2022年考博英语-上海交通大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第71期

2022年考博英语-上海交通大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题While others sat at home studying papers on the subject, Jefferson got into a boat and made （ ） observations.问题1选项A.of-the-spotB.in-the-spotC.on-the-spotD.at-the-spot【答案】C【解析】固定搭配题。on-the-pot指立即, 当场。句意：当其他人坐在家里研究这一课题的论文时，Jefferson上了一艘船并进行了现场观察。2. 单选题Before many people buy a car, a television or a washing machine, they shop around for the best deal. Yet, when some of these people find themselves in a position in which a second medical opinion is a good idea when facing a difficult operation, for example,they are unwilling to go further. Sometimes it doesnt matter. But sometimes it can lead to the wrong treatment, even death.A number of psychological roadblocks get in the way of second medical opinions, but one of the most common is the fear of hurting the feelings of the doctors, and the possible result of that. People may think that in bringing up that they want to get a second opinion theyre questioning the doctors ability, so in the interest of not hurting the feeling of him they dont suggest it.Another reason people avoid getting a second opinion is fear of the second doctor giving them worse news than the first. Says Balyk: You fear that if you go for, say, an ingrown toenail, hell tell you that the toe must come off. The most important consideration is that its in your self interest to get another opinion and it may not be worse.Then, most people trust, even give great respect to their doctors, and regard them as with godlike qualities. So they trust their doctor is right, and dont ask for a second opinion. In fact, it doesnt even occur to them that they shoulD.But you should remember that the doctor is a human being just like you.And sometimes, when people are sick, they become childlike. They put all types of good feelings onto the doctor and just let him take over. At other times, obtaining that second opinion just seems like too much work.But remember, sometimes getting that second medical opinion can mean the difference between life and death.1.From both the first and the last paragraphs we can infer that the author may want to suggest that （ ） .2.Why are some patients afraid of hurting the doctors feelings?3.Another reason some patients dont want to get a second medical opinion is that （ ） .4.In Paragraph 5, by sometimes when people are sick, they become childlike the author means that（ ） .5.The last word work in Paragraph 5 may probably be closest in meaning to （ ） .问题1选项A.one should choose a hospital carefully when illB.one should think seriously before making a medical decisionC.one should never be afraid of questioning the doctors opinionD.a second medical opinion is absolutely necessary问题2选项A.They fear that if so something unhappy will happen.B.They fear that the doctor may let them alone after that.C.They fear the doctor may intentionally give them wrong treatments.D.They have been taught to respect doctors in this way.问题3选项A.they are used to treating doctors as gods in every aspectB.other people will look on them as mad if they do soC.they think it is wrong to doubt the doctors opinionD.doctors usually dont have a second opinion to offer问题4选项A.when people are sick, they behave in every way like a childB.when people are sick, they become unreasonableC.when people are sick, they are too lazy to take care of themselvesD.when people are sick, they rely too much on others问题5选项A.troubleB.energyC.timeD.labor【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段的最后一句可知，当面临医学意见时，有时你做的决定并不重要，但有时它可能将你带入错误的治疗甚至是死亡。也就是说，在做医疗决定之前我们应该认真考虑。选项B符合原文。2.细节推理题。根据第二段的内容可知，一些病人害怕伤害医生的感情是担心可能产生的后果，他们害怕医生认为病人在质疑医生的能力。所以选项A正确。3.语义题。根据第二段的最后一句“People may think that in bringing up that they want to get a second opinion theyre questioning the doctors ability.”人们可能会认为，在提出他们想要得到第二个意见时，他们是在质疑医生的能力。选项C符合原文。4.细节判断题。根据原文句意：有时，当人们生病时，他们变得像孩子一样。也就是说，他们需要别人的照顾, 也就是依赖别人。故答案为D。5.语义题。根据上文对人们避免接受第二种医学意见的描述可以推测，work指trouble，更符合原文语境。所以本题选A。3. 单选题The teacher tried to explain the problem, but the explanation did not （ ） .问题1选项A.come upB.hang onC.get acrossD.look out【答案】C【解析】动词词组辨析。come up 走近;发生;hang on 坚持下去;不挂断;握住不放;get across被理解, 被接受; look out 注意;当心。句意：老师试图解释这个问题, 但这个解释不被大家所接受。选项C符合句意。4. 单选题Some people feel there is a great deal of （ ） between religion and science.问题1选项A.combatB.fightC.conflictD.battle【答案】C【解析】combat战斗,搏斗;fight打架,战斗; conflict冲突,争执; battle斗争,作战。句意：有些人认为宗教和科学之间有很多冲突。选项C符合句意。5. 单选题In New Orleans, Moon Walka pathway along a stretch of the Mississippinow provides the public access that had previously been denieD.Its a charming place, where one night recently a band played on the walk as tourists and residents of the adjacent Vieux Carre (the Old Quarter or French Quarter ) strolled past. A few feet west, the paddlewheeler Natchez sounded its whistle, signaling its imminent departure.Now the city plans to extend public access to the area adjoining Moon Walk in an ambitious design that will, the city hopes, be a part of its development for the next worlds fair. This more ambitious concept for the waterfront will be likely to stir considerable debate as competing projects vie for the opportunities for profit. The development will therefore require substantial participation, cooperation and scrutiny by citizens to make sure that while private profitability is maintained, the publics needs are satisfied, too.The joint efforts of environmentalists, business-people, civic leaders and politicians have transformed abandoned port landscapes in cities throughout America into exciting commercial and recreational centers. Examples are the cannery in San Francisco, the Riverfront Walk in San Antonio Faneuil hall Market in Boston and Harbor place in Baltimore.Its easy to understand why the port areas were neglecteD.Which many cities were growing up along rivers, lakes and natural harbors, depending on water-borne commerce, waterfronts thriveD.After World War II, however, technological changes in transportationimproved planes and airports, the interstate highway system larger tracks for freight trains and containerized shippingmade many old port facilities obsolete. Waterfront areas became peripheral to the life of the city. Piers were abandoned, and the waterfronts lay idle in many older cities, paralleling the more general urban decay.With the 1970s came a period of reflection on this condition and a resurgence of urban pride. Urban renewal stopped being a license for largescale demolition: politicians and planners took a hard look at their available resources and began to experiment with new development techniques. Waterfronts become one focus of the large urban revitalization effort.1.The overall impression of Moon Walk conveyed in the first paragraph is that it is（ ） .2.As used in the passage, the word vie(Para.2,Line 4)most nearly means （ ）.3.The author implies that successful renewal of a waterfront area requires that （ ） .4.Between World War II and the 1970s, waterfronts became（ ） .5.The primary purpose of this passage is to describe（ ） .问题1选项A.crowdedB.noisyC.largeD.pleasant问题2选项A.askB.competeC.prepareD.provide问题3选项A.both public and private interests be consideredB.designs like that of Moon Walk be usedC.technological changes in transportation be madeD.historical monuments be preserved问题4选项A.centers for water-borne commerceB.commercial and recreational centersC.sites of urban decayD.the focus of revitalization efforts问题5选项A.the renewal of waterfront areasB.Moon Walk in New OrleansC.the causes of urban decayD.business expansion of urban areas【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.细节推断题。根据第一段的内容可知, Moon Walk给人的总体印象是一个迷人的地方, 说明能使人愉悦, 所以选项D正确。2.词义判断题。根据原文competing projects vie for the opportunities for profit.既然是竞争型的项目, 当然是为赢得利益的机会进行竞争, 所以选项B符合原文句意。3.细节判断题。根据第二段的最后一句The development . the publics needs are satisfied, too.发展将需要公民的大量参与、合作和监督, 以确保在保持个人盈利的同时, 也能满足公众的需求。所以选项A符合原文。4.细节判断题。根据关键词the 1970s定位到最后一段, 本句中所提到的现象即上一段末尾提及的Waterfront areas became . general urban decay.海滨地区成了城市的边缘地带。码头被废弃了, 滨水地区在许多老城市中闲置着, 类似于城市哀退的状况。所以选项C正确。5.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知本文主要是讲述滨水地区的复兴问题, 即重建滨江区, 所以选项A正确。6. 单选题When most people think about changing their body shape, they usually focus on just losing weight. Books and magazines about dieting are among the most popular in the worlD.Dieting is an important part of staying fit and healthy, but losing weight by means of dieting takes time; losing weight too fast can cause great health problems. Dieting means changing ones eating habits to a healthier pattern, but many women mistake the concept of dieting and think that the less one eats, the better. As a result, they lose health as well as weight.Aerobic exercise is a moderate intensity workout that, over a certain period of time, will improve the bodys use of oxygen. Nowadays aerobic exercise has become a very trendy workout among youths. Not only is performing aerobic exercise interesting, but it is also very beneficial for health. There are different types of aerobics like jogging, swimming, kickboxing, fitness walking, inline skating, bicycling, etC.Aerobics strengthens the heart and lungs. It is also especially popular with women.But neither of these two methods, dieting and aerobics, can help shape the body. To do this you need to build muscle. So, if a firmer and shapelier body is your goal, 60 percent of your exercise routine should involve strengthening moves, and only 30 percent should be aerobic exercises.For a proper body-shaping routine, you should plan three strength-training sessions a week with weights. Use weights which are as heavy as possible while still allowing you to do 8 to 12 reps of each exercise. Do one to three exercises for each muscle groups-for example, chest and biceps, or back, shoulders and triceps.You should combine this with fast-paced aerobics activities, like swimming, cycling, walking, running, or in-line skating, plan three to four workouts a week, 15 to 20 minutes each, increasing the pace each week.As you build muscle, you may find that you gain weight in spite of all of your calorie-burning exercise. Dont worry. Its probably muscle, which is denser than fat. And muscle is also a calorie-burning tissue. With more muscle, you can burn more calories, even when you are not exercising.When you are trying to build muscle, you need two to three serving of protein a day, but the main part of your diet should be carbohydrates. And in order to get the energy you need for a high-intensity workout, you should eat something, especially carbohydrates, an hour or so before your workout.While weight training will firm and shape your body, it has other benefits too. It improves bone and muscle strength and burns calories, leading to improved health and a higher quality of life.1.Which of the following is NOT true about dieting?2.Workouts include all the following except （ ） .3.Which of the following is NOT one of the suggestions given in the passage?4.Which of the following is NOT true?5.Whats the ultimate purpose of strength-training with weights?问题1选项A.Dieting is about changing ones eating habits.B.Dieting does not necessarily mean eating less than one used to.C.Dieting does not necessarily mean losing weight.D.Losing weight is bound to cause great health problems.问题2选项A.bicyclingB.dietingC.weight trainingD.aerobic exercise问题3选项A.Exercise should be done for each major group of muscles.B.When you do weight-training, the weights you use should be as heavy as possible.C.Go on a proper diet for muscle-building.D.Muscle-building exercise should be combined with aerobic activities.问题4选项A.Muscle-building exercise results in weight-gaining, but that is not a problem to worry about.B.Muscle helps one keep fit.C.Improved muscle strength can lead to a higher quality of life.D.Weight-training helps shape up you body.问题5选项A.To increase the pace of your aerobic exercise.B.To burn more calories and lose weight.C.To build muscle and lose weight.D.To shape your body and make your life more enjoyable【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.细节判断题。根据第一段的倒数第二句Dieting means changing . one eats, the better.可知选项A和B均正确；根据第一段第三句的上半句Dieting is an important part of staying fit and healthy, .可知选项C正确；根据第一段第三句的下半句losing weight too fast can cause great health problems.减肥过快会导致严重的健康问题。选项D缺少too fast这个条件, 所以不正确。2.细节判断题。根据第三段的第一句But neither of these two methods, dieting and aerobics, can help shape the body.可知dieting和workout 是并列关系, 并非包含关系。所以选项B正确。3.细节判断题。根据第四段的第二句Use weights which are as heavy as possible while still allowing you to do 8 to 12 reps of each exercise.尽可能使用重的杠铃, 同时还能做8到12次的锻炼。而不是选项B中所说的越重越好, 所以选项B错误。4.细节判断题。根据末段的最后一句It improves bone and muscle strength and burns calories, leading to improved health and a higher quality of life.健康状况的改善才能提髙生活质量, 而不是增加肌肉力量, 选项C本末倒置, 所以错误。5.细节判断题。根据末段的最后一句It improves bone and muscle strength and burns calories, leading to improved health and a higher quality of life.体能训练的最终目的是改善健康状况, 从而提髙生活质量。所以选项D符合原文。7. 单选题（ ） in their island community, the various tribes used languages which became more and more similar to each others.问题1选项A.ManagedB.ShrunkC.AssumedD.Isolated【答案】D【解析】动词辨析题。manage经营, 管理; shrink收缩, 退缩; assume假设,猜想; isolate使隔离, 使孤立, 使脱 离。句意：在与世隔绝的岛上，各个部落使用的语言越来越相似。选项D符合句意。8. 单选题My seven-year old nephew had a pair of new shoes in April and hes already （ ） them.问题1选项A.outweighedB.outgrownC.outlivedD.outreached【答案】B【解析】形近词辨析。outweighed 比重; outgrown 长得大而容不进, 比长得快（或高、大）; outlived 比活得长久; outreached 超越, 伸出。句意：我七岁的侄子四月份买了一双新鞋, 现在已经穿不下了。选项B符合句意。9. 单选题So far, the police can only （ ） on the possible motives for the killing.问题1选项A.conceiveB.speculateC.assumeD.imagine【答案】B【解析】conceive构思, 设想; speculate推测; assume假定;承担; imagine想象,猜想。句意：到目前为止, 警方只能推测可能的杀人动机。选项B符合句意。10. 单选题In a supermarket, all commodities are open to customers who can select what they need （ ） .问题1选项A.with their easeB.at their easeC.at their easinessD.with their easiness【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。 at one s ease是固定短语,意为没有拘束的。句意：在超市里, 所有的商品都对顾客开放, 顾客可以自由选择他们需要的东西。11. 单选题Normally Americans do not assess their visitors in relaxed surroundings over prolonged small talk; much less do they take out for dinner, while they develop a pre-business sense of trust and rapport. Rapport to most of them is less important than performance. They seek out credentials of past performance rather than evaluating a business colleague through social manners. Since they generally assess and probe professionally rather than socially, they start talking business very quickly.Most Americans live in time segments by engagement calendars. These calendars may be divided into intervals as short as fifteen minutes. They oftengivea person two or three (or more) segments of their calendar, but in the business world they almost always have other appointments following hard on the heels of whatever they are doing. Time is therefore always ticking in their inner ear.1.Americans are slaves to nothing but the clock. This means（ ） .2.It can be inferred from the passage that since Americans value time highly, they（ ） .3.According to the passage, Americans evaluate their business colleague based on（ ） .4.Which of the following statement is true according to the passage?5.Which might be the best title of the passage?问题1选项A.Americans values the clock highly.B.Americans are slaves to anything else rather than the clock.C.Americans are slaves to the time rather than anything else.D.Americans are slaves to luxurious clock.问题2选项A.hate someone else wasting timeB.are short-temperedC.are restlessD.hope to gain some return from the passed time问题3选项A.pre-business sense of trust and intimacyB.the past performanceC.the social courtesiesD.the prolonged small talk问题4选项A.Americans have one appointment after another.B.Between two appointments there might be 150 minutes rest.C.Americans can always hear the clicking of the clock.D.Americans agendas are always fully engaged.问题5选项A.The Thing Americans Do Save TimeB.Time in Americans Eyes.C.Americans Way to Save Time.D.Time: A Precious Commodity to Americans.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.细节推断题。根据第二段的第二句Time is treated as if it were an almost tangible entry.人们似乎把时间当做是一个实实在在的东西来对待。说明美国人很看重时间, 选项C正确。2.细节推断题。根据第三段的第一句, 美国人高度重视时间, 所以他们讨厌那些过度浪费时间的人, 选项A表达有误。根据第三段的最后一句, 如果他们没有从过去的时间里得到些什么作为回报, 他们会焦躁不安。也就是说他们希望时间流逝过后, 自己能有所收获, 而不是碌碌无为, 所以选项D符合原文。3.细节事实题。根据第四段的倒数第二句They seek out credentials of past performance rather than evaluating a business colleague through social manners.他们寻找过去业绩的证明, 而不是通过社交礼仪来评估一位商业同事。选项B正确。4.细节判断题。根据最后一段的首尾两句可知,美国人总是被时间追赶着,能听见钟表的声音。选项C符合原文。5.主旨大义题。本文主要讲述美国人的时间观念。选项B正确。12. 单选题Hypertension places stress on a number of organs (called target organs), including the kidney, eyes, and heart, causing them to（ ） over time.问题1选项A.deteriorateB.distressC.underscoreD.dilute【答案】B【解析】动词辨析题。deteriorate恶化，变坏；distress悲痛，苦恼，不幸；underscore强调，底线； dilute稀释，冲淡。句意：高血压使许多器官受到压力，包括肾脏、眼睛和心脏，久而久之会使它们感到痛苦。选项B符合句意。13. 写作题Directions: For this part, you are allowed 45 minutes to write a short essay of about 300 words following the picture given below: (1) Describe the picture. (2) Give your opinion. Write the essay on the ANSWER SHEET (2) only.【答案】As can be seen from the picture, an old father is sitting alone in sofA.There are two birthday gifts from his oldest son and second son, but no children keep company with the old man.The picture reflects a common social phenomenon from an angle people tend to care more for the next generation, and regretfully, not a few young couples neglect to show the same concern over their old parents, and some of them even treat their old parents badly.From my point of view, what we can do is strike a better balance between the two poles: the children and the parents. To respect and take good care of old parents is our due responsibility, which has been a highly prized virtue among the Chinese for over two thousand years. On the one hand, we are supposed to plan the time wisely. After spending most of time on school assignments and homework, we can spend one hour or two on the Internet a week. As a high school student, too much time spent on line will lead to failure in exams. Busy as we are, we should by no means neglect to offer our old parents material and emotional supports. On the other hand, we are expected to offer helps to our parents rather than wait for their asking. More important, we should be always ready to talk with our parents, which can ease their minds and removes the worries. Only in this way can a harmonious atmosphere be created in the family life. Lastly, we should always remember that what you have done for your old parents is not only a repayment to them, but also a good example to educate your own children.It is not difficult in doing these easy things, or we will lose the chance to love them forever.14. 单选题The first few months of the year I had dreaded the ringing of the telephone, because I