，意为“认可的，批准的，神圣化的”；B选项“underpinned”，意为“加固的，被加固的”；C选项“scanned”，意为“扫描的”;；D选项“appreciated”，意为“受欢迎的，赞赏的”，句意：过去，婚姻总是受到教会的约束，但现在不是这样了。因此，A选项符合句意。10. 单选题A man has to make _ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.问题1选项A.supplyB.assuranceC.provisionD.adjustment【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A项supply“提供”；B项assurance“保证、保险”；C项provision“供应、准备”；D项adjustment“调整”；句意：一个人必须存下足够的钱来养老。因此该题C项正确。11. 单选题_ the claim about German economic might, it is somewhat surprising how relatively small the German economy actually is.问题1选项A.To giveB.GivenC.GivingD.Having given【答案】B【解析】考查given的用法。A项to give不定式；B项given 过去分词作介词放句首，表“考虑到”；C项giving现在分词；D项having given现在完成时；句意：考虑到有关德国经济实力的说法，德国经济实际上是相对较小的，这多少有些令人惊讶。因此该题B项正确。12. 翻译题人类是一个不断自然进化过程的产物，其中包括无数次的遗传转化：这一不可阻挡的进程自45亿年前地球形成以来就一直未曾间断过。这一进化过程，受环境因素的影响，经过随机突变，形成了更具适应性的系统，从而保证了其连续性。在动物世界，这导致了更高级物种的进化，并在人类身上达到了极致，因为人类已经获得了创新思维的能力。我认为这标志着进化进入了一个非常重要的阶段，使一个物种首次有能力掌握了自身命运。Directions: In this part you are required to translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write it on the Answer Sheet.【答案】Human beings are the product of a continuous process of natural evolution, including numerous genetic transformations: an inexorable process that has been going on uninterrupted since the earth formed 4.5 billion years ago. This evolutionary process, influenced by environmental factors, through random mutation, formed a more adaptable system, thus ensuring its continuity. In the animal world, this has led to the evolution of higher species, culminating in humans, who have acquired the ability to think creatively, think this marks a very important stage in evolution, the first time a species has been able to control its own destiny.13. 单选题Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionagespying as a “profession”. These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.The latest revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks (间谍) call it “open-source intelligence”, and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www. S.Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymasters dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, well suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a former political sc