2022年考博英语-西北工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第34期

2022年考博英语-西北工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The vast majority of people in any given culture will（ ）to the established standards of that culture.问题1选项A.confineB.conformC.confrontD.confirm【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。confine “限制；禁闭”；conform “符合；遵守；适应环境（后面一般跟介词to）”；confront “面对；遭遇；比较（为及物动词）”；confirm “确认；证实；批准（及物动词）。句意：特定文化下的绝大部分人会遵守那种文化已建立的标准。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题Fear of pirate（ ）led the French to fortify their coastline.问题1选项A.excursionsB.incursionsC.transmigrationsD.transmogrifications【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。excursion “偏移；远足”；incursion “入侵；侵犯”；transmigration “轮回；移居”；transmogrification “变形”。句意：对海盗袭击的担心使得法国加固了他们的海岸线。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题Over-taxation, many argue, impedes initiative, so that government income may actually（ ）.问题1选项A.mushroomB.capsizeC.shrinkD.dispel【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。mushroom “迅速增加；迅速生长”；capsize “倾覆； 翻覆”；shrink “收缩；畏缩”；dispel驱逐；消除（烦恼等）”。句意：很多人认为税收过重会打击进取心，因而政府的收入可能会减少。选项C符合题意。4. 单选题Though the subway system of the city has been well-planned for years, its funding is still in the air.问题1选项A.widely spreadingB.totally uncertainC.hysterically unconstraineD.already broadcast【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：虽然这个城市的地铁系统多年来已经做好规划，但是资金问题一直。widely spreading “广泛传播”；totally uncertain “完全不确定”；hysterically unconstrained “完全不受约束”；already broadcast “已经播出”。根据句子前后逻辑可知资金问题一直没有解决，因此划线词组的意思是“悬而未决的”，选项B符合题意。5. 单选题He noticed that Joan was studying him closely, but her expression gave away nothing of what she was thinking.问题1选项A.revealedB.disposedC.remindedD.distributed【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他注意到琼在仔细打量他，但她的表情丝毫没有她在想什么。reveal “显示，透露”；dispose “处理，安排”；remind “提醒，使想起”；distribute “分配”。根据“her expression”和“what she was thinking”之间的关系可以推测出划线单词的意思是“透露”，因此选项A符合题意。6. 单选题（ ）the most of any advice which you can get from the interviewer and follow up suggestions for improving your presentation and qualifications.问题1选项A.TakeB.KeepC.HaveD.Make【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。make the most of “最大限度地利用”。句意：最大限度地利用并且听从面试官给的建议来提高你的陈述方式和素养。选项D符合题意。7. 单选题He decided he was going to take（ ）for the murder of his sister问题1选项A.refugeB.testifyC.certifyD.allege【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。refuge “避难；避难所”；testify “作证，证明”，动词；certify “证明；保证”；allege “宣称；断言”。句意：他决定因为谋杀自己妹妹而寻求庇护。选项A符合题意。8. 写作题Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words. The summary you make should demonstrate your verbal skills in organizing the original information and keep the word limit. Write your summary on the ANSWER SHEET.Developments in 19th century Europe are bounded by two great events. The French Revolution broke out in 1789, and its effects reverberated throughout much of Europe for many decades. World War began in 1914. Its inception resulted from many trends in European society, culture, and diplomacy during the late 19th century. In between these boundariesthe one opening a new set of trends, the other bringing long-standing tensions to a headmuch of modern Europe was defined.Europe during this 125-year span was both united and deeply divided. A number of basic cultural trends, including new literary styles and the spread of science, ran through the entire continent. European states were increasingly locked in diplomatic interaction, culminating in continent wide alliance system after 1871. At the same time, this was the century of growing nationalism, in which individual states jealously protected their identities and indeed established more rigorous border controls than ever before. Finally, the European continent was to an extent divided between two zones of differential development. Changes such as the Industrial Revolution and political liberalization spread first and fastest in Western EuropeBritain, France, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, and, to an extent, Germany and Italy. Eastern and southern Europe, more rural at the outset of the period, changed more slowly and in somewhat different ways.Europe witnessed important common patterns and increasing interconnections, but these developments must be assessed in terms of nation-state divisions and, even more, of larger regions, differences. Some trends, including the ongoing impact of the French Revolution, ran through virtually the entire 19th century. Other characteristics, however, had a shorter life span.Some historians prefer to divide 19th century history into relatively small chunks. Thus 1789-1815 is defined by the French Revolution and Napoleon; 1815-48 forms a period of reaction and adjustment; 1848-1871 is dominated by a new round of revolution and the unifications of the German and Italian nations; and 1871-1914, an age of imperialism, is shaped by new kinds of political debate and the pressures that culminated in war. Overriding these important markers, however, a simpler division can also be useful. Between 1789 and 1849 Europe dealt with the forces of political revolution and the first impact of the Industrial Revolution. Between 1849 and 1914 a fuller industrial society emerged, including new forms of states and of diplomatic and military alignments. The mid-19th century, in either formulation, looms as a particularly important point of transition within the extended 19th century.【答案】【参考例文】The French Revolution and World War played important roles in developments in 19th century Europe. Social, cultural and diplomatic factors formed modern Europe. From 1789 to 1914, Europe span was both united and deeply divided. European states were relatively stable until 1871. At the same time, nationalism appeared. Western Europe developed fast, while Eastern and Southern Europe changed slowly. During this period, some trends lasted for a long time, such as the French Revolution, while other trends had a shorter life of span. Some historians prefer to divide 19th century history into four chunks: 1789-1815, 1815-48, 1848-1871, 1871-1914. There was also a simpler and useful division: 1789-1849 and 1849-1914. In either formulation, the mid-19th century is an important point of transition in the European history.9. 单选题We rarely perceive more than a minute（ ）of the sights and sounds that fall upon our sense organs; the great majority pass us by.问题1选项A.fictionB.functionC.fractionD.friction【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。fiction “小说，虚构的事”；function “功能，职能”；fraction “小部分，少量”；friction “摩擦，冲突”。句意：我们只能察觉到被我们感官所接收的很少一部分的景象和声音，而忽视了大部分。选项C符合题意。10. 单选题The most useful way of looking at a map is not as a piece of paper, but as a record of（ ）.问题1选项A.organized geographical informationB.geographical organized informationC.geographically organized informationD.organized geographically information【答案】C【解析】考查修饰关系。Organized是作定语修饰information, geographically修饰organized，选项C符合题意。11. 单选题It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to have good manners and（ ）knowledge.问题1选项A.extensiveB.expansiveC.intensiveD.expensive【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。extensive “广泛的，大量的”；expansive “广阔的”； intensive“密集的，加强的”；expensive“昂贵的”。句意：一个合格的老师要有良好的修养和广博的知识，这是非常重要的。选项A符合题意。12. 单选题He never exerts himself to aid those trying to（ ）a difficult situation.问题1选项A.rectifyB.modifyC.solidifyD.verify【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。rectify “改正”；modify “修改；更改”; solidify “团结；凝固”；verify “核实；查证”。句意：他从不帮助那些试图矫正困境的人。选项A符合题意。13. 单选题The government is seeking to（ ）itself from the latest financial crisis.问题1选项A.detachB.extractC.deriveD.ease【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。detach “使摆脱；派遣；使超然”；extract提取；提炼；摘录”；derive “源于；得自；获得”；ease “减轻；使安心”。句意：政府正在寻求方法摆脱最近的金融危机。选项A符合题意。14. 单选题Alfred Nobel, the famous Swedish chemist who founded the Nobel Prize, was born into a family where research and experimentation were almost second nature. His father Immanuel, out of work and penniless, tested his theories of explosives in a laboratory set up in their house. Unfortunately, the elder Nobel remained frustrated in his efforts to apply his natural inventive spirit to establishing a prosperous endeavor.Alfred Nobel worked alongside his father, and by 1850 when he was 17, Alfred had acquired most of his fathers knowledge of and enthusiasm for chemistry. Although numerous other scientists had been intrigued by nitroglycerine, Alfred was the one who finally managed to turn this dangerous substance into a safe and useful explosive. He succeeded in developing dynamite commercially, which laid the foundation for many of the worlds leading chemical enterprises. Aside from introducing the innovative Nobel Igniter in 1864 and dynamite in 1866，Alfred claimed 355 patents including nitrocellulose and substitutes for leather and rubber. He developed clever methods for the production of synthetic silk and was involved in electrochemical, telecommunications, and safety alarm systems as well.Alfred Nobel was a dedicated scientist who became very rich applying his knowledge of chemistry. His sense of guilt over having created a potentially deadly material led him to leave some of his millions to reward individuals who made substantial contributions to certain areas of science. It was natural that he would include chemistry as one of those branches, especially since the end of the nineteenth century brought rapid advancements in the field.1.According to the passage, what is true about Alfred Nobels father Immanuel?2.According to the passage, the power of nitroglycerine（ ）.3.Which of the following conclusions about Alfred Nobel can be drawn from the passage?4.According to the passage, Alfred Nobel made important progress in developing all of the following items EXCEPT（ ）.5.It can be inferred from the passage that Alfred Nobel later viewed his invention of dynamite（ ）.问题1选项A.He was never able to capitalize on his work in chemistry.B.He was not instrumental in developing his sons enthusiasm for chemistry.C.He turned his knowledge of chemistry into a profitable business.D.He shared in the work of his son Alfred.问题2选项A.was first recognized by Immanuel NobelB.was never utilized well by chemical enterprisesC.was most fully developed by Alfred NobelD.lay in its intrigue for many scientists问题3选项A.His talents lay almost exclusively in the area of explosives.B.He was reluctant to bequeath a large part of his wealth towards promoting scientific research.C.He chose to work independently of other scientists.D.He was a major contributor to the rapid progress in chemistry in the late nineteenth century.问题4选项A.nitrocelluloseB.rubber and leatherC.synthetic silkD.safety alarm devices问题5选项A.with much concern for its negative effects on mankindB.as a minor achievement in his long careerC.with satisfaction regarding its impact on chemical enterprisesD.as a natural outgrowth of his fathers training【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】第1题:细节事实题。题目问的是“根据文章可知下列哪项关于诺贝尔父亲的描述是正确的？”文章第一段最后一句提到“不幸的是，老诺贝尔并未能用自己天生的发明精神来完成这项伟大的事业”（Unfortunately, the elder Nobel remained frustrated in his efforts to apply his natural inventive spirit to establishing a prosperous endeavor），因此选项A符合题意。第2题:细节事实题。题目问的是“根据文章可知硝化甘油是什么？”文章第二段提到“尽管硝化甘油一直吸引了很多其他科学家的目光”（Although numerous other scientists had been intrigued by nitroglycerine），因此选项D符合题意。第3题:推理判断题。题目问的是“下列哪项关于诺贝尔的总结可以从文章中得出？”文章最后一段最后一句提到“他将化学包括在那些尤其是从19世纪末以来为这个领域带来了进步的分支中”（It was natural that he would include chemistry as one of those branches, especially since the end of the nineteenth century brought rapid advancements in the field），因此选项D符合题意。第4题:细节事实题。题目问的是“根据文章可知，诺贝尔在很多领域起了很大作用，除了下列哪项？”文章倒数第二段提到“诺贝尔申请了355项专利，包括硝化纤维、皮革和橡胶的替代品，他研究出一种生产合成丝的好方法，还参与到电化学、通讯以及安全警报系统的研究中”（Nobel Igniter in 1864 and dynamite in 1866，Alfred claimed 355 patents including nitrocellulose and substitutes for leather and rubber. He developed clever methods for the production of synthetic silk and was involved in electrochemical, telecommunications, and safety alarm systems as well），由此可知，选项D符合题意。第5题:推理判断题。题目问的是“从文章中可以知道诺贝尔后期对炸药的看法是什么？”文章最后一段提到“他对创造一种有潜在致命危险的材料感到愧疚”（His sense of guilt over having created a potentially deadly material），选项A “担心它对人类有消极影响”符合题意。15. 写作题Write a short summary (about 60-80 words) of the following article. The summary restates the main idea without adding any comments that express personal feeling or responses to the details presented. Keep in mind that the purpose of a summary of concise restatement of the authors ideas in your own words is to test your understanding of the article. Please write your summary on the Answer SheetWhat the U.S. and Chinese School Systems Have in Common02/22/2012 By Sarah CarrAmericans who visit Chinese schools quickly realize that many of our beliefs and assumptions about education hold little water in China: In the United States, our urban public schools perform relatively poorly, but in China the urban systems rate among the nations best. Here we often regard private schools as a cut above public ones (though the truth is far murkier), but most Chinese consider public schools to be superior. Americans view public education as a crucial equalizer for a democratic society, in theory at least-but the Chinese see it partly as a means to sort their massive population in a distinctly undemocratic fashion.Despite these differences of conceit, the American and Chinese education systems share one common, defining characteristic: they are both plagued by gross inequalities and rampant segregation. In the United States, these injustices fall largely along racial and class lines: poor, minority students are more likely to attend highly segregated schools; their schools are more likely to suffer from a lack of resources; and their teachers are more likely to be inexperienced.The Chinese education system, too, features ethnic and class inequities. But even more so than in the United States, geography and birthplace equal educational destiny. As Sarah Butrymowicz of The Hechinger Report documented in a recent article, millions of schoolchildren have migrated to cities in recent years with their job-hunting parents. Once there, they often find themselves ineligible to attend government-run schools, particularly the best ones. An unknown number wind up in sub-par, pseudo-private school catering to the migrant population.Henan Chang, an assistant professor in Loyola University Chicagos School of Education who has studied the outcomes of migrant schoolchildren in Kunming, said most of them “have no interaction whatsoever with the local residents. They live in their own bubbles. Their playmates, their schoolmates- theyre all migrants themselves.”Butrymowicz notes that these disparities tainted Chinas recent domineering performance on international assessments in reading, math and science because many public schools do not admit migrant students. When Shanghai 15-year-olds outperformed the rest of the world in 2010, observers wondered if their success stemmed at least in part from exclusionary, segregationist practices. After I told a friend of mine who grew up in China about the international rankings, he quipped that public-school students in Shanghai are comparable to private-school students on Manhattans Upper East Side in terms of their wealth and privilege. Shaking his head, he noted that no one would take Dalton or Brearley two of the Big Apples most elite private schoolsas representative of the whole United States.In 2006, I spent several weeks in China repotting on the countrys schools, focusing in particular on the education of migrant children living in Beijing. In America, everyone asked me if Chinese schools had left us in the dust, while in China everyone asked me if American schools had left them in the dust. Americans revered the Chinese mastery of basic subjects such as math and geography, while the Chinese extolled the American emphasis on creativity and nurturing individual talent.Americans talked about the striking discipline of Chinese students, while the Chinese wondered why they had not yet won more Noble prizes. Nobody in either country framed their fears about international competitiveness in terms of inequality, however.Both nations do well by their most privileged and fortunate students. In China, they attend well-resources, state-of-the-art government schools that employ some of the countrys best teachers. In America, their families possess the money and freedom to move to regions where public schools excel, or to enroll in any number of wealthy private schools.For either country, winning the global competition will depend less on changes made for the elites-the children of the 1 percent. Ultimately, success will depend on their leaders interest and fortitude in addressing the opportunity gaps that persist throughout their schools. When it comes to education, thats the single, indelible trait that both countries have long shared.【答案】【参考范文】Americans and Chinese hold different views on education system. In America, people think private schools is the best choice, while Chinese have a different opinion. Despite the differences, the American and Chinese education systems have something in commonunfair of education. In America, these injustices is reflected in racial and class; in China, it shows more in regional difference. The high-quality education can only benefit the minority in both countries. In order to win the global competition, their leaders should pay more attention to close the opportunity gaps. 16. 单选题Rachel was the（ ）choice for the job thanks to her communication skills问题1选项A.unanimousB.genuineC.harmoniousD.agreeable【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。unanimous “意见一致的；无异议的”；genuine “真实的；诚恳的”；harmonious “和谐的；协调的”；agreeable “令人愉快的；合适的”。句意：蕾切尔因为出色的交流技能成为这份工作无异议的人选。选项A符合题意。17. 单选题After her marriage, the happy life（ ）her appearance, making her look more beautiful than ever.问题1选项A.transfiguredB.disfiguredC.disheveledD.transformed【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。transfigure “使改观；美化”；disfigure “使变丑；使大为减色”；dishevel “使蓬乱；弄乱；transform“改变，使变形；转换”。句意：婚后，幸福的生活使她的样貌改变，她变得比以前更漂亮了。选项A符合题意。18. 单选题Turning cultivated land back into forests or pasture is a fundamental way to stem soil （ ）and desertification in the long run.问题1选项A.erosionB.depletionC.violationD.delusion【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。erosion “侵蚀，腐蚀”；depletion “消耗，损耗”；violation “违反”；delusion “欺骗，迷惑”。句意：将耕地退耕为森林或者草原是阻止土壤侵蚀和荒漠化的根本方法。选项A符合题意。19. 单选题The students are all from（ ）countries, such as Singapore, India, Korean and Japan.问题1选项A.developingB.orientalC.islandD.Christian【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。developing“发展中的”；oriental“东方的；东方人的”；island“岛的”；Christian“基督教的；信基督教的”。句意：这些学生都来自东方国家，比如新加坡、印度、韩国、还有日本。选项B符合题意。20. 单选题The concept of “environment” is certainly difficult and may even be misunderstood; but we have no handy substitute. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental. But in actual practice this system breaks down in many ways, because the organism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the environment is modified by the organism and vice versa. In the case of man, the difficulties with the environmental concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer of culture. If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze the environmental forces that are acting on the organism, we find that we have to de