2022年考博英语-武汉理工大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第99期

2022年考博英语-武汉理工大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Ideas about “spoiling” children haw always involved consideration of just what is a spoiled child, how does spoiling occur, and what are the consequences of spoiling. They have always included concepts of a childs nature and concepts of the ideal child and the ideal adults.The many mothers of 1820 who belonged to the early “maternal associations” struggled to uphold the ideas about child raising that had been prevalent in the eighteenth century. They had always been told that the spoiled child stood in danger of having trouble later in life (when exposed to all the temptation of the world) and, more importantly, stood in danger of spiritual ruin.At first, the only approach these mother knew was to “break the will” of the child. This approach, coming initially from the theology of Calvin, the French Protestant reformer, was inherited from the stern outlook of the Puritans. As one mother wrote “No child has ever been known, since the earliest period of the world, destitute of an evil disposition-however sweet it appears.” Infant depravity, by which was meant the childs impulses, could be curbed only by breaking the will so that the child submitted implicitly to parental guidance.In 1834, a mother described this technique: Upon the fathers order, her 16-month-old daughter had refused to say “Dear Mama”, so the toddler was alone in a room where she screamed wildly for ten minutes. After the ten minutes, the child was commanded again, and again she refused, so she was whipped and ordered again. This continued for four hours until the child finally obeyed. Parents commonly reported that after one such trial of “will”, the child became permanently submissive. In passing, we can note that knowledge about a childs “No” period might have moderated the disciplining of little children and the application of the proverb “Spare the rod and spoil the child.”By freeing the child from its evil nature, parents believed they could then guide the child into acquiring the right character traits, such as honesty, industriousness and sobriety. These moral principles fixed in the childs character, were to govern it throughout life, in a society where free enterprise, individual effort, and competition were believed to be the ruling forces.1. When the author talks about ideas considered in “the spoiling of children”, he does not include _.2. According to the article, the mothers of 1820 were determined to _.3. Calvin is mentioned in this article to show _.问题1选项A.the nature of a childB.attitudes of spoiled children when they become adultsC.reasons why spoiling occursD.consequences from spoiling a child问题2选项A.develop independence in their childrenB.avoid exposing their children to spiritual ruinC.broaden the experiences of their childrenD.set good examples of their children问题3选项A.the derivation of the stern outlook of the PuritansB.French influence in the discipline of childrenC.a dissenting view in the spoiling childrenD.how the reformation moderated the severe discipline【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A【解析】1.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段Ideas about “spoiling” children haw always involved consideration of just what is a spoiled child, how does spoiling occur, and what are the consequences of spoiling. They have always included concepts of a childs nature and concepts of the ideal child and the ideal adults.（关于“溺爱”孩子的观点总是涉及到什么是被宠坏的孩子，溺爱是如何发生的，溺爱的后果是什么。他们总是包括孩子的本性的概念和理想的孩子和理想的成人的概念）。B选项“被宠坏的孩子长大成人后的态度”，文章所说的是理想的成人的概念，B选项正确。A选项“孩子的天性”，文中提到孩子的天性，A选项可排除。C选项“发生溺爱的原因”，文章有所提到，C选项可排除。D选项“溺爱孩子的后果”，在文章中有所体现，D选项可排除。因此B选项正确。2.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。我们可以定位到文章第二段最后一句They had always been told that the spoiled child stood in danger of having trouble later in life and, more importantly, stood in danger of spiritual ruin.（他们总是被告知，被宠坏的孩子在以后的生活中会有麻烦，更重要的是，有精神毁灭的危险）。B选项“避免让他们的孩子受到精神的毁灭”，文章所说，被宠坏的孩子会有精神毁灭的危险，可推测1820年的母亲会避免孩子受到精神毁灭，因此B选项正确。A选项“培养孩子的独立性”，文章没有提到这个内容，A选项可排除。C选项“拓宽孩子们的经历”，文章没有提到拓宽孩子的经历，C选项可排除。D选项“为孩子们树立好榜样”，文章没有提到为孩子树立榜样，D选项可排除。因此B选项正确。3.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干我们可以定位到文章第三段第二句This approach, coming initially from the theology of Calvin, the French Protestant reformer, was inherited from the stern outlook of the Puritans.（这种方法最初来自法国新教改革家加尔文的神学，继承了清教徒严厉的观点）。A选项“清教徒严厉观点的由来”，文章所说，加尔文的神学，继承了清教徒严厉观点的由来，因此A选项正确。B选项“法国对儿童管教的影响”，文章没有提到这个内容，可排除。C选项“对溺爱孩子的不同意见”，文章没有提到，加尔文的观点是对溺爱孩子对的不同意见，C选项可排除。D选项“宗教改革是如何缓和严格的纪律的”，文章并没有提到宗教改革，D选项可排除。因此A选项正确。2. 单选题Originally, plastic was hailed for its potential to reduce humankinds heavy environmental footprint. The earliest plastic were invented as substitutes for shrinking supplies of natural materials like ivory or tortoiseshell. Today, plastic is perceived as natures nemesis. But a generic distaste for plastic can muddy our thinking about the trade-offs involved when we replace plastic with other materials.Take plastic bags, the emblem for all bad things. They clog storm drains, tangle up recycling equipment, litter parks and beaches and threaten wildlife on land and at sea. Such problems have fueled bans on bags around the world and in more than a dozen American cities. Unfortunately, the bans typically lead to a huge increase in the use of paper bags, which also have environmental drawbacks. In other words, plastics arent necessarily bad for the environment; its the way we make and use them thats the problem.Its estimated that half of the nearly 600 billion pounds of plastics produced each, year go into single-use products. Some are indisputably valuable, like disposable syringes, which have been a great ally in preventing the spread of infectious diseases like HIV and even plastic water bottles, which, after diseases like the Japanese tsunami, are critical to saving lives. Yet many disposables, like the bags, drinking straws and packaging commonly found in beach clean-ups, are essentially prefab litter with a heavy environmental cost.And theres another cost. Pouring so much plastic into disposable conveniences has helped to diminish our view of a family of materials we once held in high esteem. Plastic has become synonymous with cheap and worthless, when in fact those chains of hydrocarbons ought to be regarded as among the most valuable substances on the planet. If we understood plastics true worth, we would stop wasting it on trivial throwaways and take better advantage of what this versatile material can do for us.In a world of nearly seven billion souls and counting, we are not going to feed, clothe and house ourselves solely from wood, ore and stone; we need plastics. And in an era when were concerned about our carbon footprint, we can appreciate that lightweight plastics take less energy to produce and transport than many other materials.Yet we cant hope to achieve plastics promise for the 21st century if we stick with wasteful 20th century habits of plastic production and consumption. We have the technology to make better and safer plastics-forged from renewable sources, rather than finite fossil fuels, using chemicals that inflict minimal or no harm on the planet and our health.1. From the results of banning plastic bags, we learn that _.2. What do we know about the single-use plastic products from the third paragraph?3. The author believes that people would stop wasting plastic if they _.4. Lightweight plastics enjoy great advantage over other materials in that that they are _.5. Whats the authors attitude towards the future of plastic?问题1选项A.better materials are still to be found to replace plastic bagsB.the way of making and using plastic bags matters a lotC.plastic bags really cause many environmental problemsD.the bans on plastic bags greatly boost the paper industry问题2选项A.Plastic bags account for only a small part.B.They are all indispensable in emergencies or disasters.C.Masses of them usually end up as litter.D.Most are made good use of by people.问题3选项A.knew the history of its inventionB.got punished for wasting itC.realized its impact on the environmentD.didnt take its value for granted问题4选项A.more durable and harder to breakB.energy-efficient in making and transportingC.easy to produce and useD.widely used in green technology问题5选项A.ObjectiveB.PessimisticC.PassionateD.Unknown【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句In other words, plastics arent necessarily bad for the environment; its the way we make and use them thats the problem.（换句话说，塑料不一定对环境有害；我们制造和使用它们的方式才是问题所在。因此可推测，对于塑料对环境是否有害，取决于制造和使用方式）。B选项“制作和使用塑料袋的方法很重要”，B选项符合题意。A选项“人们仍在寻找更好的材料来取代塑料袋”，文章没有提到这个内容，可排除。C选项“塑料袋确实造成了许多环境问题”，文章对塑料袋造成禁令，但是也会造成纸袋的使用上升，因此可排除C选项。D选项“禁止使用塑料袋极大地促进了造纸业的发展”，文章中没有提到这个内容，可排除。因此正确答案为B选项。2.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。我们可以定位到文章第三段最后一句Yet many disposables, like the bags, drinking straws and packaging commonly found in beach clean-ups, are essentially prefab litter with a heavy environmental cost.（然而，许多一次性用品，比如海滩清洁用品中常见的袋子、吸管和包装，本质上都是预制垃圾，造成了沉重的环境成本）。C选项“大量的垃圾通常会被丢弃”，文章所说，塑料的本质都是预制垃圾，因此可推测，塑料会被当成垃圾扔掉，因此C选项正确。A选项“塑料袋只占小部分”，文章所说，许多一次性用品，例如常见的袋子，说明塑料袋不只占小部分，因此A选项可排除。B选项“它们在紧急情况或灾难中都是必不可少的”，文章所说，它们只是对生命拯救至关重要，没有说是必不可少的，因此B选项可排除。D选项“大多数都被人们很好地利用了”，文章所说，会把塑料浪费在微不足道的一次性物品上，因此D选项可排除。因此正确答案为C选项。3.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干我们可以定位到文章第四段最后一句If we understood plastics true worth, we would stop wasting it on trivial throwaways and take better advantage of what this versatile material can do for us.（如果我们理解塑料的真正价值，我们就不会再把它浪费在微不足道的一次性物品上，而是更好地利用这种多功能材料为我们做的事情）。D选项“没有认为它的价值是理所当然的”，文章所说，如果人们理解塑料的真正价值，便不会浪费塑料，因此D选项正确。A选项“知道它的发明历史”，文章没有提到这个内容，可排除。B选项“因为浪费了它而受到惩罚”，文章没有提到，浪费塑料会受到惩罚，因此B选项可排除。C选项“意识到它对环境的影响”，文章所说，即便知道会污染环境，人们还是在浪费塑料，因此C选项可排除。因此正确答案为D选项。4.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干我们可以定位到文章第五段最后一句we can appreciate that lightweight plastics take less energy to produce and transport than many other materials.（我们可以认识到，与许多其他材料相比，轻质塑料的生产和运输所消耗的能源更少）。B选项“在制造和运输上节能”，文章所说，轻质塑料的生产和运输所消耗的能源更少，因此B选项正确。A选项“更耐用，更不易断裂”，文章没有提到这个内容，可排除。C选项“易于生产和使用”，文章没有提到这个内容，可排除C选项。D选项“广泛应用于绿色科技”，塑料并没有广泛地运用在绿色科技，D选项可排除。因此正确答案为B选项。5.【试题答案】A【试题解析】观点态度题。通读全文，作者既讲述了塑料的危害，也说了对于塑料的使用需要明白制作和使用方式以及理解塑料的真正价值，因此作者对待塑料的态度是客观理性的。A选项“客观的”符合作者的观点态度，因此正确答案为A选项。3. 单选题The Alzheimers Association and the National Alliance for Caregiving estimate that men make up nearly 40 percent of family care providers now, up from 19 percent in a 1996 study by the Alzheimers Association. About 17 million men are caring for an adult. Women still provide the bulk of family care, especially intimate tasks like bathing and dressing. Many complain that their brothers are treated like heroes just for showing up. But with smaller families and more women working full-time, many men have no choice but to take on roles that would have been alien to their fathers.Often they are overshadowed by their female counterparts and faced with employers, friends, support organizations and sometimes even parents who view caregiving as an essentially female role. Male caregivers are more likely to say they feel unprepared for the role and become socially isolated, and less likely to ask for help. Isolation affects women as well, but men tend to have fewer lifeline. “They are less likely to have friends going through similar experiences, and depend more on their jobs for daily human contact.” Dr. Donna Wagner, the director of gerontology at Towson University and one of the few researchers who has studied sons as caregivers, said.In past generations, men might have pointed to their accomplishments as breadwinners or fathers. Now, some men say they worry about the conflict between caring for their parents and these other roles. In a 2003 study at three Fortune 500 companies, Dr. Donna Wagner found that men were less likely to use employee-assistance programs for caregivers because they feared it would be held against them. “Even though the company has endorsed the program, your supervisors may have a different opinion,” Dr. Wagner said. Matt Kassin, 51, worked for a large company with very generous benefits, and his employer had been understanding. But he was reluctant to talk about his caregivers because he thought “it would be looked at like, when they hire a male, they expect him to be 100 percent focused.” And he didnt want to appear to be someone who had distractions that detracted from performance.For many men, the new role means giving up their self-image as experts, said Louis Colbert, director of the office of services for the aging in Delaware County, Pa., who has shared care of his 84-year-old mother with his siblings since her Alzheimers made it necessary. Once a year, Mr. Colbert organizes a get-together for male caregivers. The concerns they raise, he said, are different from those of women in support groups. “Very clearly, they said they wanted their role as caregivers validated, because in our society, as a whole, men as caregivers have been invisible,” he said.1. What can we know about men according to the Alzheimers Association and the National Alliance for Caregiving?2. Why do men tend to feel more stressed and socially isolated according to Donna Wagner?3. Donna Wagner solution to the conflict between caring for parents and other social roles is to _.4. Why was Matt Kassin unwilling to talk about his caregiving with his employer?5. What might be the concerns of male caregivers according to Louis Colbert?问题1选项A.More men play the leading role in caring for elderly parents.B.Men count on their wives to take care of their parents.C.Men undertake all family care including washing and cooking.D.Men tend to be viewed as heroes for their parents.问题2选项A.Because they feel overwhelmed by the pressure from parents.B.Because they face the competition from their female counterparts.C.Because they find few people to talk and share their experiences with.D.Because they are psychologically unprepared for the role.问题3选项A.take advantage of employee-assistance programsB.make adjustment both physically and emotionallyC.schedule time for parents, children and jobD.involve in the outside world as much as possible问题4选项A.Because the company did not provide such support programs.B.Because he was threatened to be at the risk of losing his job.C.Because he felt embarrassed to send parents to nursing homes.D.Because he feared it would lead to a distracted image in the mind of his boss.问题5选项A.They are lack of professional knowledge and skills.B.They feel it inappropriate for them to do the job.C.Their role of caregivers is not acknowledged.D.They feel what they do is not enough.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文中第一段第一句The Alzheimers Association and the National Alliance for Caregiving estimate that men make up nearly 40 percent of family care providers now（阿尔茨海默氏症协会和全国护理联盟估计，目前男性占家庭护理提供者的近40%）。A选项“越来越多的男性在照顾年迈的父母方面起着主导作用”，文章第一段提到，大约有1700万男性在照顾一个成年人，符合A选项内容，A选项正确。B选项“男人依靠妻子照顾父母”，文章所说，女性仍然承担着大部分的家庭照顾工作，不符合题意，可排除。C选项“男人负责所有家庭事务，包括洗衣服和做饭”不符合文章内容，可排除。D选项“男人往往被他们的父母视为英雄”，文章所说许多人抱怨他们的兄弟仅仅因为出现了就被当作英雄对待，男人没有被父母视为英雄，因此可排除D选项。因此正确答案为A选项。2.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文中第二段第四句They are less likely to have friends going through similar experiences, and depend more on their jobs for daily human contact.（他们不太可能有朋友经历类似的经历，更多地依靠他们的工作来进行日常的人际交往）。C选项“因为他们找不到可以交谈和分享自己经历的人”，从文章来看，男人不太可能和朋友有类似的经历，C选项的内容符合文章所说。A选项“因为他们觉得被来自父母的压力压垮了”，文章没有提到这个内容，可排除。B选项“因为他们面临着来自女性同行的竞争”，文章所说他们常常被她们的女性同行蒙上阴影，而不是受到竞争，因此B选项可排除。D选项“因为他们对这个角色没有心理准备”，这并不是造成他们有压力和社会孤立的主要原因，D选项可排除。因此正确答案为C选项。3.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第三句Dr. Donna Wagner found that men were less likely to use employee-assistance programs for caregivers because they feared it would be held against them.（唐娜瓦格纳博士发现，男性不太可能使用为看护人提供的员工协助项目，因为他们担心这会对自己不利）。A选项“利用员工援助计划”，从全文来看，男性作为护理的角色一直被忽视，但其实男性护理者同样需要得到认可，因此A选项正确。B选项“在身体上和精神上做出调整”，可以做出调整，但不是解决的最佳方法，B选项可排除。C选项“为父母、孩子和工作安排好时间”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除C选项。D选项“尽可能多地融入外部世界”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除D选项。因此正确答案为A选项。4.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段最后一句because he thought “it would be looked at like, when they hire a male, they expect him to be 100 percent focused.” And he didnt want to appear to be someone who had distractions that detracted from performance.（因为他认为这会让人觉得，当他们雇佣男性时，他们希望他是百分百专注的。他也不想让人觉得他有分心的事情，从而影响了自己的表现。）。D选项“因为他担心这会让他老板的脑海里产生一种分心的印象”，他不想让人觉得他有分心的事情，因此D选项正确。A选项“因为公司没有提供这样的支持项目”，他在一家福利优厚的公司，文章所说公司不支持的项目是员工协助护理人员的项目。因此可排除A选项。B选项“因为有人威胁他要冒着丢掉工作的危险”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除。C选项“因为他觉得送父母去养老院很尴尬”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除。因此正确答案为D选项。5.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句Very clearly, they said they wanted their role as caregivers validated, because in our society, as a whole, men as caregivers have been invisible（很明显，他们说他们希望自己作为照顾者的角色得到认可，因为在我们的社会中，作为一个整体，男性作为照顾者的角色一直被忽视）。C选项“他们在照顾者中的作用没有得到承认”，根据文章内容，男性作为照顾者的角色经常被忽略，也就是他们得不到承认，因此C选项正确。A选项“他们缺乏专业知识和技能”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除。B选项“他们觉得自己不适合做这项工作”，男性并没有觉得自己不适合做这份工作，相反还十分专注，B选项可排除。D选项“他们觉得自己所做的还不够”，他们并没有觉得自己做的不够，只是不被大众认可，D选项可排除。因此正确答案为C选项。4. 翻译题中国人讲究“义利相兼，以义为先”。中非关系最大的“义”，就是用中国发展助力非洲的发展、最终实现互利共赢、共同发展。中方支持非洲人以非洲方式解决非洲问题，主张解决安全问题要标本兼治、综合施策。在工业、基础设施建设、投资和贸易便利化等领域，中非合作将为双方企业投资和贸易提供更多机会，从而提高非洲产业竞争力，弥补非洲基础设施缺口。在现代农业、绿色发展、减贫惠民等方面的合作，将促进中非企业分享先进技术和建立可持续发展模式，增强自主发展能力，提高公共治理水平。【答案】Chinese people pay attention to the phase of righteousness and concurrently to righteousness first. China-Africa relations the righteousness of the biggest boost Africas development is to use Chinas development, Ultimately achieve mutual benefit and win-win results. The common development of Chinas support of the African people in Africa way solve the problem of Africa, argues that to solve security problems to treat both comprehensive ShiCe. In the industrial areas such as infrastructure construction investment and trade facilitation, china-Africa cooperation will provide more opportunities for both business investment and trade, to improve industrial competitiveness, Africa gaps African infrastructure Green development in modern agricultureCooperation in poverty reduction and peoples well-being will encourage Chinese and African companies to share advanced technologies, establish sustainable development models, enhance their capacity for independent development and improve public governance.5. 翻译题(1) Cultural norms so completely surround people, so permeate thought and action that we never recognize the assumptions cm which their lives and their sanity rest. As one observer put it, if birds were suddenly endowed with scientific curiosity they might examine many things, but the sky itself would be overlooked as a suitable subject: if fish were to become curious about the world, it would never occur to them to begin by investigating water. (2) For birds and fish would take the sky and sea for granted, unaware of their profound influence because they comprise the medium for every fact. Human beings, in a similarly way, occupy a symbolic universe governed by codes that are unconsciously acquired and automatically employed. So much so that they rarely notice that the ways they interpret and talk about events are distinctively different from the ways people conduct their affairs in other cultures.As long as people remain blind to the sources of their meanings, they are imprisoned within them. These cultural frames of reference are no less confining simply because they cannot be seen or touched. (3) Whether it is an individual neurosis that keeps an individual out of contact with his neighbors, or a collective neurosis that separates neighbors of different cultures, both are forms of blindness that limit what can be experienced and what can be learned from others.It would seem that everywhere people would desire to break out of the boundaries of their own experiential worlds. Their