2022年考博英语-中国政法大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第153期

2022年考博英语-中国政法大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Their findings are consistent with some of the established theories on longevity.问题1选项A.compatibleB.coherentC.compactD.competent【答案】B【解析】考查近义词辨析。consistent表示“一致的”。A项compatible“兼容的，能共处的”，B项coherent“连贯的，一致的”，C项compact“紧凑的，坚实的”，D项competent“胜任的，有能力的”；句意：他们的发现与一些关于长寿的既定理论相一致。根据句意该题选B。2. 单选题In the long run, the new system, which is uniform and simpler, will save money.问题1选项A.In the course of long experienceB.On account of financial difficultiesC.With the view of enriching the peopleD.In the light of economic reckoning【答案】A【解析】考查词义辨析。In the long run表示“从长远看”；A项In the course of long experience“在长期经验的过程中”，B项On account of financial difficulties“因为财政困难”，C项With the view of enriching the people “以富民的观点”，D项In the light of economic reckoning“根据经济计算”。句意：从长远来看，统一且更简单的新系统将节省资金。因此A项正确。3. 单选题Geysers have often been compared to volcanoes _ they both emit hot liquids form below the Earths surface.问题1选项A.due toB.becameC.in spite ofD.regardless of【答案】A【解析】考查句子逻辑。从句子的意思可以知道，前后成分是结果与原因的关系，所以我们需要选择一个表示原因的连接词，A项due to“由于”，后面接表示原因的名词性成分；B项become“变成”，不符合逻辑；C项in spite of“尽管”表示让步；D项regardless of“不管”表示条件；这里题干其实省略了一个that。句意：间歇泉经常被比作火山，因为它们都释放出地表下的热液体。因此，该题正确答案为A。4. 单选题Human eyesight is so keen that on a clear, moonless night a person standing on a mountain peak can see a match being struck as far as fifty miles away.问题1选项A.slappedB.litC.stuckD.blazed【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。struck表示“打击，划（火柴），罢工”。A项slap“拍击”，B项lit“点亮，点燃”，C项stick“刺，戳”，D项blaze“燃烧，照耀”。句意：人类的视力是如此敏锐，在一个晴朗、没有月亮的夜晚，一个人站在山顶上，就能看到50英里外的人正在划一根火柴。根据题意该题选B。5. 单选题The month which started with the fall of Rome witnessed also the fall of other cities and the German Fortress was successfully besieged.问题1选项A.suppressedB.surveyedC.surroundedD.surrendered【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。besiege表示“围困，包围”；A项suppress“抑制，镇压”，B项survey“调查，测量”，C项surround“围绕，包围”，D项surrender“投降，放弃”。句意：从罗马沦陷开始的那个月，也见证了其他城市的沦陷，德国要塞被成功包围。根据句意该题选C。6. 单选题The remaining three quarters of the population will incur medical bills that are less than what they pay for health insurance.问题1选项A.receiveB.sufferC.keepD.make【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。incur在句中是“承受”，A选项receive“接受”；B选项suffer“遭受”；C选项keep“保持”；D选项make“制造，制作”。句意：剩下四分之三的人将遭受医疗费用比他们所交的医疗保险还要低的境遇。因此B选项正确。7. 单选题Scientists claim that air pollution causes a decline in the worlds average air temperature. In order to prove that theory, ecologists have turned to historical data in relation to especially huge volcanic eruptions. They suspect that volcanoes affect weather changes that are similar to air pollution.One source of information is the effect of the eruption of Tambora, a volcano in Sumbawa, the Dutch East Indies, in April 1815. The largest recorded volcanic eruption, Tambora threw 150 million tons of fine ash into the stratosphere. The ash from a volcano spreads worldwide in a few days and remains in the air for years. Its effect is to turn incoming solar radiation into space and thus cool the earth. For example, records of weather in England show that between April and November 1815, the average temperature had fallen 4,5 F. During the next twenty four months, England suffered one of the coldest periods of its history. Farmers records from April 1815 to December 1818 indicate frost throughout the spring and summer and sharp decreases in crop and livestock markets. Since there was a time lag of several years between cause and effect, by the time the world agricultural commodity community had deteriorated, no one realized the cause.Ecologists today warn that we face a two-fold menace. The ever-present possibility of volcanic eruptions, such as that of Mr. St. Helens in Washington, added to mans pollution of the atmosphere with oil, gas, coal, and other polluting substances, may bring us increasingly colder weather.41. It is believed that the earth gets colder when _.42. The effects of Tamboras eruption were _.43. The cause of cold weather in England from 1815 to 1818 was _.44. No one realized the cause of the deterioration of the world agricultural commodity market because _.45. If, as some scientists predict, the world ends in ice, what might be the cause?问题1选项A.volcanoes eruptB.the air is polluted by modern manC.the rays of the sun are turned into spaceD.all of the above问题2选项A.felt mainly in the Dutch East IndiesB.of several days duration worldwideC.evidence of pollutions cooling the earthD.immediately evident to the worlds scientists问题3选项A.decreased crop and livestock productionB.volcanic ash in the atmosphereC.pollution caused by the Industrial RevolutionD.its proximity to the North Sea问题4选项A.there was a long delay between cause and effectB.the weather is beyond our comprehensionC.weather forecasts were inaccurateD.ecologists didnt exist until modern times问题5选项A.Modern mans pollution of the air.B.Volcanic eruptions.C.Obliteration of solar radiation.D.All of the above.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】41.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“人们相信在地球会变得更冷”。根据文章第一段首句Scientists claim that air pollution causes a decline in the worlds average air temperature（科学家声称，空气污染导致世界平均气温下降）和最后一句They suspect that volcanoes affect weather changes that are similar to air pollution.（科学家们怀疑火山对天气变化的影响类似于空气污染）可知，volcanoes erupt是改变天气的一个原因；第二段第四行提到Its effect is to turn incoming solar radiation into space and thus cool the earth.（其作用是将入射的太阳辐射送入太空，从而使地球降温）可知，太阳辐射送入太空可以降低地球温度；第三段最后一句提到mans pollution of the atmosphere with oil, gas, coal, and other polluting substances, may bring us increasingly colder weather.（人们使用石油、天然气、煤炭和其他污染物质对大气的污染，可能会给我们带来越来越寒冷的天气）可知，空气污染也是天气变冷的一个原因；因此A项“火山爆发”，B项“现代人造成的空气污染”，C项“把太阳辐射送入太空”均正确，故该题选D项“以上都是”。42.【试题答案】C【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“坦博拉火山爆发的影响是”。根据第二段的第三句The ash from a volcano spreads worldwide in a few days and remains in the air for years.（坦博拉火山爆发喷出的火山灰在数天里扩散到了全球且这些火山灰长达数年地保留在空气中）和第二段最后一句Since there was a time lag of several years between cause and effect, by the time the world agricultural commodity community had deteriorated, no one realized the cause.（由于原因与后果之间的长达数年的时差，所以当人们遭遇后果时候，往往不能认识到导致其的真正原因）可知A项“荷属东印度群岛才会感觉到这一影响”，B项“在世界范围内持续数天”，D项“立刻成为全世界科学家所关注的证据”都不符合。故该题C项“污染正在冷却地球的证据”正确。43.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“1815到1818年英国冷天气的原因是由于”。根据第二段的第三句The ash from a volcano spreads worldwide in a few days and remains in the air for years. Its effect is to turn incoming solar radiation into space and thus cool the earth.（坦博拉火山爆发喷出的火山灰在数天里扩散到了全球且这些火山灰长达数年地保留在空气中; 火山灰让太阳辐射转入太空，进而让地球温度下降）可知B项“大气中的火山灰”正确，A项“农作物和牲畜产量下降”是后果，不是原因；C项“工业革命造成的污染”和D项“靠近北海”在文中没有提及，因此B正确。44.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“没有人认识到世界农产品市场恶化的原因是因为”。根据第二段最后一句Since there was a time lag of several years between cause and effect（由于因果之间有几年的时间差）可知A项“因果之间有一段长时间间隔”正确，B项“天气变化超出了人类理解力范围”，C项“天气预报不准确”，D项“到现代才出现生态学家”在文中没有提及，因此该题选A。45.【试题答案】D【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“如果像一些科学家预测的那样，世界将在冰中终结，原因可能是什么?”。根据文中第二段中的第四句Its effect is to turn incoming solar radiation into space and thus cool the earth.（火山灰让太阳福射转入太空，进而让地球温度下降）及最后一段的第二句The ever-present possibility of volcanic eruptions, such as that of Mr. St. Helens in Washington, added to mans pollution of the atmosphere with oil, gas, coal, and other polluting substances, may bring us increasingly colder weather.（如华盛顿的St. Helens先生说的那样，火山爆发的可能性的始终存在和人类消耗石油、天然气、煤和其它污染物而带来的大气污染有可能为人类带来不断变冷的气候）可知A项“现代人类对空气的污染”，B项“火山爆发”，C项“太阳辐射的消失”均符合，因此该题选D项“以上都是”。8. 单选题Public general hospitals originated in the almshouse infirmaries established as early as colonial times by local governments to care for the poor. Later, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the infirmary separated from the almshouse and became an independent institution supported by local tax money. At the same time, private charity hospitals began to develop. Both private and public hospitals provided mainly food and shelter for the impoverished sick, since there was little that medicine could actually do to cure illness, and the middle class was treated at home by private physicians.Late in the nineteenth century, the private charity hospital began trying to attract middle-class patients. Although the depression of 1890 stimulated the growth of charitable institutions and an expanding urban population became dependent on assistance, there was a decline in private contributions to these organizations which forced them to look to local government for financial support. Since private institutions had also lost benefactors; they began to charge patients. In order to attract middle-class patients, private institutions provided services and amenities that distinguished between paying and non-paying patients and made the hospital a desirable place for private physicians to treat their own patients. As paying patients became more necessary to the survival of the private hospital, the public hospitals slowly became the only place for the poor to get treatment. By the end of the nineteenth century, cities were reimbursing private hospitals for their care of indigent patients and the public hospitals remained dependent on the tax dollars.The advent of private hospital health insurance, which provided middle-class patients with the purchasing power to pay for private hospital services, guaranteed the private hospital a regular source of income. Private hospitals restricted themselves to revenue-generating patients, leaving the public hospitals to care for file poor. Although public hospitals continued to provide services for patients with communicable diseases and-outpatient and emergency services, the Blue Cross plans developed around the needs of the private hospitals and the inpatients they served. Thus, reimbursement for ambulatory care has been minimal under most Blue Cross plans, and provision of outpatient care has not been a major function of the private hospital, in part because private patients can afford to pay for the services of private physicians. Additionally, since World War II，there has been a tremendous influx of federal money into private medical schools and the hospitals associated with them. Further, large private medical centers with expensive research equipment and programs have attracted the best administrators, physicians, and researchers. As a result of the greater resources available to the private medical centers, public hospitals have increasing problems attracting highly qualified research and medical personnel. With the mainstream of health care firmly established in the private medical sector, the public hospital has become a “dumping ground.”56. According to the passage, the very first private hospitals _.57. It can be inferred that the author believes the differences that currently exist between public and private hospitals are primarily the result of _.58. Which of the following would be the most logical topic for the author to introduce in the next paragraph?59. The authors primary concern is to _.60. The authors attitude toward public hospitals can best be described as _.问题1选项A.developed from almshouse infirmariesB.were established mainly to service the poorC.were supported by government revenuesD.provided better care than public infirmaries问题2选项A.political considerationsB.legislative requirementsC.economic factorsD.ethical concerns问题3选项A.A plan to improve the quality of public hospitals.B.An analysis of the profit structure of health insurance companies.C.A proposal to raise taxes on the middle class.D.A discussion of recent developments in medical technology.问题4选项A.describe the financial structure of the healthcare industryB.demonstrate the importance of government support for health-care institutionsC.criticize wealthy institutions for refusing to provide services to the poorD.identify the historical causes of the division between private and public hospitals问题5选项A.contemptuous and prejudicedB.enthusiastic and supportiveC.apprehensive and distrustfulD.concerned and understanding【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】56.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根据文章，最早的私立医院”。文章第一段说到Public general hospitals originated in the almshouse infirmaries established as early as colonial times by local governments to care for the poor.（公立综合医院起源于殖民地时期地方政府为照顾穷人而建立的救济院医务室），由此可知由救济院医务室发展来的是公立医院，而不是私人医院，所以A项“由救济院医务室发展而来”错误；根据第一段最后一句Both private and public hospitals provided mainly food and shelter for the impoverished sick（私立医院和公立医院主要为贫困病人提供食物和住所）可知，最开始公立医院和私立医院都是为穷人提供服务的，因此B项“主要是为穷人服务而建立的”符合题意；C项“由政府收入支持”文中未提及；D项“提供比公立医院更好的护理”，最初的公立医院和私立医院都是为穷人服务，没有好坏之分，因此D项错误。故该题选B。57.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“可以推断，作者认为目前公立医院与私立医院之间存在的差异，主要是由于”。根据文章第二段Since private institutions had also lost benefactors; they began to charge patients. In order to attract middle-class patients, private institutions provided services and amenities that distinguished between paying and non-paying patients and made the hospital a desirable place for private physicians to treat their own patients. As paying patients became more necessary to the survival of the private hospital, the public hospitals slowly became the only place for the poor to get treatment. By the end of the nineteenth century, cities were reimbursing private hospitals for their care of indigent patients and the public hospitals remained dependent on the tax dollars.（因为私人机构也失去了捐助者；他们开始向病人收费。为了吸引中产阶级患者，私人机构提供了区分付费和非付费患者的服务和设施，使医院成为私人医生治疗自己患者的理想场所。随着付费病人对私立医院的生存变得更加必要，公立医院慢慢成为穷人获得治疗的唯一场所。到19世纪末，城市开始偿还私立医院对贫困病人的护理费用，而公立医院仍然依靠纳税人的钱），这一段详细阐述了私立医院是如何从不收费到收费，并且因为资金的慢慢累积而变得更好，而公立医院一直都依赖于政府的税收，很难发展。所以这是经济因素导致两者的差异，而不是政治，立法或者伦理原因。故A项“政治上的考虑”，B项“立法要求”和D项“伦理关怀”错误，C项“经济因素”符合题意。故该题选C。58.【试题答案】A【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“下面哪一项会是作者在下一段中引入的最符合逻辑的主题？”。文章最后两句话说到As a result of the greater resources available to the private medical centers, public hospitals have increasing problems attracting highly qualified research and medical personnel. With the mainstream of health care firmly established in the private medical sector, the public hospital has become a “dumping ground.”（由于私人医疗中心拥有更多的资源，公立医院在吸引高素质的研究人员和医务人员方面面临越来越多的问题。随着主流医疗保健在私营医疗部门的牢固建立，公立医院已成为一个“垃圾场”），根据最后一段讲述了公立医院因为缺少资金找不高素质的医疗研究人员，导致其变成了一个垃圾场，根据逻辑推理，在接下来的文章中，作者极可能就此问题进行分析，并给出如何改进这一问题的方案，所以选择A项“提高公立医院质量的计划”；B项“健康保险公司利润结构分析”，C项“提高中产阶级税收的提案”和D项“对医学技术最近发展的讨论”都与改善公立医院无关。故该题选A。59.【试题答案】D【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“作者主要关心的是什么”。全文作者一开始就讲述了公立医院与私立医院的历史发展与变化和直到今天各自如此不同的各种原因，所以D项“找出私立医院和公立医院分离的历史原因”更能概括作者的意图。A项“描述医疗保健行业的财务结构”，过于片面，这只是说了私立医院与公立医院不同的一个方面，不够全面，故不选；B项“证明政府支持保健机构的重要性”，文中作者也没有说过政府支持对医院的重要性，所以B项错误；C项“批评富裕的机构拒绝为穷人提供服务”，作者整个态度是中立的，并没有批评哪一方面的意思，所以C项不选。故该题选D。60.【试题答案】D【试题解析】作者态度题。题干意思是“作者对公立医院的态度最好的描述是什么”。作者在全文中对于公立医院的来源于发展都是保持一种客观描述的态度，对公立医院今时今日的处境也表示理解与关心。所以选D项“关心和理解”更符合题意。文中作者并没有表示任何轻蔑或是十分热衷，所以A项“轻蔑和偏见”和B项“热情和支持”均不选；C项“不安和不信任”，文中针对公立医院的服务质量作者没有多做描述，不存在不信任或怀疑；因此该项也不选。故该题选D。9. 单选题The lady was in anguish until she knew that her husbands life was saved finally.问题1选项A.distressB.despairC.questionD.dilemma【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。anguish表示“痛苦，苦恼”；A项distress“不幸，悲痛”，B项despair“绝望，丧失信心”，C项question“询问，怀疑”，D项dilemma“进退两难”。句意：那位女士非常痛苦，直到她知道她丈夫的生命终于得救。根据句意该题选A。10. 单选题There was no traffic visible, but Tango hold up his right arm majestically, as though he _ a crowd of roaring trucks.问题1选项A.is haltingB.had haltedC.would be haltingD.were halting【答案】D【解析】考查虚拟语气。as though在这里引导了后面的虚拟语气，表示“仿佛”；此处是对过去的虚拟，因此从句用过去时态，又因为语境需要，表示动作正在进行，A、B、C选项时态均不对，只有D项符合。句意：路上看不到车辆，但探戈庄严地举起右臂，好像他在阻止一群呼啸的卡车。故正确答案为D。11. 单选题By providing legal representation, the American Civil Liberties Union works to defend citizens against breaches of their civil rights.问题1选项A.branchesB.exercisesC.performanceD.violations【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。breach表示“违反，缺口”；A项branch“树枝”，B项exercise“运动，练习”，C项performance“表现，性能”，D项violation“违反，妨碍”。句意：通过提供法律代理，美国公民自由联盟致力于保护公民的公民权利不受侵犯。根据句意该题选D。12. 单选题Books do as much harm as good and spread falsehood and error _ knowledge of truth.问题1选项A.no less thanB.no more thanC.no less asD.no more as【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A项no less than“不少于”，B项no more than“只是，仅仅”，C项no less as与D项no more as没有这种用法。句意：书籍所带来的利弊是均衡的，它们所传播的谎言和错误不少于知识与真理。故正确答案为A。13. 单选题The homeless make up a growing percentage of Americas population. 21 homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments cant possibly 22 . To help homeless people 23 independence, the federal government must support job training programs, 24 the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing. 25 everyone agrees on the number of Americans who are homeless, estimates 26 anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. 27 the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is _28_. One of the federal governments studies 29 that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.Finding ways to 30 this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. 31 when homeless individuals manage to find a 32 that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day 33 the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant, number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, 34 not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday 35 skills needed to turn their lives 36_. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are_37_ programs that address the many needs of the homeless. 38 Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, 39 it, “There has to be 40 of programs. Whats needed is a package deal.”问题1选项A.IndeedB.LikewiseC.ThereforeD.Furthermore问题2选项A.standB.copeC.approveD.retain问题3选项A.inB.forC.withD.toward问题4选项A.raiseB.addC.takeD.keep问题5选项A.GenerallyB.AlmostC.HardlyD.Not问题6选项A.coverB.changeC.rangeD.differ问题7选项A.Now thatB.AlthoughC.ProvidedD.Except that问题8选项A.inflatingB.expandingC.increasingD.extending问题9选项A.predictsB.displaysC.provesD.discovers问题10选项A.assistB.trackC.sustainD.dismiss问题11选项A.HenceB.ButC.EvenD.Only问题12选项A.lodgingB.shelterC.dwellingD.house问题13选项A.searchingB.strollingC.crowdingD.wandering问题14选项A.whenB.onceC.whileD.whereas问题15选项A.lifeB.existenceC.survivalD.maintenance问题16选项A.aroundB.overC.onD.up问题17选项A.complexB.comprehensiveC.complementaryD.compensating问题18选项A.SoB.SinceC.AsD.Thus问题19选项A.putsB.interpretsC.assumesD.makes问题20选项A.supervisionB.manipulationC.regulationD.coordination【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D第6题:C第7题:B第8题:C第9题:A第10题:A第11题:C第12题:B第13题:D第14题:C第15题:C第16题:A第17题:B第18题:C第19题:A第20题:D【解析】21.【试题答案】A【试题解析】考查语义衔接。A项indeed“确实”，表示强调；B项likewise“与相似”；C项therefore“因此”，强调结果；D项furthermore“进一步说”，表示递进。根据句子The homeless make up a growing percentage of Americas population, homelessness has reached such proportions that.（无家可归的人在美国人口中占越来越大的比例。无家可归者所占的比例已经达到如此比例以至于）可知，前一句make up a growing percentage与后一句reached such proportion that确定后者是对前者的例证强调。因此，正确答案为A。22.【试题答案】B【试题解析】考查语义衔接。A项stand“忍受”，作为及物动词在句子中要直接连接宾语；B项cope“处理”，作为不及物动词，可以在句子中表达完整的含义；C项approve“批准，赞成”；D项retain“保持”。由句子home