2022年考博英语-清华大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第182期

2022年考博英语-清华大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Shopping malls have some advantage in suffering from shorter periods of（ ）business.问题1选项A.staleB.slackC.ferrousD.abundant【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析。stale 不新鲜的 ，可以指食物，也可以指事情；slack 松弛的，不活跃的；生意不景气的；ferrous 含铁的；abundant 大量的，充足的。句子中与business搭配的应该是slack, slack business指“生意不景气，萧条”。2. 单选题To our（ ）, Geoffreys illness proved not to be as serious as we had feared.问题1选项A.reliefB.viewC.anxietyD.judgment【答案】A【解析】固定搭配。后半句说: Geoffreys illness proved not to be as serious as we had feared, 即杰弗里的病没有我们担心的那么严重。因此推测前面应该是 “我们松了一口气”。to our relief为固定搭配, 表示 “松了一口气”。3. 单选题The collapse of the Earths magnetic field which guards the planet and guides many of its creatures appears to have started seriously about 150 years ago, the New York Times reported last week.The fields strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planets lines of magnetic force.During a reversal, the main field weakens, almost vanishes, and reappears with opposite polarity （极）.The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed, compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Astronauts and satellites would have difficulties. Birds, fish and animals that rely on the magnetic field for navigation would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster, despite claims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions.Although a total transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the worlds largest effort at tracking the fields shifts. A group of new satellites, called Swarm, is to monitor the collapsing field with far greater precision. “ We want to get some idea of how this would evolve in the near future, just like people trying to predict the weather，” said Gauthier Hulot, a French geophysicist working on the satellite plan. “Im personally quite convinced we should be able to work out the first predictions by the end of the mission. No matter what the new findings, the public has no reason to panic. Even if a transition is coming on its way, it might take 2, 000 years to mature. The last one took place 780,000 years ago, when early humans were learning how to make stone tools. Deep inside the Earth flow hot currents of melted iron. This mechanical energy creates electromagnetism. This process is known as the geophysical generator. In a cars generator, the same principle turns mechanical energy into electricity.No one knows precisely why the field periodically reverses. But scientists say the responsibility probably lies with changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron, which they see as similar to the gases that make up the clouds of Jupiter.1.According to the passage, the Earths magnetic field has（ ） .2.During the transition of the Earths magnetic field （ ）.3.The author says the public has no reason to panic” because（ ） .4.The cause of the transition of the Earths magnetic field comes from（ ） .问题1选项A.misguided many a man and animalB.begun to change in the opposite directionC.caused the changes on the polaritiesD.been weakening in strength for a long time问题2选项A.the compass will become uselessB.man and animals will be confused in directionsC.the magnetic strength of the Earth will disappearD.the magnetic strength of the Earth will be stronger问题3选项A.the transition is still thousands of years from nowB.the transition can be precisely predicted by scientistsC.the process of the transition will take a very long time to finishD.the new transition will come 780, 000 years from now问题4选项A.the movement deep inside the EarthB.the periodical reverses of the EarthC.the force coining from outer spaceD.the mechanical movement of the Earth【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D【解析】1.细节题。文章前两段指出地球磁场开始发生变化，后来指出正在向相反的方向发生变化。故选B。2.细节题。根据题干关键词transition 定位至第三段。由此推测B项 “人和动物在方向上会混淆”正确。3.细节题。根据题干关键词public has no reason to panic定位至第五段。由此推测B项 “人和动物在方向上会混淆”正确。关键词public has no reason to panic后面就讲了原因: it might take 2, 000 years to mature(可能要2000年才能成熟)。 故选C。4.细节题。根据题干关键词cause of the transition of the Earths magnetic field 定位至最后一段:changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron, 即原因是地球内部深处流动着液体铁，这种机械能会产生电磁。4. 单选题Artificial intelligence deals partly with the （ ）between the computer and the human brain.问题1选项A.profileB.mightyC.analogyD.leakage【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。此处指的是电脑和人脑的相似之处。C项analogy （类似，相似）符合句意。5. 单选题Before the general election many senior citizens signed the（ ）against the spreading of nuclear arms.问题1选项A.contractB.petitionC.supplicationD.potential【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。contract 合同，契约；petition 请愿书，指许多人签名的向当权者提出某种要求；supplication 祈愿，祈求，恳求；potential 潜力，潜势。句意: 好多老年人签订 反对核武器的扩散。故B项符合句意。6. 单选题The government is trying to help these enterprises out of the（ ）by various means.问题1选项A.flightB.plightC.delightD.twilight【答案】B【解析】近义词辨析。flight 航班，航机；plight 境况，困境；delight 高兴，快乐；twilight 黄昏，黎明。plight放在此处比较适合, out of the plight意为“走出困境”。7. 单选题These natural resources will be（ ）sooner or later if the present rate of exploitation continues.问题1选项A.depletedB.deployedC.inclinedD.mingled【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意：如果按目前的开采速度继续下去，这些自然资源迟早会被 的。因此A项depleted(耗尽)正确。8. 单选题It is known to all that children in this region have strong（ ）to swimming in summerbecause of the hot weather.问题1选项A.inclinationB.exposureC.fluxD.correlation【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。inclination 倾向；exposure 暴露；flux 涨潮；熔化；correlation 相互关系，相关性。句意: 由于夏天天热，这个地区的孩子对于游泳都有强烈的 。选项A符合句意。9. 单选题Todays college students are more narcissistic （自恋的）and self-centered than their predecessors, according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society.“We need to stop endlessly repeating Youre special and having children repeat that back,” said the studys lead author, Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University. “Kids are self-centered enough already.” “Unfortunately, narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society, including the breakdown of close relationships with others,” he said. The study asserts that narcissists “are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived, at risk for infidelity, lack emotional warmth, and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty, and over-controlling and violent behaviors”. Twenge, the author of “Generation Me: Why Todays Young Americans Are More Confident,Assertive, Entitled and More Miserable Than Ever Before”, said narcissists tend to lack empathy, react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others.Some analysts have commended todays young people for increased commitment to volunteer work. But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically, noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications.Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced （非常明显的）that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies. “Permissiveness seems to be a component,” he said. “A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting. Less indulgence might be called for.”Yet students, while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings, dont necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation.Hanady Kader, a University of Washington senior, said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded. But she is dismayed （气馁，灰心） by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status. “Wereencouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want, and nobody should stand in your way, ” Kader said. “I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships.”Kari Dalane, a University of Vermont sophomore, says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered. “People are worried about themselves but in the sense of where theyre going to find a place in the world,” she said. “People want to look their best, have a good time, but it doesnt mean theyre not concerned about the rest of the world.”Besides, some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome, Dalane said, “It would be more depressing if people answered, No, Im not special.”1.According to the passage, a narcissistic person may（ ）.2.The italicized word “commended” （Line 1, Para. 3） means（ ）.3.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?4.It is implied that（ ）.5.It is proper to be（ ）when you hear someone say “Im special”.问题1选项A.hate criticismB.be dishonest to his / her partnerC.be unwilling to help othersD.all the above问题2选项A.praisedB.criticizedC.recommendedD.disfavored问题3选项A.Narcissism may result in bad consequences.B.College students are active to participate in volunteer work.C.Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narcissism upsurge.D.Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion.问题4选项A.both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissismB.the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC.the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the studyD.college students are pessimistic about their future问题5选项A.objectiveB.pessimisticC.optimisticD.worried【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节判断题。根据题干关键词narcissistic定位到原文第二段第四句，原文指出atriskforinfidelity,lackemotionalwarmth，andtoexhibitorgame-playing，dishonesty 是选项 C，B，A 的同义表达。2.语义题。第三段第一行句中,研究人员commended的是increasedcommitmenttovolunteerwork(年轻人参加志愿活动的责任心增加),所以应该是肯定的态度。句后ButTwengeviewedeventhisphenomenonskeptically (Twenge对此现象持否定怀疑态度)更加断定,commended为肯定,选项A与之对应。3.细节判断题。根据原文第四段首句unsureiftherewereobviousremedie可知不明确的是是否有明显的治疗法，而不是没有治疗法，而且之后文章举了一些治疗法的例子。4.细节判断题。关键词college students体现到文章第五段acknowledgingsomelegitimacytosuchfindings,dontnecessarilyacceptnegativegeneralizationsabouttheirgeneration,因此研究者和学生只是部分意见不符。5.态度题。文章最后一句说到Itwouldbemoredepressingifpeopleanswered,No,Imnotspecial(如果有人回答，不，我不特别，这可能更让人沮丧)，由此判断，当听人说Imnotspecial，应该持积极乐观的态度。10. 单选题The terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a jarring reminder that in todays world, you never know what you might see when you pick up the newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger a visceral response no matter how close or far away from home the event happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether its a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare arent limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? The use of terrorism as a tactic is predicated upon inducing a climate of fear that is incommensurate with the actual threaten, says Middle Eastern historian Richard Bulliet of Columbia University. “Every time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”“There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target, or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person ” Bulliet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isnt what you do, but its how its covered that determines the effect.” For example, Bulliet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one of the most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the U. S. hostages were eventually released unharmed，but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evenings newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Bulliet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration of the groups power rather than an individual criminal act. “You dont have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. Its an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized,” says Bulliet. “ The randomness and the ubiquity of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities. Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the U. S. Army Reserves in the first Gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan, says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because its the only tactic they have available to them. “They dont have M-16s, and we have M-16s. They dont have the mighty military power that we have, and they only have access to things like kidnapping, says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare, even one beheading can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy, Haroun tells WebM D. “You havent really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, youve achieved a lot of demoralization.1.Which of the following statements is NOT among the reasons that change the rules of psychological warfare?（ ）2.According to Richard Bulliet, why does publicizing an act of violence becomes an important part of terrorism itself”?（ ）3.The Iranian hostage crisis shows that（ ） .4.The randomness and the ubiquity of the terrorist acts bring to the public the impression that（ ）.问题1选项A.Break the morale of their opponent.B.Advances in technology.C.The popularity of the Internet.D.Prosperity of media.问题2选项A.Because psychological terrorism is a tactic.B.Because terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threat.C.Because the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threat.D.Because publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threa问题3选项A.the impact of psychological terror relies largely on how the acts are publicizedB.there are various ways to have the impact of psychological terrorC.the American media is effectiveD.the ways determines the effect问题4选项A.the terrorists are exerting total power over their captivesB.the threat is a collective demonstration of the groups powerC.the terrorists are powerful and pervasiveD.the force becomes generalized rather than personalized【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C【解析】1.细节题。根据题干关键词psychological warfare定位至第二段第一句, 紧接着后面就提出了原因, advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet 和 proliferation of news coverage,分别对应选项B，C，D，只有选项A没有提及。2.细节题。根据题干关键词Richard Bulliet定位至第五段。第五段指出原因在于恐怖主义的策略就是创造一种和实际并不相符的恐惧氛围。3.细节题。根据题干关键词Iranian hostage crisis定位至第六段。 选项D与第六段第四句重现。4.细节题。根据题干关键词The randomness and the ubiquity定位至第七段，最后一句指出：这种威胁的随机性和普遍性给人的印象是其破坏能力大大增强。因此选项C正确。11. 翻译题For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side. Inadequacy of energy resources of the technologies for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits to human beings and hence inconvenience, and constraints on its growth. The 1970s，then, represented a turning point. Energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be believable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on a par with those of insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.The crucial question at the beginning of the 1990s is whether the trend that began in the 1970s will prove to be temporary or permanent. Is the era of cheap energy really over, or will a combination of new resources, new technology and changing geopolitics bring it back? One key determinant of the answer is the staggering scale of energy demand brought forth by 100 years of population growth and industrial demand.Except for the huge pool of oil underlying the Middle East, the cheapest oil and gas are already gone. Even if a few more giant oil fields are discovered, they will make little difference against consumption on todays scale. Oil and gas will have to come increasingly, for most countries, from deeper in the earth and from imports whose reliability and affordability cannot be guaranteed.【答案】在人类历史发展的长河中，人们主要关心的是能源有利的一面。能源资源不足，或者为开采、加工和分配这些资源所需技术的不足，会影响能源为人类带来的利益，同时意味着能源的增长遭到干扰和限制。到了 20世纪70年代，出现了一个转折点，能源多方成本所带来的威胁已同能源供应不足所产生的威胁不相上下。同时，也有人担心，依靠扩大能源资源增加供应所需付出的代价，也许大于其所带来的利益。20世纪90年代初期人们关注的焦点在于，这种始于70年代的能源发展趋势是暂时的还是长远的。廉价能源时代真的一去不返，还是通过开发新能源、应用新技术、改革地缘政治秩序等措施，有可能重登历史舞台？这个问题的一个关键因素是过去100年以来因人口空前增长带来巨大的能源需求以及工业需求。除了中东地区蕴藏着巨大的石油资源以外，地球上廉价的油气资源已经不复存在。即使偶尔找到几个大油田，同当今巨大的能源消耗相比，也是杯水车薪。对于大多数国家来说，资源越来越多地依赖于深层埋藏，越来越多地依赖进口，且不说进口油气资源的可靠性无法得到保障，其对于进口国的购买力也是一个考验。12. 单选题They want to stimulate economic growth in the region by offering （ ） to foreign investors.问题1选项A.incentivesB.abundancesC.warriorsD.outnumbers【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。incentives 刺激，鼓励;abundances 大量，充足；warriors 武士，勇士； outnumbers 数量多于，比. 多。句意: 他们希望通过鼓励外国投资者来 该地区的经济增长。 故A项符合句意。13. 单选题Sometimes in drawing and designing the sign X（ ）the unknown number.问题1选项A.facilitatesB.fascinatesC.denotesD.jots【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。facilitate 使容易，推动；fascinate 使着迷，使神魂颠倒；denote 指示，表示；jot 略记，摘要记录下来。句意: 有时候, 在绘制和设计中, X（ ） 未知的数字。因此, C选项符合句意。14. 单选题I cant remember exactly what triggered the explosion but it was pretty（ ）.问题1选项A.estimatingB.devastatingC.reprocessingD.preferring【答案】B【解析】estimating 估计；devastating 毁灭性的；reprocessing 再生，（核燃料的）回收；preferring 更喜欢。句意: 我记不清是什么引起了爆炸, 非常 。B项符合句意。15. 单选题It is required that during the process, great care has to be taken to protect the（ ）silk from damage.问题1选项A.sensitiveB.sensibleC.tenderD.delicate【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。sensitive 敏感的，易受影响的；sensible 明智的，合乎情理的；tender 脆弱的, 温柔的；delicate 娇弱的, 纤细的, 易碎的。句意: 在加工过程中，应注意保护 丝绸不受损坏。故D项符合句意。16. 单选题The local residents were unhappy about the curfew in this region and decided to（ ）it.问题1选项A.disgraceB.disguiseC.defyD.distress【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。disgrace 玷污；disguise 假装，伪装；defy 不服从，公然反抗；distress 使悲痛，使穷困；句意:当地居民对该地区的宵禁不满意,决定（ ） 。选项C符合句意。17. 单选题I was entrusted to（ ）to a newspaper article making predictions for the New Year.问题1选项A.contributeB.detractC.convertD.entail【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。contribute t