2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷93

2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the worlds great writers. Before considering this question, （1） will be useful to introduce some （2） concepts. Conflict, （3） as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is （4） from competition, （5） means opposition among social units （6） seeking to obtain something which is （7） inadequate supply. Competitors may not know about one another, which those who （8） in a conflict do. Conflict and competition are both （9） of opposition. The meaning of opposition has been stated as a process by which social units function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is （10） contrasted to cooperation, a （11） by which social units function in the service of one another. These （12） are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited （13） , but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very （14） to occur and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.Many authors have based their arguments that war cannot be avoided on the idea （15） in the struggle for existence among groups of animals, only those which are best adapted remain （16） . In general, however, this struggle （17） is competition, not conflict. Those who fail in this competition （18） starve to death or are killed by other types of animals. This struggle for existence is not （19） human war, but is （20） the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The most important quality of this struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are not enough to satisfy all.问题1选项A.itB.thatC.whatD.this问题2选项A.relatedB.relatingC.relativeD.relation问题3选项A.specifiedB.remarkedC.definedD.claimed问题4选项A.variableB.distinguishedC.variousD.isolated问题5选项A.itB.thisC.thatD.which问题6选项A.criticallyB.approximatelyC.independentlyD.costly问题7选项A.onB.forC.withD.in问题8选项A.enterB.participateC.fallD.involve问题9选项A.formationsB.classesC.termsD.reactions问题10选项A.neverthelessB.howeverC.thusD.maybe问题11选项A.processionB.standardC.processD.measurement问题12选项A.accountsB.definitionsC.descriptionsD.explanations问题13选项A.resourcesB.originsC.sourcesD.materials问题14选项A.likelyB.probablyC.necessarilyD.possibly问题15选项A.whichB.whileC.whenD.that问题16选项A.livedB.livingC.aliveD.life问题17选项A.on the contraryB.at lengthC.in particularD.in nature问题18选项A.not onlyB.eitherC.neitherD.both问题19选项A.similar toB.same asC.resembledD.imitated问题20选项A.equalB.alikeC.likeD.unlike【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D第6题:C第7题:D第8题:B第9题:B第10题:C第11题:C第12题:B第13题:A第14题:A第15题:D第16题:C第17题:D第18题:B第19题:A第20题:C【解析】1.考查固定搭配。it +be动词+形容词+to do sth.“做某事是的”，该句型中it做形式主语。句意：在考虑这个问题之前，有必要介绍一些相关的概念。因此A选项正确。2.考查固定搭配。A选项related“有关系的，有关联的；讲述的，叙述的”；B选项relating“关联；关系；联系”；C选项relative“相对的；有关系的；成比例的”；D选项relation“关系；叙述；故事；亲属关系”。related concepts“相关概念”。句意：在考虑这个问题之前，有必要介绍一些相关的概念。因此A选项正确。3.考查动词辨析。A选项specified“被指定；详细说明”；B选项remarked“被评论；被察觉”；C选项defined“被定义；下定义；使明确”；D选项claimed“被声称；被宣称；被断言”。句意：冲突被定义为社会实体之间相互对立的对立。因此C选项正确。4.考查固定搭配。A选项variable“adj. 变量的；可变的；易变的，多变的；变异的”；B选项distinguished“v. 辨别；使有区别；看清，认出”；C选项various“adj. 各种各样的；多方面的”；D选项isolated“v. 使孤立；使分离；将剔出”。根据固定搭配be distinguished from“不同于；有别于；与加以区别”可知句意为：冲突是指社会实体之间相互对立的对立，它不同于竞争，竞争是指社会单位之间为了独立获取供给不足的东西而产生的对立。因此B选项正确。5.考查定语从句。定语从句的引导词有关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that，as；关系副词when，where，why。定语从句中引导词的选用主要看先行词在定语从句中作什么成分或者是定语从句中缺什么成分。题干中的从句缺少主语成分，定语从句中缺主语，修饰人时用who/that，修饰物时用which/that引导，that引导从句时前面一般不用逗号隔开，因此该题应选which。句意：冲突是指社会实体之间相互对立的对立，它不同于竞争，竞争是指社会单位之间为了独立获取供给不足的东西而产生的对立。因此D选项正确。6.考查副词辨析。A选项critically“精密地；危急地；严重地；批评性地；用钻研眼光地；很大程度上；极为重要地”；B选项approximately“大约，近似地；近于”；C选项independently“独立地；自立地”；D选项costly“昂贵的；代价高的”。句意：冲突是指社会实体之间相互对立的对立，它不同于竞争，竞争是指社会单位之间为了独立获取供给不足的东西而产生的对立。因此C选项正确。7.考查固定搭配。in short / inadequate supply“缺乏的；供应不足的”为固定搭配，一般不用其他介词。句意：冲突是指社会实体之间相互对立的对立，它不同于竞争，竞争是指社会单位之间为了独立获取供给不足的东西而产生的对立。因此D选项正确。8.考查动词短语辨析。A选项enter in“登记姓名，细节”等。如：enter in an item in an account book将一笔账记入账本；B选项participate in“参与”；C选项fall in“陷入”，如fall in love with sb；D选项involve in“卷入”，一般为卷入某个事件。句意：竞争对手可能不了解彼此，而那些参与冲突的人却了解彼此。因此B选项正确。9.考查名词辨析。A选项formations“形成；构造；编队”；B选项classes“级别，阶级；种类，类别”；C选项terms“地位，关系；条款；术语；措辞；价钱”；D选项reactions“反应，感应；反动，复古；反作用”。句意：冲突和竞争都是对立的两类。因此B选项正确。10.考查副词辨析。A选项nevertheless“然而，不过；虽然如此”；B选项however“无论如何；不管怎样（接副词或形容词）；然而；可是”；C选项thus“因此；从而；这样；如此”；D选项maybe“也许；可能；大概”。句意：因此，对立与合作形成对比，合作是社会实体相互服务的过程。因此C选项正确。11.考查名词辨析。A选项procession“队伍，行列；一列，一排；列队行进”；B选项standard“标准；水准；旗；度量衡标准”；C选项process“（为达到某一目标的）过程；（自然变化的）过程；工艺流程；诉讼程序；传票；突起；进展；（发型）直发式”；D选项measurement“测量；度量；尺寸；量度制”。句意：因此，对立与合作形成对比，合作是社会实体相互服务的过程。因此C选项正确。12.考查名词辨析。A选项accounts“账户；解释；账目，账单；理由；描述”；B选项definitions“定义；清晰度；解说”；C选项descriptions“摘要；说明，说明书；描述”；D选项explanations“说明，解释；辩解”。句意：这些定义是必要的，因为强调在一个资源有限的世界中，个人或群体之间的竞争是不可避免的，但冲突不是。因此B选项正确。13.考查名词辨析。A选项resources“资源，财力；办法；智谋”；B选项origins“起源；原点；出身；开端”；C选项sources“来源；水源；原始资料”；D选项materials“材料；布料；原料；材质”。句意：这些定义是必要的，因为强调在一个资源有限的世界中，个人或群体之间的竞争是不可避免的，但冲突不是。因此A选项正确。14.考查词性。A选项likely“adj. 很可能的；合适的；有希望的”；B选项probably“adv. 大概；或许；很可能”；C选项necessarily“adv. 必要地；必定地，必然地”；D选项possibly“adv. 可能地；也许；大概”。根据句子结构可知空格处应填形容词，句意：然而，冲突是很可能发生的，而且可能是人类社会的一个基本和可取的因素。因此A选项正确。15.考查同位语从句。同位语从句一般用that，whether，what，which，who，when，where，why，how 等词引导，常放在fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information，wish，promise，answer，evidence等抽象名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。换言之，同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系，对其内容作进一步说明。当同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句，即that 不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，不可省略。该句空格后的句子成分完整，所以应用that作为引导词。句意：许多作者认为战争是无法避免的，他们的论点是基于这样一种观点，即在动物群体之间为生存而进行的斗争中，只有那些最适合生存的动物才能存活。因此D选项正确。16.考查固定搭配。A选项lived“居住；活着；度过；以为生”；B选项living“活的；现存的；在使用的；供生活起居用的；活跃的；逼真的”；C选项alive“活着的；活泼的；有生气的”；D选项life“生活，生存；寿命”。根据固定搭配remain alive“仍然在世；活着；存活”可知句意为：许多作者认为战争是无法避免的，他们的论点是基于这样一种观点，即在动物群体之间为生存而进行的斗争中，只有那些最适合生存的动物才能存活。因此C选项正确。17.考查短语辨析。A选项on the contrary“相反；反之；正相反；反而”；B选项at length“最后，终于；详细地”；C选项in particular“特别地；尤其；特别是”；D选项in nature“性质上；实际上；实质上”。句意：但总的来说，这种斗争本质上是竞争，而不是冲突。因此D选项正确。18.考查固定搭配。A选项not only“不仅是；不只”；B选项either or“二者择一的；要么要么”；C选项neither“两者都不；既不也不”；D选项both“双方都，两者都；不仅而且”。句意：在竞争中失败的动物，要么就是饿死，要么就被别的动物杀死。因此B选项正确。19.考查固定搭配。A选项similar to“与相似；和相同”；B选项same as“等同于；与一致”；C选项resembled“类似，像；相像”；D选项imitated“模仿的；仿造的”。根据固定搭配be similar to“与相似；类似”可知句意为：这种为生存而进行的斗争不像人类的战争。因此A选项正确。20.考查固定搭配。A选项equal“平等的；相等的；胜任的”；B选项alike“相似的；相像的”；C选项like“像，如同；符合的方式”；D选项unlike“不像，和不同；与不同”。根据固定搭配be like“像；相像；好像”可知句意为：这种为生存而进行的斗争与人类的战争不同，而是像个人为就业、市场和材料而进行的竞争。因此C选项正确。2. 翻译题EtiquetteTo be able to answer the question “Is etiquette important?” one must have an understanding of the true meaning of the word. There is no simple definition of synonym, but to me “consideration” comes the closest. All good manners are based on thoughtfulness for others, and if everyone lived by the Golden Rule“Do unto others as you would have others do unto you” there would be no bad manners in the world. There have been many attempts to define “etiquette” over the years, but my own particular favorite was found in an old grammar book. It is, “Politeness is to do and say the kindest thing in the kindest way.”The type of person for whom books on etiquette hold an interest has changed almost as much as manners themselves. Until the first edition of Etiquette was printed in 1922, the idea prevailed that manners held little interest for anyone other than the rich, or members of so-called “society”. Today, fortunately, our attitude toward manner is far more sensible.【答案】礼仪“礼仪重要吗？”若要回答这个问题，我们必须懂得“礼仪”一词的真正含义。 我们无法把这个词简单地定义或给出某个同义词，而在我看来，“体谅”则是最贴切的诠释。一切礼貌的行为举止皆以体贴他人为基础。如果人人都能遵循“己所不欲，勿施于人”这一黄金法则，这世界上也就不会有不礼貌的行为了。多年来，很多人都试图给“礼仪”定义，但我特别喜爱的解释是在一本古老的语法书中发现的，书中这样写到，“文雅就是善良地做事，和善地说话。”对礼仪书籍感兴趣的那一类人的变化几乎和礼仪本身一样大。直到1922年礼仪第一版出版，人们普遍认为，除了富人或所谓“社会”成员之外，任何人对礼仪都不感兴趣。今天，幸运的是，我们对待礼貌的态度要明智得多。3. 单选题This movie is not _ for children to see: it contains too much violence and too many love scenes.问题1选项A.profoundB.validC.decentD.upright【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项profound“深厚的；意义深远的；渊博的”；B选项valid“有效的；有根据的；合法的；正当的”；C选项decent“正派的；得体的；相当好的”；D选项upright“正直的，诚实的；垂直的，直立的；笔直的”。句意：这部电影不适合孩子们看：它包含太多的暴力和爱情场景。因此C选项正确。4. 单选题Imagine a disease spreading across the globe, killing mostly middle-aged people or leaving them chronically disabled. Then one day researchers come up with a drug that can prevent some of the diseases nastier effects. You would think the worlds ageing public would be eternally grateful.The disease does exist. It is called tobacco addiction. The drug too is real and in animal tests has prevented lung damage that leads to emphysema. But the inventors have received no bouquets. Prevailing medical opinion seems to be that the drug is a mere sideshow, distracting smokers from the task of quitting. Another experimental drug, which could protect smokers against cancer, is also viewed with suspicion because it could give smokers an excuse not to quit.On the face of it these responses make sense. It is ingrained in society that smokers have only themselves to blame and their salvation lies in a simple act of will. If they will not quit smoking, they cannot expect help from anyone else.But this logic is flawed. Check a survey of smokers and you find two-thirds want to give up and one-third will have tried in the previous year. Yet, even with nicotine gum, patches and drugs to ease the ordeal, the quit rate is still under 10 percent. In the UK, the proportion of people who smoke has not fallen in a decade. Tobacco has a powerful grip, and many smoker are caught in a trap they cannot escape: they have a disease like any other and deserve the chance to reduce the harm it does to them.This reasoning is hard for many to swallow. It certainly leaves governments and anti-smoking groups in a bind. They are happy to pay lip service to methods for reducing harmof which three are a growing numberbut they are slow to create policies based upon them. European Union countries, for example, took years to even consider regulating the dangerous additives in cigarettes.One fear is that methods for reducing harm will dilute the message that tobacco killsespecially when given to youngsters. But that message wont change, in the present case, even if both drugs turn out to work in human trials, they would not protect against all the deadly side effects of smoking. And the drugs do not have to be free to all. They could be available only on prescription for people who doctors believe genuinely cannot give up.There are things that no drug aimed at harm reduction will ever be able to do. It will not cut passive smoking or stop tobacco companies persuading millions of teenagers to light up. For these reasons all other ways to counter smoking must continue, from banning tobacco advertising to raising tobacco taxes. But it would be a mistake to ignore the harm reduction measures. For those who are not convinced, forget smokers for a moment. Preventive drugs could also help non-smokers, especially those working long hours as, say, musicians and bar staff in smoky rooms. Should we deny them too?1. The statement “But the inventors have received no bouquets” implies that _.2. The author argues that _.3. The author is trying to emphasize that the drugs _.4. The drugs, according to the author, are expected _.5. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that _.问题1选项A.the drugs have received suspicionB.the inventors just presented a sideshowC.it will take time for the public to accept the new drugD.the effects of the drug need further test on human trials问题2选项A.no smoker is expected to succeed in quittingB.smokers deserve the harm smoking does to themC.smokers with resolution to stop smoking need helpD.smokers could succeed with strong resolution to give up问题3选项A.are mainly aimed at youngstersB.should be available to smokers free of chargeC.will not change the message that tobacco killsD.help regulate the dangerous additives in cigarettes问题4选项A.to perform preventive functions in non-smokersB.to reduce the number of passive smokersC.to enforce the combat against smokingD.all of the above问题5选项A.with innovative drugs smokers can still enjoy personal gratifications and stay healthyB.if a drug can save lives, we shouldnt withhold it without good reasonC.the battle against smoking is far from wonD.there will be a safe way to smoke【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.语义推测题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“But the inventors have received no bouquets. Prevailing medical opinion seems to be that the drug is a mere sideshow, distracting smokers from the task of quitting. Another experimental drug, which could protect smokers against cancer, is also viewed with suspicion because it could give smokers an excuse not to quit.（但是这些发明家没有收到任何花束。流行的医学观点似乎是，药物只是次要的，它分散了吸烟者的任务，戒烟。另一种可以保护吸烟者不患癌症的实验性药物也受到怀疑，因为它可以给吸烟者一个不戒烟的借口。）”，由此可知这些发明家发明的药物受到人们的怀疑，所以A选项“这些药物已经受到怀疑”符合题意。B选项“发明家只是表演了一个小插曲”；C选项“公众接受这种新药需要一段时间”；D选项“药物的效果需要进一步的人体试验”都与题干无关。因此A选项正确。2.观点态度题。根据第四段“Yet, even with nicotine gum, patches and drugs to ease the ordeal, the quit rate is still under 10 percent.（然而，即使使用尼古丁口香糖、贴片和药物来缓解这种折磨，戒烟率仍然低于10%。）”可知A选项“预计没有烟民会成功戒烟”错误；根据第四段最后一句“they have a disease like any other and deserve the chance to reduce the harm it does to them.（他们和其他任何疾病一样，有机会减少烟草对他们的危害。）”可知B选项“吸烟者应该受到吸烟所造成的伤害”说法错误；根据第四段“Check a survey of smokers and you find two-thirds want to give up and one-third will have tried in the previous year.（对吸烟者进行调查，你会发现三分之二的人想要戒烟，三分之一的人在前一年已经尝试过了）”以及“they have a disease like any other and deserve the chance to reduce the harm it does to them.（他们和其他任何疾病一样，有机会减少烟草对他们的危害。）”可知C选项“决心戒烟的人需要帮助”正确；D选项“吸烟者可以通过坚定的决心戒烟成功”文章没有提到。因此C选项正确。3.作者意图题。根据题干可定位到文章第六段“One fear is that methods for reducing harm will dilute the message that tobacco killsespecially when given to youngsters. But that message wont change, in the present case, even if both drugs turn out to work in human trials, they would not protect against all the deadly side effects of smoking. （一种担心是，减少烟草危害的方法会淡化烟草致人死亡的信息尤其是对青少年而言。但在目前的情况下，这一信息不会改变，即使这两种药物在人体试验中都有效，它们也不能预防吸烟的所有致命副作用。）”可知作者强调该药物不会改变烟草致人死亡的信息，所以C选项“不会改变烟草致人死亡的信息”正确。A选项“主要针对年轻人”说法错误，该药物针对的是所有烟民；B选项“应该免费提供给吸烟者”说法错误，文章提到“And the drugs do not have to be free to all. They could be available only on prescription for people who doctors believe genuinely cannot give up.（而且药物并不一定要对所有人免费。只有医生认为真正不能放弃的人才能买到这种药。）”；D选项“帮助控制香烟中的危险添加剂”文章没有提到，因此C选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“For these reasons all other ways to counter smoking must continue, from banning tobacco advertising to raising tobacco taxes.（出于这些原因，从禁止烟草广告到提高烟草税，所有其他抵制吸烟的方式都必须继续下去。）”，由此可知该药物将会加强反对吸烟的斗争，所以C选项“加强反对吸烟的斗争”正确。A选项“对不吸烟者起到预防作用”，文章提到“Preventive drugs could also help non-smokers（预防性药物也可以帮助不吸烟者）”，并没有提到预防作用，只说会有帮助，A选项错误；B选项“减少被动吸烟的数量”说法错误，文章最后一段提到“It will not cut passive smoking or stop tobacco companies persuading millions of teenagers to light up.（它不会减少被动吸烟，也不会阻止烟草公司劝说数百万青少年吸烟。）”；D选项“以上都是”。因此C选项正确。5.主旨大意题。文章主要讲了能预防吸烟带来的不良后果的药物。文章提到这种药物受到很多质疑，并且一一回答了它们。文章最后一段提到有些东西是任何药物都无法做到的，所以呼吁人们提高禁烟意识，并且参与到禁烟活动中去。由此可知人们的反对禁烟的斗争还远未取得胜利，所以C选项“反对禁烟的斗争还远未取得胜利”正确。A选项“有了创新药物，吸烟者仍然可以享受个人满足和保持健康”说法错误，文章并没有提到这一观点；B选项“如果一种药物可以挽救生命，我们不应该没有充分的理由就拒绝它”，文章也没有提到，且人们对新药物持质疑态度也是可行的；D选项“将会有一个更安全的吸烟方式”并不是文章所侧重的，因此C选项正确。5. 单选题Einsteins theory of relativity seemed _ when it was first introduced.问题1选项A.impressiveB.unaccountableC.inconsistentD.incredible【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项impressive“感人的；令人钦佩的；给人以深刻印象的”；B选项unaccountable“无责任的；莫名其妙的；不可理解的”；C选项inconsistent“不一致的；前后矛盾的”；D选项incredible“不能相信的，难以置信的；极好的，极大的”。句意：爱因斯坦的相对论刚被提出时似乎令人难以置信。因此D选项正确。6. 单选题Please excuse me if I have left any of my questions _.问题1选项A.to be answeredB.not to answerC.unansweredD.being unanswered【答案】C【解析】考查leave复合结构的用法。Leave+宾语+宾语补足语，其中宾语补足语这一成分可以由过去分词、现在分词、形容词、副词、介词的复合结构等来充当，意思是“使处于状态；听任；让”。leave sth./sb. done，常用来表示宾语所处的状态或表示动作已经完成（宾语和宾语补足语被动关系）；leave sb./sth. doing，常用来表示使某人或某物一直做某事（宾语和宾语补足语被动关系）；leave sb./sth. to do，动词不定式的被动表示要去发生的被动动作。该句句意为：如果我有什么问题没有回答的话，请原谅。由此可知动作已经发生，所以应该用leave sth./sb. done，因此C选项正确。7. 单选题This book is about how these basic beliefs and values affect important _ of American life.问题1选项A.fashionsB.frontiersC.facetsD.formats【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项fashions“时尚；时装；样式；方式；时髦人物”；B选项frontiers“前沿；边界；国境”；C选项facets“面；方面；小平面”；D选项formats“格式；版式；开本”。句意：这本书大致介绍了这些根本的信仰和价值观对美国人生活各个重要层面的影响。因此C选项正确。8. 单选题She brought her rage under control, her smiling face _ her real feeling.问题1选项A.disguisedB.disguisingC.disguiseD.to disguise【答案】A【解析】考查时态。英语句子中前后句子时态应统一，前半句的谓语动词用的“bring”的过去式“brought”，因此后半句的谓语动词也应用过去式，选项中只有A选项符合题意。句意：她控制住了自己的愤怒，她的微笑掩饰了她的真实感情。因此A选项正确。9. 单选题A well-written composition _ good choice of words and clear organization among other things.问题1选项A.calls onB.calls forC.calls upD.calls off【答案】B【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项call on“访问，拜访；号召，请求”；B选项call for“要求；需要；提倡；邀请；为叫喊；前往接某人”；C选项call up“打电话给；使想起；提出”；D选项call off“取消；叫走；放弃；宣告终止”。句意：一篇写得好的作文，除其他外，还要求选词得当，条理清晰。因此B选项正确。10. 单选题Now the cheers and applause _ in a single sustained roar.问题1选项A.mingledB.concentratedC.assembledD.permeated【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项mingled“混合；交往；使混合；使相混”；B选项concentrated“集中；浓缩；全神贯注；聚集”；C选项assembled“集合，聚集；装配；收集”；D选项permeated“渗透，透过；弥漫；透入；散布”。句意：现在欢呼声和掌声交织成一声持续的吼声。因此A选项正确。11. 单选题The other day, I saw Grandpa sitting in the garden _ the moon while murmuring to himself.问题1选项A.staring atB.looking atC.glancing atD.gazing at【答案】D【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项stare at“凝视；盯着；目不转睛地看”；B选项look at“看；考虑；着眼于”；C选项glance at“扫视；浏览；匆匆一瞥”；D选项gaze at“盯住；凝视；注视；注目”。stare at表达的是好奇或无礼傲慢；glance at表达的是匆忙；gaze at表达的是感慨、喜欢或惊奇。stare at和glance at的动作维持的时间比较长；glance at的动作维持时间非常的短。句意：有一天，我看见爷爷坐在花园里，凝视着月亮，喃喃自语。此处的凝视带有浓厚的感情色彩，因此D选项正确。12. 单选题It is a pity for _ any disagreement in the family.问题1选项A.there to beB.there beingC.there beD.being【答案】A【解析】考查不定式用法。不定式结构做主语通常表示具体动作，间或也可表示抽象动作，这一点与-ing分词结构做主语恰恰相反。用作主语的不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可以在特定上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“for+名词词组”或“for+ there to be”表示。如：It is important for us to have a good grasp of English.Its a pity for there to be any disagreement in the family.（在这种结构中，there后面的不定式只能是to be）本题句意：家庭不和实在是很遗憾。因此A选项正确。13. 单选题In early 19th century America, mental asylums were built in rural areas to remove patients from their home environment and to provide fresh air in a bucolic setting. Patients were offered exercise, work, education, and religious instruction. The heads of these institutions, called “alienists”, did not usually dispense drugs, but stressed healthy, clean living and promoted the view that the insane were not monsters but rather “unfortunate fellow beings.” Focusing on societal causes, alienists believed mental health problems could be avoided, especially in the young: childrens brains were softer, vulnerable, and more prone to influence.After the Civil War, faith in “moral treatment” declined because the curability rate had been overestimated, the cost of facilities was high, the government curtailed funds, and the public became disillusioned with “experts” and their failed promises. Repeated failures also frustrated practitioners who responded with an increased use of physical restraint. An influx of immigrants caused overcrowding and a loss