2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第2期

2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The reason for the traffic accident in the morning was （ ）one of the drivers had lost control of his car.问题1选项A.thatB.whyC.howD.when【答案】A【解析】答案:A。句意: 今天早上的这场交通事故的原因是一个司机的车失控了。语法题。考查表语从句。系动词was后面接的是一个表语从句, 且表语从句中不缺少成分, 空格处应填表语从句的连接词,因此填that。2. 单选题You should have been more patient （ ）that customer; Im sure that selling him the watch was a possibility.问题1选项A.ofB.withC.forD.at【答案】B【解析】句意: 你应该要对那位顾客更加耐心一些的，我相信他最终一定会买那块表。固定搭配。be patient with 对有耐心。3. 单选题“You must always obey your leaders. Oh, I must,（ ）问题1选项A.mustnt IB.must IC.shouldnt ID.should I【答案】B【解析】句意: “你必须服从领导”。“噢，难道必须吗？”语法题。考查反义疑问句。反问用法(情态动词+主语)表示对说话对象的质疑,反对,惊讶或反 驳。4. 单选题As a wise man once said, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. This isnt the stuff of gloomy philosophical contemplations, but a fact of Europes new economic landscape, embraced by sociologists, real-estate developers, and ad executives alike. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle, observes a French sociologist, is part of the “irresistible momentum of individualism” over the last century. The communications revolution, the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have greatly wreaked havoc on Europeans private lives.Europes new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence. The current generation of home-alones came of age during Europes shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, todays tech-savvy workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics. Modem Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so.Once upon a time, people who lived alone tended to be those on either side of marriage-twenty something professionals or widowed senior citizens. While pensioners, particularly elderly women, make up a large proportion of those living alone, the newest crop of singles are high earners in their 30s and 40s who increasingly view living alone as a lifestyle choice. Living alone was conceived to be negative-dark and cold, while being together suggested warmth and light. But then came along the idea of singles. They were young, beautiful, strong! Now, young people want to live alone.The booming economy means people are working harder than ever. And that doesnt leave much room for relationships. Pimpi Arroyo, a 35-year-old composer who lives alone in a house in Paris, says he hasnt got time to get lonely because he has too much work. “I have deadlines which would make life with someone else fairly difficult.” Only an Ideal Woman would make him change his lifestyle, he says. Kaufmann, author of a recent book called “The Single Woman and Prince Charming, thinks this fierce new individualism means that people expect more and more of mates, so relationships dont last long-if they start at all. Eppendorf, a blond Berliner with a deep tan, teaches grade school in the mornings. In the afternoon she sunbathes or sleeps, resting up for going dancing. Just shy of 50, she says shed never have wanted to do what her mother did-give up a career to raise a family. Instead, “Ive always done what I wanted to do: live a self-determined life.”1.More and more young Europeans remain single because （ ）.2.What is said about European society in the passage?3.According to Paragraph 3, the newest group of singles are（ ）.4.The author quotes Eppendorf to show that（ ）.5.What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?问题1选项A.they are driven by an overwhelming sense of individualismB.they have entered the workforce at a much earlier ageC.they have embraced a business culture of stabilityD.they are pessimistic about their economic future问题2选项A.It has fostered the trend towards small families.B.It is getting closer to American-style capitalism.C.It has limited consumer choice despite a free market.D.It is being threatened by irresistible privatization.问题3选项A.warm and lightheartedB.on either side of marriageC.negative and gloomyD.healthy and wealthy问题4选项A.some modem women prefer a life of individual freedomB.the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day EuropeC.some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonelyD.most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable问题5选项A.To review the impact of women becoming high earnersB.To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism.C.To examine the trend of young people living alone.D.To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。第一段指出: The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle, observes a French sociologist, is part of the irresistible momentum of individualism over the last century (从家庭生活向独身生活方式的转变是上个世纪“不可抗拒的个人主义势头”的一部分)。故选A(他们受到强烈的个人主义意识驱使)。2.细节事实题。第二段指出: The current generation of home-alones came of age during Europes shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American style capitalism(当代独自生活的这一代人的成长时期正是欧洲从社会民主政治过渡到更精明、更个性化的美国风格 的资本主义气候的时期)。因此B项(接近美国风格的资本主义)正确。3.判断推理题。根据题干定位至第三段: While pensioners, particularly elderly women, make up a large proportion of those living alone, the newest crop of singles are high earners in their 30s and 40s who increasingly view living alone as a lifestyle choice(虽然领取养老金的人，特别是老年妇女，在独居者中占很大比例，但最新的单身人群是30多岁和40多岁的高收入者，他们越来越把独居视为一种生活方式选择), 因此选D: 最新的单身人群是healthy and wealthy(健康富有)。4.判断推理题。由题干关键词Eppendorf定位至最后一段: she says shed never have wanted to do what her mother did-give up a career to raise a family. Instead, Ive always done what I wanted to do: live a self-determined life(她从未想要去做她母亲所做的一切一一为了照顾家庭，抚育儿女而放弃事业。我已 做了并一直在做想做的事：过一种自主的生活)。由此可知, A项(一些现代女性更喜欢个人自由的生活)正确。5.作者意图题。本文主要写的是新一代的年轻人受到社会和经济的影响越来越趋向于个人独居生活，尤其是欧洲青年单身化趋势的原因。故C项(探讨年轻人独居趋势)比较能概括作者的写作目的。5. 单选题The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to theirreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journals internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the statistics board was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Pannigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”1.It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that （ ）.2.The phrase “flagged up” (Para.2) is the closest in meaning to（ ）.3.Giovanni Pannigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may（ ）.4.The author holds that what Science is doing now（ ）.5.Which of the following is the best title of the text?问题1选项A.Science intends to simplify its peer-review processB.journals are strengthening their statistical checksC.few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysisD.lack of data analysis is common in research projects问题2选项A.foundB.revisedC.markedD.stored问题3选项A.pose a threat to all its peersB.meet with strong oppositionC.increase Sciences circulationD.set an example for other journals问题4选项A.adds to researchers workloadB.diminishes the role of reviewersC.has room for further improvementD.is to fail in the foreseeable future问题5选项A.Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB.Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC.Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors DesksD.Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。第一段中: The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings (科学杂志的主编Marcia McNutt今天宣布该杂志正在为自身的同行评议过程增加一轮额外的统计检查。在人们广泛担心数据分析的基本错误正导致很多出版的研究发现不能再生产之后，科学杂志的该政策跟随了其它杂志的类似努力)。由此可知B项“各类杂志正在强化自身的统计检查”正确。2.语义题。根据题干定位至第二段: Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journals internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.(杂志的内部编辑、现有的审稿委员会或外部同行审稿人将对Manu进行进一步的审查), 由此可知“flag up”有“标出；指出”的意思，故C项“被标记”正确。3.细节事实题。最后一段: This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science (这个影响不仅通过科学杂志本身的出版物来产生，而且希望通过大量的出版机构来产生影响，这些机构可能想去模仿科学 杂志的方式)。由此可知D项“为其它杂志树立榜样”正确。4.推理判断题。第一段支出: The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of, many published research findings (科学杂志的主编Marcia McNutt今天宣布该杂志正在为自身的同行评议过程增加一轮额外的统计检查。在人们广泛担心数据分析的基本错误正导致很多出版的研究发现不能再生产之后，科学杂志的该政策跟随了其它杂志的类似努力),由此可推知C项“有进一步改善的空间”正确。5.主旨大意题。全文中心句出现在第一段: The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings (科学杂志的主编Marcia McNutt今天宣布该杂志正在为自身的同行评议过程增加一轮额外的统计检查。在人们广泛担心数据分析的基本错误正导致很多出版的研究发现不能再生产之后，科学杂志的该政策跟随了其它杂志的类似努力), 由此可推知A项“科学杂志在论文方面加入审査统计数据的行列”比较适合作标题。6. 单选题This traditional entertainment for children in America has never, （ ）I know, become popular in China.问题1选项A.as far asB.as muchC.to the extent thatD.so long as【答案】A【解析】句意:据我所知，美国小孩的这种传统娱乐方式在中国并不流行。固定搭配。as far as I know 据我所知。7. 单选题Mr. Green has recently been（ ）of the company.问题1选项A.appointed to president.B.appointed presidentC.appointed a presidentD.appointed the president【答案】B【解析】句意: 格林先生最近升任公司董事长了。语法题。考查冠词。根据冠词的语法规则,职位前不加冠词。而且appoint是及物动词,后面直接接宾语president。 故选B.8. 单选题Televisions enable us to see things happen almost at the exact moment （ ）.问题1选项A.which they are happeningB.they are happeningC.which they happenD.they have happened【答案】B【解析】句意: 电视使我们能够看到事情发生的那一瞬间。语法题。考查名词性从句。moment后接的是省略关系副词when的定语从句，井且根据关键词at the exact moment可知此处应该用进行吋态，故选B。9. 单选题The European Union countries were once worried that they would not have （ ）supplies of petroleum.问题1选项A.proficientB.efficientC.potentialD.sufficient【答案】D【解析】句意: 欧盟国家曾担心他们石油供应不足。形容词辨析。Proficient熟练的，精通的; efficient有效率的，生效的; potential潜在的，可能的; sufficient足够的，充分的。故D符合句意。10. 单选题Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years so why shouldnt we? Take a broader look at our species place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years (see “100,000 AD: Living in the deep future”). Look up Homo sapiens in the IUCNs “Red List” of threatened species, and you will read: Listed as LeastConcern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation, based in San Francisco, has created a forum where thinkers and scientists are invited to project the implications of their ideas over very long timescales. Its flagship project is a mechanical clock, buried deep inside a mountain in Texas, that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Then there are scientists who are giving serious consideration to the idea that we should recognize a new geological era: the Anthropocene. They, too, are pulling the camera right back and asking what humanitys impact will be on the planet - in the context of stratigraphic time.Perhaps perversely, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of todays technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and its perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. Thats one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy: while our species may flourish, a great many individuals may not. But we are now knowledgeable enough to mitigate many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. Thinking about our place in deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confront us today, and to make a future worth living in.1.Our vision of the future used to be inspired by （ ）.2.The IUCN “Red List” suggests that human beings are（ ）.3.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?4.To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to（ ）.5.A Which of the following would be the best title for the text?问题1选项A.our desire for fulfillmentB.our faith in science and technologyC.our awareness of potential risksD.our belief in equal opportunity问题2选项A.a sustained speciesB.the worlds dominant powerC.a threat to the environmentD.a misplaced race问题3选项A.Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.B.Technology offers solutions to social problem.C.The interest in science fiction is on the rise.D.Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.问题4选项A.explore our planets abundant resourcesB.adopt an optimistic view of the worldC.draw on our experience from the pastD.curb our ambition to reshape history问题5选项A.Uncertainty about Our FutureB.Evolution of the Human SpeciesC.The Ever-bright Prospects of MankindD.Science, Technology and Humanity【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.判断推理题。第一段指出: Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to (随着我们对自身所面临的各种从小行星碰撞到流感、气候变化的威胁已更深入地了解，如今乌托邦(即理想中最美好的社会)已变得过时。你甚至可能禁不住地去认为人类几乎没有未来可期待)。因此可推知B项“我们相信科学和技术”正确。2.判断推理题。第二段中: Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline(人类分布非常广泛、适应性强、数量正在不断增加且没有任何大的威胁会导致人类总人口的下降，所以人类被列为最不濒危的物种), 因此选A项“一种可持续的物种”。3.细节事实题。第五段指出: Perhaps perversely, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future (或许反常的是相比考虑不久的将来，考虑如此长远的未来可能更容易), 因此选D项“我们不久的将来难以设想”。4.细节事实题。倒数第二段指出: As so often, the past holds the key to the future.(如同经常出现的那样，过去是掌握未来的关键), 因此选C项“利用我们来自过去的经验”。5.主旨大意题。文章指出: 你甚至可能禁不住地去认为人类几乎 没有未来可期待。然而这样的沮丧却是一种错误判断。化石记录表明很多物种已生存了数百万年，因此为何我们人类不可能生存数百万年呢？, 因此C项“人类的前景总是光明”比较适合作文章标题。11. 单选题His office is within （ ）from the post office.问题1选项A.a stones throwB.a throw of a stoneC.stones throwD.the stones throw【答案】A【解析】句意: 他的办公室与该邮局的距离在一步之遥内。固定搭配。a stones throw 步之遥12. 单选题The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise. Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize on this emerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their focus was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially from the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly popular for males and for females. Many current programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans. Increased participation in such training is one of the specific physical activity and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives.1.The word spas (Line 3, Para. 1) most probably refers to （ ）.2.Early fitness spas were intended mainly for（ ）.3.What was the attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement?4.People were given physical fitness tests in ord