2022年考博英语-西北农林科技大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷13

2022年考博英语-西北农林科技大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 填空题English as an official language has gained momentum as proponents keep going to the ballot box with measures that discourage bilingual ballots, notices and documents. Thirty stales now have （1） specifying that official government communications be in English, says U.S. English, a group （2） promotes the laws. This year such bills are under（3）in 19 legislatures. Its multiplying tremendously, says Mauro Mujica, a Chilean immigrant and chairman and CEO of U.S. English. Weve made（4）progress.Critics do not see progress. Some say the increase in the measures nationwide sends a hostile（5）to newcomers. It just poisons the atmosphere in local communities, says John Trasvina, （6）and general counsel of the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund. Typically the proposed laws（7）that documents, ballots and other communications be published in English. Exemptions are communications to protect（8）health and safety or efforts to promote tourism.Advocates say they are not suggesting that English be the only language（9）but that it be the only language used in dealing with government. Mujica, who speaks Spanish in his home, says requiring English for official business encourages,（10）to learn English. That will help them to assimilate（11）U.S. society and prosper in its economy, he says. Were making it too easy for people to function in other languages, he complains.But the effectiveness of the movement is in question since federal sometimes trumps a states official English law. For（12）, the Voting Rights Act requires certain localities to publish bilingual ballots. “Theyve raised the level of anger（13） languages other than English, (but) havent really changed the governments or businesses way of doing（14），”Trasvina said. Rob Toonkel, spokesman for U.S. English, says that is not true. He says the laws do not cover everything（15）ensure that things like drivers licenses, zoning forms and the day-to-day activities are overwhelmingly in English.【答案】1.laws2.that3.consideration4.huge5.message6.president7.require8.public9.spoken10.immigrants11.into12.instance13.against14.business15.but【解析】1.通过分析句子结构，此处应填入名词。结合本句翻译：目前三十个州规定英语为政府官方语言。因此推断出所填入的名词是laws，标示法律规定2.通过分析句子结构可知：“a group promotes the laws”这部分为U.S. English的同位语，其中“ promotes the laws”为定语从句修饰a group，故此处需填入引导词that。3.固定搭配。under consideration “在考虑之中的”。4.联系上文含义。上文中 “Its multiplying tremendously”的中文含义为：其正以惊人的速度成倍增加。推断出所填入的词为huge。5.固定搭配。send a message to“向传递信息”。6.通过分析句子结构可知26 and general counsel of the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund为John Trasvina的同位语。general counsel意为总顾问，由此可以推断出此处也应填入表示职位的名词。因此答案为president。7.分析句子Typically the proposed laws _ that documents, ballots and other communications be published in English.得出这里是虚拟语气在名词从句中的应用：“be published in English”在此处省略了should。由此可以推断所填入的词是一个表示 “命令、要求、建议等语气”的动词，因此答案为require。8.固定搭配。public health and safety 意为公共卫生安全。9.分析句子.that English be the only language but that it be the only language used in dealing with government结构可知：that it be the only language used in dealing with government为宾语从句。因此应填入的词与宾语从句中的used是对应关系，因此填入spoken。10.联系上下文可以推断出此处指的是“鼓励外来移民学习英语”，故所填入的词是 immigrants。11.固定搭配。assimilate into意为“使同化，（使）逐渐混合于（某更大的群体）”。12.固定搭配。For instance “例如”。13.分析句子结构可知：“ 33 languages other than English”做后置定语修饰anger。anger通常与介词 against搭配使用，故此处应填入against。14.固定搭配。way of doing business意为“经营方式”。15.句子He says the laws do not cover everything ensure that things like drivers licenses, zoning forms and the day-to-day activities are overwhelmingly in English.的中文翻译为：他说，这些法律并没有涵盖所有内容， 确保了像驾驶执照、分区表和日常活动都是用英语书写的。可知句子缺少表示转折的词，因此填入but。2. 单选题The British Medical Journal recently featured a strong response to what was judged an inappropriately lenient reaction by a medical school to a student cheating in an examination. Although we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon, its prevention, or its effective management, much can be concluded and acted upon on the basis of common sense and concepts with face validityThere is general agreement that there should be zero tolerance of cheating in a profession based on trust and one on which human lives depend. It is reasonable to assume that cheaters in medical school will be more likely than others to continue to act dishonestly with patients, colleagues, insurers and governments.The behaviors under question are multifactorial in origin. There are familial, religious, and cultural values that are acquired long before medical school. For example, countries, cultures, and subcultures exist where bribes and dishonest behavior are almost a norm. There are secondary schools in which neither staff nor students tolerate cheating and others where cheating is rampant; there are homes which imbue young people with high standards of ethical behavior and others which leave ethical training to the harmful influence of television and the market place.Medical schools reflect society and cannot be expected to remedy all the ills of a society. The selection process of medical students might be expected to favor candidates with integrity and positive ethical behavior-if one had a reliable method for detecting such characteristics in advance. Medical school should be the major focus of attention for imbuing future doctors with integrity and ethical sensitivity. Unfortunately there are troubling, if inconclusive, data that suggest that during medical school the ethical behavior of medical students does not necessarily improve; indeed, moral development may actually stop or even regress.The creation of a pervasive institutional culture of integrity is essential. It is critical that the academic and clinical leaders of the institution set a personal example of integrity. Medical schools must make their institutional position and their expectations of students absolutely clear from day one. The development of a schools culture of integrity requires a partnership with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and nurturing. Moreover, the schools examination system and general treatment of students must be perceived as fair. Finally, the treatment of infractions must be firm，fair, transparent, and consistent.1.What does the author say about cheating in medical schools?2.According to the author, it is important to prevent cheating in medical schools because（ ）.3.What does the author say about the cause(s) of cheating?4.According to the author, what precautions should medical schools take to prevent students from cheating?5.The author will probably agree with which of the following statements?问题1选项A.Extensive research has been done about this phenomenon.B.We have sufficient data to prove that prevention is feasible.C.We are safe to conclude that this phenomenon exists on a grand scale.D.Reliable data about the extent, prevention and management of the phenomenon is lacking.问题2选项A.the medical profession is based on trustB.there is zero tolerance of cheating in medicineC.the medical profession depends on the governmentD.cheating exists extensively in medical schools问题3选项A.Family, culture and society play an active part.B.Bad school environment is the leading cause of student cheating.C.Parents are always to blame for their childrens cheating behavior.D.Cheating exists primarily because students learn bad things from TV.问题4选项A.Medical schools should establish a firm moral standard to weed out applicants with low integrity.B.Medical schools should make efforts to remedy the ills of a society.C.Medical schools should teach future doctors integrity and ethical values.D.There is nothing medical schools can do to improve the ethical behavior of their students.问题5选项A.Medical schools should make exams easier for the students to alleviate the fierce competition.B.Prominent figures in the medical institution should create a set of moral standards to be applied in medical schools.C.Medical students should play an active role in the creation and preservation of a culture of integrity.D.Those students who cheat in the exams should be instantly expelled from school【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.事实细节题。文章第一段提到 “Although we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon, its prevention, or its effective management, much can be concluded and acted upon on the basis of common sense and concepts with face validity. 虽然我们没有足够的可靠数据来说明这一现象的严重程度，也不了解如何预防和进行有效管理，但可以根据常识和看似有效的观念得出很多结论并采取行动”可知，D项“有关这种现象的程度、预防和管控的可靠数据是缺乏的” 正确；也由此知A、B、C三项不正确。2.事实细实题。第二段中提到 “There is general agreement that there should be zero tolerance of cheating in a profession based on trust and one on which human lives depend. 人们普遍认为，在基于信任和有关生命安全的职业中的作弊应该零容忍”可知A“医疗职业基于信任”正确；B“医疗作弊是零容忍的”是结果不是原因；C“医疗行业依靠政府”和D“作弊在医学院中广泛存在”原文均未提及，故选A。3.事实细节题。文章第三段提到“The behaviors under question are multifactorial in origin. There are familial, religious, and cultural values that are acquired long before medical school.导致这些作弊行为的原因很多。这些原因包括在就读医学院之前受到的家庭、宗教及文化影响。” 可知A“家庭，文化和社会发挥重要作用”正确，故选A。4.事实细节题。A项“医学院应该建立一个可靠的道德标准来淘汰低水平的申请者”，文章第四段提到“if one had a reliable method for detecting such characteristics in advance.如果医学院有可靠的方法提前识别学生的品质的话”，此句为条件状语从句，由此可知目前还没有找到这种识别方法，故A不正确；B项 “医学院应该努力纠正所有的社会问题”，文章第四段中提到 “Medical schools reflect society and cannot be expected to remedy all the ills of a society. 医学院的问题反映了整个社会问题，我们不能指望社会的所有弊病都能被纠正”可知B不正确；C项“医学院应该培养未来医生诚信和道德价值观”，第四段中提到“ Medical school should be the major focus of attention for imbuing future doctors with integrity and ethical sensitivity.医学院应该成为未来医生灌输诚信和道德观念的中心”可知C正确；D项“医学院无法改善学生的道德行为”，文章最后一段列举了一些解决学生道德行为问题的方法，如“在医学院中创建一个普遍的诚信文化制度；让医学院的学术领袖树立个人诚信榜样可知D不正确，故选C。5.判断推理题。A项“医学院应该让学生考试更容易，以缓解激烈的竞争。”和D项“考试作弊的学生应该立即被开除出学校”在文中均未提及；B项“医疗机构中的杰出人物应该制定一套道德标准应用于医学院。”原文最后一段提到 “it is critical that the academic and clinical leaders of the institution set a personal example of integrity.医学院的学术领袖树立个人的诚信榜样是很关键的”，可知B项中“create a set of moral standards 创建道徳标准”不正确；C项“医学生应在创建和维护诚信文化方面发挥积极作用”，最后一段提到“The development of a schools culture of integrity requires a partnership with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and nurturing. 学校诚信文化的发展需要与学生建立伙伴关系，使他们在学校的创建和培养中发挥积极作用。”可知C项正确。3. 单选题New technology links the world as never before. Our planet has shrunk. Its now a global village where countries are only seconds away by fax or phone or satellite link. And, of course, our ability to benefit from this high-tech communications equipment is greatly enhanced by foreign language skillsDeeply involved with this new technology is a breed of modern businesspeople who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad. In modern markets, success overseas often help support domestic business efforts.Overseas assignments are becoming increasingly important to advancement within executive ranks. The executive stationed in another country no longer need fear being out of sight and out of mind. He or she can be sure that the overseas effort is central to the companys plan for success, and that promotions often follow or accompany an assignment abroad. If an employee can succeed in a difficult assignment overseas, superiors will have greater confidence in his or her ability to cope back in the United Sates where cross-cultural considerations and foreign language issues are becoming more and more prevalent.Thanks to a variety of relatively inexpensive communications devices with business applications, even small businesses in the United States are able to get into international markets.English is still the international language of business. But there is an ever-growing need for people who can speak another language. A second language isnt generally required to get a job in business, but having language skills gives a candidate the edge when other qualifications appear to be equal.The employee posted abroad who speaks the countrys principal language has an opportunity to fast-forward certain negotiations, and can have the cultural insight to know when it is better to move more slowly. The employee at the home office who can communicate well with foreign clients over the telephone or by fax machine is an obvious asset to the firm.1.What is the authors attitude toward high tech communications equipment?2.With the increased use of high-tech communications equipment, business people（ ）.3.In this passage, out of sight and out of mind (Lines 2-3, Para. 3) probably means（ ）.4.According to the passage, what is an important consideration of international corporations in employing people today?5.The advantage of employees having foreign language skills is that they can（ ）.问题1选项A.CriticalB.IndifferentC.PrejudicedD.Positive问题2选项A.have to get familiar with modern technologyB.are gaining more economic benefits from domestic operationsC.are attaching more importance to their overseas businessD.are eager to work overseas问题3选项A.being unable to think properly for lack of insightB.being totally out of touch with business at homeC.missing opportunities for promotion when abroadD.leaving all care and worthy behind问题4选项A.Connections with business overseasB.Ability to speak the clients language.C.Technical knowledgeD.Business experience问题5选项A.better control the whole negotiation processB.easily find new approaches to meet market needsC.fast-forward their proposals to headquartersD.easily make friends with business people abroad【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.事实细节题。A项“批评的”，B项“漠视的，中立的”，C项“有偏见的”，D项“积极肯定的”。文章第一段提到 “.our ability to benefit from this high-tech communications equipment is greatly enhanced by foreign language skills 我们从这种高科技通信设备中获益的能力因外语技能而大大提高”可知D项符合题意，故选D。2.事实细节题。A项“必须熟悉现代技术”，B项“从国内业务中获得更多的经济效益”，C项“更重视他们的海外业务”，D项“渴望去海外工作”。文章第二段提到“Deeply involved with this new technology is a breed of modern business people who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad. 深入参与这项新技术的是一群现代商人，他们越来越重视跨国商业的经济价值”可知C项正确。3.词汇题。A项“因为缺乏洞察力而无法正确思考”； B项“与国内业务完全脱节”；C项“在国外失去晋升的机会”，D项“完全置之度外”。文章第三段提到“He or she can be sure that the overseas effort is central to the companys plan for success, and that promotions often follow or accompany an assignment abroad. 他或她可以确定，海外业务是公司成功计划的核心，外派往往意味着升职”是对out of sight and out of mind.的补充说明，选项C最符合题意，故选C。4.判断推理题。A项“与海外商业的联系”，B项“能说驻国语”，C项“技术知识”，D项“商业经验”。最后一段提到 “The employee posted abroad who speaks the countrys principal language has an opportunity to fast-forward certain negotiations, and can have the cultural insight to know when it is better to move more slowly. 外派员工能说驻国语，有机会快速推进某些谈判，并能有文化洞察力，知道何时更好地较慢行动”可知B项是“当今国际公司在用人方面的一个重要考虑”，故选B。5.事实细节题。A项“更好地控制整个谈判过程”，B项“很容易找到新的方法来满足市场需求”，C项“迅速向总部反馈他们的建议”，D项“容易与海外商人交朋友”。文章最后一段提到“The employee posted abroad who speaks the countrys principal language has an opportunity to fast-forward certain negotiations, and can have the cultural insight to know when it is better to move more slowly. 外派员工能说驻国语，有机会快速推进某些谈判，并能有文化洞察力，知道何时更好地较慢行动”，可知A项“更好地控制整个谈判的进程”正确。BCD三项在文中均未提及。4. 单选题One of the great things about covering technology is that if you hang around long enough, you get to write the same stories all over again. In 1987, when I first started on the tech beat, desktop PCs were a big deal. Today the excitement has moved to mobile devices, also known as smart phones. Watching this new market unfold is a bit like seeing one of those movies where theyve taken an old classic and remade it with new stars but the same script.Now, as then, a smaller device is displacing a bigger one. Now, as then, the platform remains somewhat primitive but is evolving rapidly, Hardware makers are trying to figure out which user interface works best. Software makers are dreaming up new ways to use machines that even their creators could not have imagined. Now, as then, a new ecosystem is arising, with disruptive technology creating new powerhouses and threatening the survival of market leaders.The most striking Groundhog Day moment for me involves Apple. Back in 1984, Apple leapt way ahead in the PC market when it released the original Macintosh, the first popular computer to employ a graphical user interface. It took Microsoft six years to come up with something that could compare to the Mac, in the form of Windows 3.0. Six years! For all that time, Apple had the market to itself. Nevertheless, Windows took over the world and now holds more than 90 percent market share, while Apple squeaks by with less than 5 percent worldwide.Cut to the mobile phone market, today. In June 2007, Apple introduced the iPhone, a device that was so far beyond everything else in the market that even now, two and a half years later, nothing can beat it. To be sure, Nokia and Research in Motion still hold a greater share of the smart phone market than Apple does, but their aging software platforms look obsolete next to Apples.The question is, will Apple do with the iPhone what it did with the Mac? Will it leap out to a technological lead and then find a way to clutch defeat from the jaws of victory? Or has Apple learned from its previous experience and figured out a way to turn its superior design and wonderful technology into market domination?Probably Apples biggest blunder with the Mac was refusing to let other companies license its software. The thing is, Apple CEO Steve Jobs is a control freak who believes in keeping the software tightly coupled to the hardware. In his mind, this is the only way to guarantee that youll give customers a terrific experience.Microsoft took the opposite approach, letting any PC maker license the Windows operating system. Theres a tradeoff here Microsoft couldnt control the users experience. But its decision led to greater diversity of machines, and lower prices. For most of the world, cheap machines that were good enough trumped Apples prices, perfectionist, and control-freak approach.1.What can we infer from the covering technology market?2.According to the author, the original Macintosh（ ）.3.As to the mobile phone market today,（ ）.4. Apple CEO Steve Jobs holds the idea that（ ）.5.What can we learn from Microsofts approach?问题1选项A.Desktop PCs are dominating the main stream.B.There exists intense technological competition.C.Software makers have replaced the hardware makers.D.Market leaders are reluctant to the market evolvement.问题2选项A.was in the form of Windows 3.0B.was a replacement of Windows 3.0C.has lost its popularity to WindowsD.is the most popular computer by now问题3选项A.Apple iPhone holds the most shareB.iPhones software platform is obsoleteC.Nokia is exceeding Apple in platformD.iPhone still keeps the lead in software问题4选项A.the release of Mac was a total failureB.software and hardware must be boundC.other companies can license its softwareD.Microsoft has no guarantee to customers问题5选项A.The Windows operating system is free for all.B.It has no consideration on users experience.C.It has won a victory over Apples approach.D.It led to lower profits and fierce competition.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.事实细节题。A项“台式电脑占据主流”，文章第一段提到“Today the excitement has moved to mobile devices, also known as smart phones. 今天，这种兴奋已经转移到移动设备上，也被称为智能手机。”可推断A不正确；C项“软件制造商已经取代了硬件制造商”文章第二段提到“ Software makers are dreaming up new ways to use machines that even their creators could not have imagined. 软件制造商正在想出新的方法来使用机器，即使是他们的创造者也无法想象。”可推断软件制造商并非取代硬件制造商，故C不正确；D项“市场领导者不愿意市场演变”文中并未提及；B项“存在着激烈的技术竞争”，文章第二段中列举的“smaller device is displacing a bigger one。更小的设备正在取代更大的设备”及文中提到“苹果电脑的失败”可推断市场存在激烈的技术