2022年考博英语-上海交通大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第120期

2022年考博英语-上海交通大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题In the vast majority of cases, the populace （老百姓）tends to （ ） economic success with democracy.问题1选项A.digestB.distinguishC.assimilateD.identify【答案】C【解析】固定搭配。digest消化, 吸收;distinguish区分, 一般与from搭配;assimilate吸收, 同化;assimilate with使相似, 将.比作.;identify鉴定, 识别。句意：在绝大多数情况下, 民众倾向于将经济成功与民主等同起来。选项C符合句意。2. 单选题She bought a house near the sea last year so she could take a （ ） along the beach whenever she wanted to.问题1选项A.strollB.strideC.stretchD.strand【答案】A【解析】名词辨析题。stroll散步, 漫步;stride 大步;stretch 延伸, 延续;strand （线、绳、发的）股;缕。句意：她去年在海边买了一所房子，这样她就可以随时在海滩上散步了。 选项A符合句意。3. 单选题（ ） in their island community, the various tribes used languages which became more and more similar to each others.问题1选项A.ManagedB.ShrunkC.AssumedD.Isolated【答案】D【解析】动词辨析题。manage经营, 管理; shrink收缩, 退缩; assume假设,猜想; isolate使隔离, 使孤立, 使脱 离。句意：在与世隔绝的岛上，各个部落使用的语言越来越相似。选项D符合句意。4. 单选题As many as one in four U. S. workers may be chronically angry on the job, with angry employees also more likely to be bored, have low energy and feel stuck in their posts, according to a report Tuesday. Employees are most likely to be angered by a boss or supervisor by a fellow employee or by others in the workplace not being productive, by tight deadlines or by heavy workloads, said Donald Gibson, a professor at the Yale School of Management.A turbulent economic environment that has produced, on the one hand, productivity and growth and, on the other, wrenching change and uncertainty, has buffeted the workplace, the report saiD.While a majority of employees are responding to these conditions with reports of workplace satisfaction there remain a substantial portion who are dissatisfied, even angry, at work, it addeD.Most visibly, anger is linked to workplace aggression, which appears to be increasing: We are weekly confronted with stories of workers taking aggressive, even violent, action particularly against supervisors. The survey found that 25 percent of those contacted said they were at least somewhat angry at work on a continuing basis. Angry employees tend to have less energy and interest in the job, and tend also to be bored, according to Gibson. And angry employees tend to feelstuckin the joB.The study did not speculate on what percentage of angry workers are likely to resort to violence. It did find that they feel less loyal to an employer. There have been a number of workplace shootings in the United States over the years, most recently rampages in Georgia and Alabama which left 12 dead.1.Whats the meaning of stuckin Line 2 ParA.1?2.According to the passage, the angry workers are more likely to do the following EXCEPT （ ） .3.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause for anger?4.What can you infer from the passage?5.Which is best fit for the title?问题1选项A.AttractedB.TrappedC.PuzzledD.Irritated问题2选项A.quit their jobsB.feel boredomC.have less loyaltyD.resort to violence问题3选项A.Great pressure.B.Less motion.C.Fear and uncertainty.D.Quarrel with a boss or other employees.问题4选项A.A considerable number of angry workers develop their angel into aggression.B.The relationship between the worker and the boss is the primary reason for anger at work.C.Angry workers are more likely to lose their jobs than others as a result.D.Economic environment might be the root cause for the feeling of anger at work.问题5选项A.The Increasing Violence of Angry Workers.B.Chronic Anger in U. S. Workplace.C.The Cause for Angry Workers.D.The Conflict between Capital and Labor.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.语义题。根据句意, 许多工人会对工作感到厌倦、低迷, 觉得在工作中不能胜任。stuck字面意思为困住,被工作困住,意为工作使他们困惑。选项C正确。2.细节判断题。根据原文内容可知, 处于愤怒中的员工会对工作感到无聊, 忠诚度会降低, 甚至有暴力倾向。只有选项A在文中没有提及。3.细节判断题。根据第一段的最后一句Employees are most likely to be angered by a boss or supervisor by a fellow employee or by others in the workplace not being productive, by tight deadlines or by heavy workloads.员工最容易被老板或主管、同事或工作场所其他人的低效、紧迫的最后期限或沉重的工作负担激怒。只有选项B未提及。4.细节推断题。根据第二段的第一句A turbulent economic environment that has produced, on the one hand, productivity and growth and, on the other, wrenching change and uncertainty, has buffeted the workplace.经济环境一方面的改变提升了生产力, 另一方面带来了痛苦的变化和不确定性, 对职场造成了冲击。由此推断, 经济环境的改变可能是工作中产生愤怒情绪的根本原因。选项D正确。其他选项均表述错误。5.主旨大义题。本文主要分析了 angry workers出现的原因以及现状。选项B更符合原文。5. 单选题Some people want to make as much money as they can because they believe that money can bring them fame and （ ） .问题1选项A.directoryB.moralityC.prestigeD.monopoly【答案】C【解析】名词辨析题。directory名录,目录;morality道德; 品行;prestige威望;声誉;monopoly垄断权。句意：有些人想尽可能多的赚钱，因为他们相信钱可以给他们带来名声和威望。选项C 符合句意。6. 单选题She （ ） and lowered her head when she couldnt answer the question in the presence of her classmates.问题1选项A.refutedB.defiedC.contradictedD.disputed【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。refute反驳, 驳斥; defy挑衅,不服从,公然反抗, 还有使落空的意思; contradicted反驳, 矛盾; disputed争论, 激烈辩论。句意：当她不能在同学面前回答问题时, 她感到很落空并低下了头。选项B符合句意。7. 单选题The jokes Bill told in an effort to cheer us up didnt quite （ ） .问题1选项A.come offB.take offC.go offD.get through【答案】A【解析】动词词组辨析。come off成功, 奏效;take off脱下, 离开;go off变质;get through通过。句意：比尔为了使我们高兴而讲的笑话没有完全奏效。选项A符合句意。8. 单选题You know yourself better than anyone else; does not undertake that project unless you can （ ） it.问题1选项A.complementB.complimentC.implementD.supplement【答案】C【解析】动词辨析题。complement补足, 补充;compliment恭维,赞美;implement使生效, 实施, 执行; supplement增补。句意：你比任何人都了解你自己; 除非你能将这个项目实施下去，否则就不要接管它。选项C符合句意。9. 单选题Because of the massive oil spillage in the gulf, both the plant and animal lives in the area are in（ ） .问题1选项A.destinyB.amenityC.jeopardyD.tragedy【答案】C【解析】名词辨析题。destiny命运, 天命;amenity 娱乐设施;jeopardy危险, 危难;in jeopardy指处于危险境地;tragedy灾难,悲剧。句意：由于海湾大量石油泄漏，该地区的动植物都处于危险之中。选项C正确。10. 单选题Despite decades of scientific research, no one yet knows how much damage human activity is doing to the environment. Humans are thought to be responsible for a whole host of environmental problems, ranging from global warming to ozone depiction. What is not in doubt, however, is the devastating effect humans are having on the animal and plant life of the planet.Currently, an estimated 50,000 species become extinct every year. If this carries on, the impact on all living creatures is likely to be profound, says Dr Nick Middleton, a geographer at Oxford University. All species depend in some way on each other to survive. And the danger is that, if you remove one species from this very complex web of interrelationships, you have very little idea about the knock-on effects on the ecosystem. So, if you lose a key species, you might cause a whole cascade of other extinctions.Complicating matters is the fact that there are no obvious solutions to the problem. Unlike global warming and ozone depletion which, if the political will was there, could be reduced by cutting gas emissions preserving biodiversity remains an intractable problem.The latest idea is sustainable management, which is seen as a practical and economical way of protecting species from extinction. This means humans should be able to use any species of animal or plant for their benefit, provided enough individuals of that species are left alive to ensure its continued existence.For instance, instead of depending on largely ineffective laws against poaching, it gives local people a good economic reason to preserve plants and animals. In Zimbabwe, there is a sustainable management project to protect elephants. Foreign tourists pay large sums of money to kill these animals for sport. This money is then given to the inhabitants of the area where the hunting takes place. In theory, locals will be encouraged to protect elephants, instead of poaching them or allowing other； to poach them - because of the economic benefit involved.This sounds like a sensible strategy, but it remains to be seen whether it will work. With corruption endemic in many developing countries, some observers are skeptical that the money will actually reach the people it is intended for. Others wonder how effective the locals will be at stopping poachers.There are also questions about whether sustainable management is practical when it comes to protecting areas of great- bio-diversity such as the worlds tropical forests. In theory, the principle should be the same as with elephants allow logging companies to cut down a certain number of trees, but not so many as to completely destroy the forest.Sustainable management of forests requires controls on the number of trees which are cut down, as well as investment in replacing them. But because almost all tropical forests are located in countries which desperately need revenue from logging, there arc few regulations to do this. Moreover, unrestricted logging is so much more profitable that wood prices from managed forests would cost up to five times more an increase that consumers, no matter how green, are unlikely to pay.For these reasons, sustainable management of tropical forests is unlikely to become widespread in the near future. This is disheartening news. Its estimated these forests contain anything from 50 to 90 percent of all animal and plant species on Earth. In one study of a five-square-kilometer area of rain forest in Peru, for instance, scientists counted 1,300 species of butterfly and 600 species of birD.In the entire continental United States, only 400 species of butterfly and 700 species of bird have been recorded.Scientist Professor Norman Myers sees this situation as a gigantic experiment were conducting with our planet. We dont know what the outcome will be. If we make a mess of it, we cant move to another planet. Its a case of one planet, one experiment.1.What damage do we know for sure is human activity doing to the environment?2.What is an effective way to preserve biodiversity?3.What is NOT true about the idea of sustainable management?4.What factor(s) might affect the practicality of sustainable management?5.Why is sustainable management of tropical forests unlikely to be used in the near future?问题1选项A.Global warming.B.Ozone depletion.C.Species extinction.D.All of the above.问题2选项A.Reduction of the impact of species extinction on others.B.Sustainable management of the worlds tropical forests.C.Encouragement of political will to reduce gas emission.D.None of the above. No effective way has been found yet.问题3选项A.It bans any form of poaching and logging to protect plants and animals.B.It allows humans to cut plants and kill animals for economic benefits.C.It ensures the survival of each species by leaving enough individuals alive.D.It encourages humans to protect species from extinction for economic gain.问题4选项A.Whether there is corruption in the government.B.Whether there are corresponding regulations.C.Whether produced goods have attractive prices.D.All of the above.问题5选项A.Because tropical forests contain a majority of animal and plant species on Earth.B.Because we have to wait until the experiment in Peru and the U.S. is finished.C.Because we have no idea about ils effect, and if it fails, our planet will be destroyed.D.Because besides tropica! forests, other areas such as the U.S. also have biodiversity【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.根据第一段的二三句可知，选项A，B，C三项都是人类活动对环境所产生的影响，所以选项D正确。2.根据第三段的最后一句“preserving biodiversity remains an intractable problem.”保护生物多样性仍然是一个棘手的问题。也就是说目前还没有找到有效的方法。所以选项D符合原文。3.根据第四段对“可持续管理”的描述可知，人类能够为了自己的利益而使用任何物种的动物或植物，前提是该物种中有足够的个体存活下来，以确保其继续存在。再根据第五段的第一句：它为当地人民保护动植物提供了一个很好的经济理由，而不是依靠基本上无效的反偷猎法。所以选项A不正确。4.根据第六段的一二句（对应选项A）以及第八段的内容（对应选项B和C）可知，A，B，C三项均是影响“可持续管理”的因素，所以选项D正确。5.根据倒数第二段的第三句“ Its estimated these forests contain anything from 50 to 90 percent of all animal and plant species on Earth.”据估计，这些森林包含了地球上所有动植物物种的50%到90%。所以选项A符合原文。11. 单选题Competitors from more than a hundred countries have （ ）in Los Angeles for the Olympic Games.问题1选项A.denouncedB.convergedC.detachedD.sprawled【答案】B【解析】动词辨析题。denounced谴责，揭发，声明.无效；converged聚集，齐聚；detached分离的；sprawled平躺的。句意：来自100多个国家的运动员齐聚洛杉矶参加奥运会。选项B符合句意。12. 单选题The structure of this animals brain given no（ ） that it is any more intelligent than others.问题1选项A.indicationB.indexC.hintD.implication【答案】C【解析】固定搭配题。give no hint that指没有显示出，没有表明出 。句意：这种动物的大脑结构并没有显示出它比其他动物更聪明。13. 单选题If you want to （ ） a pleasant visit,find out as much as possible about the manners and customs of your host country.问题1选项A.secureB.ensureC.assureD.restore【答案】B【解析】动词辨析题。secure保护，使安全，secure sb./sth.使某人或某物安全；ensure后面一般接 sth. 或that从句，指“确保”；assure使相信，使确信，assure后面一般接sb. 指向某人保证；restore归还，修复。句意：如果你想确保一次愉快的旅行，尽可能多地了解东道国的风俗礼仪。所以选项B正确。14. 单选题For years the girl had harbored her （ ） against her stepmother. Today, she finally got the courage to speak it out.问题1选项A.resentmentB.rivalryC.compulsionD.concession【答案】A【解析】名词辨析题。resentment怨恨，愤恨；rivalry竞争，对抗；compulsion强制，强迫；concession让步。句意：多年来，这个女孩一直对她的继母心怀怨恨。今天，她终于鼓起勇气说了出来。选项A符合句意。15. 单选题From the living room and family auto to the supermarket and office, its impossible to escape the electronic revolution that is（ ） the way people live and work.问题1选项A.resumingB.transformingC.preparingD.seeking【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。resuming重新开始, 继续;transforming 转化, 转变;preparing准备;seeking寻找, 谋求。句意：从起居室和家用汽车到超市和办公室, 人们不可能逃脱正在改变人们生活和工作方式的电子革命。选项B符合句意。16. 单选题Californians and New Englanders speak the same language and （ ） by the same federal laws.问题1选项A.conformB.abideC.sustainD.comply【答案】B【解析】固定搭配题。abide by指遵守.; conform遵守,符合, 一般与to和with搭配; sustain承受;维持; comply遵从，服从，一般与with搭配。句意：加利福尼亚人和新英格兰人说同一种语言, 并且遵守同样的联邦法律。选项B正确。17. 单选题It is perhaps, no accident that many of the outstanding figures of the past were amazingly versatile men. Right up until comparatively recent times, it was possible for an intelligent person to acquaint himself with almost every branch of knowledge. Thus, a man of genius like Leonardo da Vinci engaged in many careers at once as a matter of course. Da Vinci was so busy with his numerous inventions that he barely found the time to complete his paintings. He came very near to fulfilling the Renaissance ideal of the universal man, the man who was proficient at everything. Today, we rarely, if ever, hear that a musician has just invented a new type of submarine.Knowledge has become divided and sub-divided into countless, narrowly-defined compartments. The specialist is respected; the versatile person, far from being admired, is more often regarded with suspicion. The modem world is a world of highly-skilled experts who have had to devote the greater part of their lives to a very limited field of study in order to compete with their fellows. But this has not been achieved without considerable cost. The scientist, who outside his own particular subject is little more than a moron, is a modem phenomenon; as is the man of letters who is barely aware of the tremendous strides that have been made in technology. Similarly, specialization has indirectly affected quite ordinary people in every walk of life. Many activities which were once pursued for their own sakes, are often given up in despair; they require techniques, the experts tell us, which take a life-time to master. Why learn to play the piano, when you can listen to the worlds greatest pianists in your own drawing-room?Little by little, we are becoming more and more isolated from each other. It is almost impossible to talk to your neighbor about his job, even if he is engaged in roughly the same work as you are. The Royal Society in Britain includes among its members only the most eminent scientists in the country. Yet it is highly disturbing to find that even here, as one of its members put it, at a lecture only 10% of the members can understand 50% of what is being said!1.The passage implies that（ ）.2.The word moron (Paragraph 2) most probably means （ ） .3.Which of the following is the best possible title for the passage?4.According to the passage, in order to stand out, a scientist should （ ） .5.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?问题1选项A.men of remarkable achievements in the past were accidentally versatileB.no great man in the past was qualified as universal except da VinciC.nowadays versatile men are generally highly regardedD.nowadays it is nearly impossible for a man to be versatile问题2选项A.a foolish manB.a hard-working manC.an expertD.a miserable man问题3选项A.How to Become a Versatile Man.B.Versatile Men.C.How to Become an Intelligent Man.D.Intelligent Men.问题4选项A.engage in as many careers as possibleB.become a member of the Royal SocietyC.confine himself to a limited area of studyD.be aware of the great progress in science and technology问题5选项A.Da Vinci was too busy with his many inventions to finish his paintings.B.In the modem world a man can become versatile without paying the price.C.Nowadays a man of letters scarcely knows about the changes in technology.D.During the Renaissance much emphasis was placed on being universal.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.细节推理题。第一段的最后一句为本文的主旨句“Today, we rarely, if ever, hear that a musician has just invented a new type of submarine.”这句话的潜在意思就是说: 现在多才多艺的人越来越少。选项D符合原文。2.语义题。原文中的分号, 以及as说明, 前后是同类事物的比较。根据下文的who is barely aware of可知，moron表示的是什么都不知道的人, 所以选项A正确。原文句意：有些科学家在他自己的研究领域之外和白痴一样。3.全文主旨题。结合全文内容可知，本文主要是讲多才多艺的人，作者只是提出自己的看法，并没有说如何成为一个多才多艺的人，所以选项B正确。4.细节事实题。根据第二段第三句“. experts who have had to devote the greater part of their lives to a very limited field of study in order to compete with their fellows.”科学们不得不把大部分的生命投入到一个非常有限的研究领域，以便与他们的同行竞争。选项 C 符合原文。5.细节判断题。根据第二段第四句“But this has not been achieved without considerable cost.”这里采用双重否定强调这一目标的实现需要付出相当大的代价。所以选项B与原文不符。18. 单选题As the artist was （ ） to pollen, he seldom went into the country to sketch the natural beauty in spring.问题1选项A.destructiveB.allergicC.fragileD.unchallenged【答案】B【解析】形容词搭配题。destructive破坏的，毁灭性的；allergic过敏的，be allergic to sth.指对某物过敏；fragile 脆的，易碎的；unchallenged不回避的。句意：由于艺术家对花粉过敏，所以他春天很少去乡下写生。选项B符合句意。19. 单选题Working in the customs, I feel both exciting and challenging, for I have to face the difficulties of dealing with （ ） groups of people.问题1选项A.delicateB.deliberateC.discreteD.disparate【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析题。delicate精致的，微妙的；deliberate故意的，深思熟虑的；discrete离散的，不连续的；disparate不同的，不相干的，迥异的。句意：在海关工作，我感到既兴奋又有挑战性，因为我必须面对与不同群体打交道的困难。选项D符合句意。20. 单选题Helen Kellers work gave comfort and encouragement to other handicapped people who （ ） might have led a hopeless life.问题1选项A.thereforeB.thusC.orD.otherwise【答案】D【解析】考查逻辑关系。句意：海伦凯勒的工作是给其他残疾人以安慰和鼓励, 否则他们可能会过着绝望的生活。前后构成转折关系,选项D正确。