2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷73

2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题If innovators are not financially rewarded for their innovations, the incentive for path-breaking innovation will eventually dry up.问题1选项A.investmentB.resourceC.inspirationD.stimulus【答案】D【解析】名词辨析。句意: 如果创新者不能从改革创新中获取经济回报，那么他们的创新 最终就会减弱。investment:投资，投入; resource:资源，财力; inspiration: 灵感，鼓舞; stimulus刺激。incentive:动机，刺激。故选D。2. 单选题Western states were the first to give women the vote. Between 1869 and the outbreak of World War I，seventeen states west of the Mississippi gave women the right to vote in state elections and Representatives. It was not until 1920 that the Federal Government under pressure by suffragettes (women insisting on their right to vote), following the states lead and permitted women to take part in national elections for Congresswomen and the President.Women have made great strides since then in achieving political equality. Recently, American feminists have been working hard to achieve social and economic equality as well as political. Their belief is that, as there is nothing that women cannot do just as men, they should be shown the same respect and have the same social rights and the same pay as their male counterparts. Anything less is discrimination and sexism.Few American girls agree with the extreme feminists who deride marriage and romantic love, but more and more of them are prepared to live with a man outside marriage, often saved enough money. Young couples today share both the household chores and care of the baby.The old generations, especially those that live in the city suburbs, are bewildered and disturbed by this trend. It is all against the great American tradition of the “home” as the symbol of the unified family.The American woman makes the most of her free time. She helps with political campaigns. She sits on committees. She goes to classes of all kinds, from health foods to English literature, from environmental studies to karate. She swims, plays tennis, and she takes an active interest in her childrens education. In most of these activities her companions are other housewives from her neighborhood.There are women executives of some important industries and businesses. In fact there are women in most jobs which were formerly reserved for men. There are women lawyers, doctors, architects, as well as women bus drivers, but the ordinary working women will earn less than a man gets for doing the same jobalthough there is a law which makes this illegal. American girls tend to marry young, which means that 60% of the women in work are married. This also helps to explain why so many young married couples have such a high standard of living.American women seem to have more self-confidence than women from most other countries. For years they have felt no inferiority whatsoever to the male sex. Therefore visitors to the USA rarely meet militant feminists.1.When were the American women first given right to vote in national elections?2.American feminists believe that women（ ） .3.What attitude do the American women have towards marriage according to the passage?4.During their free-time, American women are usually engaged in （ ）.5. Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?问题1选项A.In 1869B.During World War IC.In 1920D.In recent years问题2选项A.have made great progress in obtaining both political and social equalityB.have achieved both social and economical equalityC.have not got enough social and economical equality as well as political oneD.have not had the same self-confidence as the men have问题3选项A.Most of them still believe in marriage and romantic loveB.Their marriage should be able to bring them money and home.C.Extreme feminists are ready to live with a man outside marriageD.The younger generations of women prefer to have a unified family问题4选项A.helping with political movementsB.learning how to fight to protect themselvesC.doing housework and taking care of childrenD.both A and B问题5选项A.American FeministsB.American Women and Their Struggle for EqualityC.American GirlsD.Women and Rights【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实。第一段中提出直到1920年女性取得了议会和总统选举的投票权，故选C。2.细节事实。第二段: they should be shown the same respect and have the same social rights and the same pay as their male counterparts(他们应该受到同样的尊重，享有同样的社会权利，和他们的男性同事一样的待遇)。故选C:美国女权主义者认为她们没有足够的社会经济平等和政治平等。3.判断推理。第三段第一句提出很少的美国女孩不赞成女权主义者嘲笑婚姻和恋爱。故选A。4.细节事实。根据题干关键词定位至第五段: She helps with political campaigns. She sits on committees,故选D。5.主旨大意题。全文主要介绍了美国妇女维护自己的权利和公平。3. 单选题We all know that it is very hard to（ ） him to give his plan up.问题1选项A.endeavorB.reduceC.assertD.induce【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意: 我们都知道很难让他放弃他的计划。endeavor努力；尽力。reduce减少； 降低；使处于；把.分解；归纳为。assert维护，坚持；断言； 主张；声称。induce诱导；引起；引诱；感应。4. 单选题（ ）It was after the failure of this attempt that he to force.问题1选项A.resolvedB.recurredC.exertedD.resorted【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意: 自那次试验失败后，他诉诸武力。resolve:决心，分解;recur:复发，重视，再发生;exert: 运用，发挥。resort:求助，诉诸。此句是个强调句型，强调是状语。Resort to诉诸,求助于。故D项符合句意。5. 填空题Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists（1）research the relation between actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain （2）rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence（3） approval and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks （4）in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, （5）to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.“If kids know theyre working for a （6） and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity，says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark.“But its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for（7）performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.”A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with discouraged students, Eisenberger holds （8） an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing （9）.In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in （10）students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.【答案】（1）who（2）that（3）on（4）creativity（5）according（6）reward（7）poor（8）As（9）grades（10）which【解析】（1）语法题。考查定语从句。此空后的句子为定语从句，先行词为“Behaviorists”，所以应填关系代词who，引导修饰人的定语从句。（2）语法题。考查宾语从句。空后的内容为maintain的宾语，应填一个可引导宾语从句的词。而且上文的宾语从句“argue that.”也可以推断出本空填that。（3）固定搭配。固定短语depend on意为“依赖，依靠”，其名词形式dependence也需要跟介词 on。（4）语义连接。本文是在讲述奖励、表扬与创造性的关系，此句意为“但是小心地使用小量的金钱报酬能激起分级学校孩子们的 ”第一段中提到“destroy creativity”, 因此该空格处应填“creativity”。（5）固定搭配。According填在空格处, 句意为：根据一项个性与社会心理学的六月杂志的研究。（6）语义连接。本文讲奖励与创造性的关系，此句意为“如果孩子们知道他们在 为 工作。”显然，此空处应填“reward”(奖励) 。（7）语义连接。推测此句意为“但是如果奖励表现不好的, 或者制造过高的对创造力的奖励期望值,这很容易扼杀创造性。因此此处填poor比较合适。（8）语义连接。此句意为作为后一种观点的例子”。（9）语义连接。前句句意: 给平常成绩的学生打高分的老师，最终会使学生泄气。此句句意: 他指出，各大学在严格控制评分标准和恢复不及格成绩方面做出越来越多的努力。此处应填grade的复数形式。（10）语法题。考查定语从句。此空后的句子应为定语从句，先行词为“token economies”，故此空应填一个可引导定语从句的关系词，而且空格前面有介词in,故只能填“which”。6. 单选题For most allergies, the best treatment is（ ） of the bothersome substances from the sensitive persons environment.问题1选项A.dissipationB.deviationC.eliminationD.pacification【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。句意: 对于大多数过敏者，最好的治疗就是消除过敏源一一些敏感人群环境的东西。dissipation浪费；消散；物损 耗。deviation偏差；误差；背离。elimination消除；淘汰。pacification和解; 平定；讲和。7. 单选题We all know that Mary has had a strict （ ）.问题1选项A.growthB.upbringingC.developmentD.cultivation【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。句意:我们都知道Mary家教严格。growth：成长，生长; upbring成长; development:发展，容易排除; cultivation: 侧重指“开垦，耕作”。 a strict upbring意为“严格的教养”。8. 单选题His expenditure on holidays and luxuries is rather high in （ ）to his income.问题1选项A.comparisonB.proportionC.associationD.calculation【答案】B【解析】短语辨析。句意: 与收入相比，他在假期旅行和奢侈品上的开销太高了。comparison 比较，常用于by/in comparison with 与.相比较；in proportion to 与.成比例；与相比； association 联系，合伙，常用于in association with 与.联系；与合伙； calculation 计算。因此B项正确。9. 单选题This book should be well-recommended within the （ ）of anyone who has studied English for four years.问题1选项A.possessionB.competenceC.confidenceD.qualification【答案】D【解析】名词辨析。句意: 应向学过四年英语的人力荐这本书。possession:拥有，所有,个人财产。competence:能力，胜任,本领。confidence: 信心。qualification:资格，条件。10. 单选题You mustnt allow your work to become sloppy, but rather you should try to improve it.问题1选项A.fall offB.come offC.put offD.wear off【答案】A【解析】动词短语辨析。句意: 你不应该让你的工作水平下滑，而应当努力提高。、fall off:下降，降低。come off:举行，达到效果。Put off：推迟，延迟。Wear off:麿损，逐渐消逝。sloppy:马虎的，草率的，粗心的。故A与原文相符。11. 单选题The tenant left nothing behind except some（ ） of paper, cloth, etc.问题1选项A.sheetsB.scrapsC.pagesD.slices【答案】B【解析】量词辨析。句意: 除了废纸和废布，租客什么也没有留下。Sheet 张, 块, 通常用于形容一 张纸或者一块玻璃、金属或木头等; scraps废弃的; page 页; slice (食物的)薄片。故选B。12. 单选题Share prices on the Stock Exchange plunged sharply in the morning but（ ）lightly in the afternoon.问题1选项A.regainedB.recoveredC.restoredD.revived【答案】B【解析】同义词辨析。句意: 证券交易所今早股价大跌，下午略有回升。Regain重新获得(所有权); recover恢复; restore恢复.存在或使用; revive恢复；复兴, 多指某国或某一区域经济萧条后振兴。因此这里选B合适。13. 单选题Opponents of affirmative action say the battle over the use of race in college admissions is hardly over, despite the Supreme Courts ruling Monday upholding the goal of a diverse student body. Higher education leaders overwhelmingly hailed the decision, saying it reaffirmed policies used by most selective colleges and universities. But some critics raised the possibility of more lawsuits, and promised to continue pressuring the Department of Educations Office of Civil Rights to investigate questionable policies. “Were talking about admissions programs, scholarships, any program, only for minorities or in which the standards used to judge admissions are substantially different.” says Linda Chavez, founder and president of the Center for Equal Opportunity, a conservative non-profit group.Others say theyll take their case to voters. “We have to seriously contest all this at the ballot box.” Says University of California regent Ward Cannerly, who helped win voter approval of Californias Proposition 209, which prohibits considering race or gender in public education, hiring and contracting. Because of that law, Mondays ruling had no practical impact in the state. “It may be time for us to .let the (Michigan) voters decide if they want to use race as a factor in admissions.” Connerly said Monday.Meanwhile, U.S. Education Secretary Rod Paige, consistent with President Bushs stance opposing affirmative action, said the Department of Education will “continue examining and highlighting effective race-neutral approaches to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions.” Even Supreme Court Justice Sandra DayO Connor, in one of the opinions, recommended that states look for sessions in race-neutral programs being tried in California and elsewhere. While the ruling said admissions officials may consider race in the selection process, colleges and universities are not obligated to do so. “Ultimately in the debate, diversity is a choice, not a legal mandate, says Arthur Coleman, a former Department of Education official who now helps colleges and universities ensure constitutional policies.The public, too, remains conflicted, largely along racial lines. According to a January poll by the non-profit research organization Public Agenda, 79% of Americans said it is important for colleges to have a racially diverse student body, while just 54% said affirmative action programs should continue. In a Gallup poll conducted days before the ruling, 49% of adults said they favor affirmative action and 43% did not, with blacks and Hispanics far more likely to favor the practice than whites. And some educators doubt that with Mondays ruling, those opposing affirmative action will change their minds.For now, admissions officials and university lawyers are poring over the ruling to determine how or whether to adjust policies. While most tend to be closed-mouthed about admissions policies, may say they dont expect significant changes.1.What the critics said in the first paragraph amounts to the idea that（ ）2.Connerly insists that the Courts ruling should（ ） .3.What is the attitude of the Department of Education towards affirmative action?4.Which of the following is TRUE about affirmative action according to the text?5.It can be inferred from the text that one of the major objectives of affirmative action is to（ ）问题1选项A.no admission policies based on race should be implemented.B.minority applicants based on race should be implemented.C.different standards for admitting minority students should be set up.D.selective colleges and universities should be punished for their discriminatory policies.问题2选项A.win approval from Californian voters before it is put in effect.B.be contested by the Michigan voters with an opinion poll.C.be applied in some states before it is extended to other states.D.produce the intended practical effect before it is widely accepted.问题3选项A.NeutralityB.ObjectionC.ApprovalD.Indifference问题4选项A.A vast majority of people support it.B.The minorities claim it to be a discriminatory policy.C.The minority students are more likely to welcome it.D.The Courts decision will certainly change peoples attitude to it.问题5选项A.ensure race-neutral programs are set up in colleges and universities.B.adapt the Supreme Courts ruling to college situations.C.formulate the right policies for college admissions.D.discourage the practice of racial discrimination in college admissions.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.细节题。第一段：But some critics raised the possibility of more lawsuits, and promised to continue pressuring the Department of Educations Office of Civil Rights to investigate questionable policies (反对者们提出了更多诉讼的可能性，并承诺继续向教育部民权办公室施压，要求其调查可疑的招生政策)。故选A(不应实施偏向少数民族的入学政策)。2.细节题。定位至第二段Connerly 所说:It may be time for us to .let the (Michigan) voters decideif they want to use race as a factor in admissions (我 们也许应该让密歇根州的选民们来决定他们是否赞同将种族当做录取因素)。故选B。3.推断题。根据题干关键词Department of Education定位至第三段: U.S. Education Secretary Rod Paige, consistent with President Bushs stance opposing affirmative action, said the Department of Education will “continue examining and highlighting effective race-neutral approaches to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions (与布什总统反对赞助性行动的立场(stance)一致，美国教育部长Paige说，教育部将“继续审查并强调有效的种族中立政策，确保公立大学(public institution) 招收学生的广泛代表性和多样化)。故选B。4.细节题。第四段指出:In a Gallup poll conducted days before the ruling, 49% of adults said they favor affirmative action and 43% did not, with blacks and Hispanics far more likely to favor the practice than whites (在判决前几天进行的民意测验中，49%的成年人说他们赞成赞助性行动，43%的人不赞成，黑人和拉美裔比白人更倾向于这种做法)。故选C。5.推断题。支持赞助性行动的人则是担心录取过程会出现种族歧视，因此才要求大学保证招收一定比例的少数民族学生。因此推断他们希望赞助性行为可以减少大学入学时的种族歧视。14. 判断题测试使用的判断题，请勿组到其他试卷中，该试题只用于后台测试，造成不便请多包涵问题1选项A.对B.错【答案】A【解析】试题解析15. 单选题He knows little of mathematics, and （ ）of chemistry.问题1选项A.even moreB.still lessC.no lessD.still more【答案】B【解析】语义题。句意: 他对数学知之甚少，对化学知道的就更少了。even more:更多地，更加; still less:更不用说，更何况; no less:仍然，不相上下; still more:更多。因此B项符合句意。16. 单选题This project would （ ）a huge increase in defense spending.问题1选项A.resultB.assureC.entailD.accomplish【答案】C【解析】动词辨析。句意: 这个项目必须要 在国防上的开支。Result导致; assure 保证, 使某人相信; entail使. 是必需的; accomplish完成, 实现 (目标)，多用于完成某项任务或目标。因此C项符合句意。17. 单选题Foreign disinvestment and the （ ）of South Africa from world capitalmarkets after 1985 further weakened its economy.问题1选项A.displacementB.eliminationC.exclusionD.exception【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。句意:1985以后，外资撤资以及世界资本市场的 （ ）使南非经济进一步削弱。displacement 代替; Elimination 剔除, 消除，消灭; Exclusion 排斥; Exception 例外。18. 单选题An explanation of an earthquake is a description of the chain of（ ） that produces it.问题1选项A.causalityB.marginC.persistenceD.purpose【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意: 地震的解释就是对造成地震因果关系链的描述。causality因果关系。margin边缘； 利润。persistence持续；固执；存留。purpose目的，意图。19. 单选题Since the early nineties, the trend in most businesses has been toward on-demand, always-available products and services that suit the customers （ ）rather than the company s.问题1选项A.benefitB.availabilityC.suitabilityD.convenience【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。句意: 九十年代早期开始，大多数公司就倾向于经营随需应变、随时可用的产品和服务。这样为顾客提供了 ，而不是为公司提供便利。Suit ones convenience 对便利。20. 单选题The multi-billion-dollar Western pop music industiy is under fire. It is being blamed by the United Nations for the dramatic rise in drug abuse worldwide. “The most worrisome development is a culture of drug-friendliness that seems to be gaining prominence，” said the UNs 13-member International Narcotics Control Board in a report released in late February 1998.The 74-page study says that pop music, as a global industry, is by far the most influential trend-setter for young people of most cultures. “Some lyrics advocate the smoking of marijuana(大麻)or taking other drugs, and certain pop stars make statements and set examples as if the use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes were a normal and acceptable part of a persons lifestyle,” the study says.Surprisingly, says the Board, the effect of drug-friendly pop music seems to survive despite the occasional shock of death by overdose. “Such incidents tend to be seen as an occasion to mourn the loss of a role model, and not an opportunity to confront the deadly effect of recreational drug use，” it notes. Since the 1970s, several internationally famous singers and movie starsincluding Elivis Presley, Janice Joplin, John Belushi, Jimi Hendrix, Jonathan Melvin and Andy Gibbs-have died of either drug abuse or drug related illnesses. With the globalization of popular music, messages tolerating or promoting drug abuse are now reaching beyond their countries of origin. “In most countries, the names of certain pop stars have become familiar to the members of every household,” the study says.The UN study also blames the media for its description of certain drug issues-especially the use of marijuana and issues of liberalization and legalization, which encourages, rather than prevents, drug abuse. “Over the last years, we have seen how drug abuse is increasingly regarded as being acceptable or even attractive,” says Hamid Ghodse, president of the Board. “Powerful pressure groups run political campaigns aimed at legalizing controlled drugs，” he says. Ghodse also points out that all these developments have created an environment which is tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse and spoils international drug prevention efforts currently underway.The present study, he says, focuses on the issue of demand reduction and prevention within an environment that has become tolerant of drug abuse. The Board calls on governments to do their legal and moral duties, and to act against the pro-drug messages of the youth cul