2022年考博英语-华南师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第195期

2022年考博英语-华南师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题Directions: Put the following paragraph into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on Answer Sheet.Under the impact of modern science, the very conception of the task of philosophy has undergone a radical reorientation. In very broad historical perspective it may be said that the philosophers throughout the ages have been engaged in three major endeavors: they have been searching for absolute truths regarding basic reality, and for absolute standards of morality; they have tried to construct a synthesis, a view of the universe and of mans place in it, i.e., a perspective that would integrate the various contributions of the sciences into an intelligible and harmonious whole; finally, philosophers have attempted to clarify the meaning and the validity of the fundamental concepts, assumptions, and methods of knowledge and of evaluation.In the light of modern science, i.e., not only of its results and conclusions but especially of its open-minded attitude and critical approach, the search for absolute truth is largely being abandoned as fruitless, if not as meaningless. The spirit of contemporary science is critical in the sense that all its conclusions are considered sound or tenable only until further notice. In other words, neither of the extremes-dogmatism or skepticismis acceptable. The police of the open mind indicates that while we should keep all our convictions in principle open for criticism and revision, it is perfectly reasonable to reply on well-confirmed assumptions until strong evidence forces us to modify or to replace them by other assumptions that are more strongly supported by relevant evidence.【答案】在现代科学的冲击下，哲学任务这个概念已经发生了彻底的再定位。从更广泛的历史角度来看，可以说，哲学家们自古以来都在从事三大事业：他们一直在寻找关于基本现实的绝对真理和绝对的道德标准。他们试图构建一种综合的观点，一种对宇宙及人类在宇宙中所处位置的看法，是一种将科学的各种贡献整合成一个明白易懂的和谐整体的观点。最后，哲学家们试图澄清知识和评估的基本概念、假设和方法的意义以及有效性。根据现代科学，不仅根据其结果和结论，而且特别是其开放的态度和批评方法，对绝对真理的探索在很大程度上被放弃，即使不是毫无意义，也是徒劳无益的。当代科学的精神是“批判性的”，因为它的所有结论直到“进一步注意”才被认为是合理的或可成立的。 换句话说，这两个极端教条主义或怀疑主义都是不可接受的。持开放态度的警方表示，虽然，原则上，我们的所有信念都应公开接受批评和修改，但是，在有力证据迫使我们修改 或用因相关证据而得到更有力支持的其他假设来代替它们之前，回应已充分证实了的假设是完全合理的。2. 单选题The radio program was presented（ ）a joint venture which was registered several months ago.问题1选项A.by courtesy ofB.on account ofC.by virtue ofD.in terms of【答案】A【解析】考查词组。A: by courtesy of “蒙的好意；蒙提供”；B: on account of “由于；基于”；C: by virtue of “凭借的力量”；D: in terms of “根据；用的话；就而言”。句意：承蒙数月前注册的合资企业惠允，电台节目播出了。根据语境和句意可知A为正确答案。3. 单选题At the drugstore, the pharmacist refused to give me any medicine because she could not read（ ）.问题1选项A.descriptionB.prescriptionC.inscriptionD.subscription【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A: description“描绘，描述” ；B: prescription“处方（医生开出的）”；C: inscription “铸币上的刻印文字，铭文，碑文”；D: subscription “统一，赞成，订阅”。句意：在药房，医师拒绝卖给我任何的药物，因为她无法辨认医生的处方。由句意可知B为正确答案。4. 单选题Maggie tiptoed over and took the clock away because she hated to hear it（ ）when she was trying to go to sleep.问题1选项A.soundingB.hummingC.tickingD.ringing【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A: sound “作声，发声，响” ；B: hum “发连续低沉的声音（如蜜 蜂、马达的嗡嗡声）”；C: tick “发出滴答声”；D: ring “鸣，发出清脆响亮的声音”。句意：麦琪蹑手蹑脚走过来把钟拿走了，因为她讨厌在自己想睡觉的时候听它滴答地响。结合此处语境，修饰的是闹钟声，故C为正确答案。5. 单选题She was a great help to her family when her father suffered a mental（ ）and had to be hospitalized.问题1选项A.destructionB.disasterC.damageD.collapse【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A: destruction “破坏，毁灭” ；B: disaster “灾难；不幸”；C: damage “损害”；D: collapse “崩溃；衰弱”。句意：当她的父亲精神上受到伤害，不得不住院时，她对家人帮助很大。根据句意，精神伤害应为mental damage，故C为正确答案。6. 单选题Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points -periods countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents ones findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytiC.The old questions What happened?” and“ How did it happen? have given way to the question“ Why did it happen?”, Prominent among the methods used to answer the question Why is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.Psychohistoiy does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psycho historians intenD.They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it Psychohistory derives its facts not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made histoiy, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to. and therefore assessable by all historians. And it violates the basic tenet o historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses Psychohistories, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that their s is the deepest explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of the truth.Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determines in that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and circumstances.1.Which of the following best states the main point of the passage?2.The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?3.The author mentions which of the following as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians?4.The author of the passage puts the word deepest(ParA.3)in quotation marks most probably in order to（ ）.5.In presenting her analysis, the author does all of the following EXCEPT（ ）.问题1选项A.The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it tacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical methodB.Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistoriansC.Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditional historians.D.The psychological assessment of an individuals behavior and attitudes is more normative than the details of his or her daily life问题2选项A.What are some specific examples of the use of psychohistory in historical interpretation?B.When were the conventions governing the practice of traditional histoiy first established?C.When do traditional historians consider psychological explanations of historical explanations of historical developments appropriate?D.What is the basic criterion of historical evidence required by traditional historians?问题3选项A.The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather thin narrative formB.Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholarsC.Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic diagram.D.Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequential than are those in the childhood of the figure问题4选项A.signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistoriars claims for their workB.draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians methodC.emphasize the major difference between the traditional historians method and that of historiansD.disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians claims from her opinion of their method问题5选项A.Make general statements without reference to specific examplesB.Describe some of the criteria employed by traditional historiansC.Question the adequacy of the psycholistorians interpretation of eventsD.Point out inconsistencies in the psychohistorians application of their methods【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。通读全文分析可见，本题的正确选项应该是包含“psychohistory”和“history”概念的选项，A项翻译为：“心理学史家对历史研究的态度， 尽管它突破了传统史学方法的严密性和可验证性，但目前仍在流行”。综合考虑，该选项符合题意，正确。2.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到原文第三段 “It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by all historians.”，中文翻译为：“它（即心理、历史学）否定历史证据的基本标准，即历史证据是大家都可以获取的，因此可被 所有的历史学家评价”可推断出D项“传统历史学家需要的历史证据的标准是什么”正确。3.推理判断题。根据题干中关键短语“psychohistorians”可以定位到答案信息在原文第三、四段。但是三、四段没有给出本题答案的具体信息。综合考虑，一般人们阐述问题的规律为：理论到实践。故最佳答案为C项“过去和现在的事件都放在同一个确定性状态图中”。4.推理判断题。根据题干可以定位到原文第三段 “It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by all historians.”，中文翻译为：它（即心理历史学）否定历史证据的基本标准，即历史 证据是大家都可以获取的，因此可被所有的历史学家评价。以及原文 “Psychohistorians,convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories.”，中文翻译为：“心理历史 学家确信自己理论的绝对正确。”结合语境可以得出 A项正确。5.推理判断题。选项A可定位到文章第三段第六、七、八句，选项B可定位到文章第一段第一、二句，选项C可以定位到第三段的尾句。因此选择D项。7. 填空题Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage with one suitable word.From the beginning, water has furnished man with a source of food and a highway to travel upon. The first arose（1）water was a dominant element in the environment, a challenge（2）mans ingenuity. The Egyptians invented the 365（3）. calendar in response（4）the Niles annual flooding. The Babylonians, who were among （5）most famous law-makers（6）antiquity, devised edicts regulating water usage. Water inspired the Chinese （7）build a 1,000 mile canal, a complex system（8）, after nearly 2,500 years, （9）still partly in use and still commands the awe of engineers. But the ancients never found complete solutions（10）their water problems. The Hwang Ho, or Yellow River is also known（11）Chinas Sorrow; it is so erratic and dangerous（12）in a single flood it has caused million deaths. Floods hazarded the great civilization of the Indus River valley, and inadequate drainage ruined much（13）its lanD.Today（14）dominates man as it always has（15）.Its presence continues to govern the location of his homes and cities; its tempestuous variability can kill（16）or his herds or his crops; its routes link him to（17）fellows; its immense value may add（18）. already dangerous political conflicts. There are many examples（19）this in our（20）time.【答案】1.where2.to3.day4.to5.the6.in7.to8.which9.remains10.to11.as12.that13.of14.water15.done16.man17.his18.his19.of20.own【解析】1.考查状语从句。此处大意为：第一次发生在水在环境中占主导地位的地方。空格前是动词，空格后为一个句子，结合句意和语境得知正确答案为where。2.考查固定搭配。a challenge to. “对的挑战”。3.考查固定搭配。由空格前“365”和空格后“calendar日历”可知应该填入day。4.考查固定搭配。in response to“对做出反应”。5.考查最高级。most修饰形容词表示最高级，和the搭配。6.考查介词。根据关键词“antiquity古代”，以及空格前为完整句子，因此填入in，表示时间。7.考查介词。介词to与后文动词构成不定式，空格前是完整的主谓宾结构。8.考查定语从句。空格前是名词结构，空格后是缺乏主语的句子，结合语境，填入which构成定语从句。9.考查动词。根据语法结构，由and并列，此处应是与commands构成并列谓语动词，根据后文still partly in use可知此处最佳答案为remains。10.考查固定搭配。solution to“解决的办法/方法”。11.考查固定搭配。be known as“被称之为”。12.考查固定搭配so.that. “如此以致于”。13.考查词组。much of “大量，许多的”。14.考查名词。根据上下文，此处大意为：水一如既往地控制着人类。15.考查现在完成时。此处大意为：水一如既往地控制着人类。根据句意和语境可知，应填入done。16.考查名词。根据后文的or和his可知应填入man。17.考查代词，根据前文提到his herds or his crops判断出此处填入his。18.考查词组。add to“增加，加强”。19.考查介词。前文example和后文this表示所属，因此填of。20.考查代词/形容词。根据空格前后关键词in our.time，以及句意：我们自己的时代，可知此处填own “自己的；特有的”。8. 单选题After completing the big dictionary which was popularly received by readers, this famous scholar set out to compile a（ ）to it.问题1选项A.complementB.supplementC.accessoryD.helper【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A: complement“补足物” ；B: supplement “增补，补充”；C: accessory “附件”；D: helper“助手”。句意：在完成了这部被读者普遍接受的大字典之后，这位著名的学者打算对其补充。根据句意判断出B为正确答案。9. 单选题If I take this medicine twice a day it should（ ）my cold.问题1选项A.heatB.cureC.treatD.recover【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A: heat “使温暖，使发热” ；B: cure “治疗，治愈”；C: treat “对待；治疗”；D: recover “恢复；重新获得”。句意：假如这种药我一天吃两次，它就可以治愈我的感冒。结合此处语境，和感冒相关，故B为正确答案。10. 单选题（ ）of this change is the appearance of the two books under review.问题1选项A.IndicativeB.SuggestiveC.SymptomaticD.Expressive【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A: Indicative “象征的；指示的；表明的”；B: Suggestive “提示的；暗示的”；C: Symptomatic “有症状的；症候的”；D: Expressive “表示的，有表现力的”。 句意：审查中的这两本书的出现反映了这个变化。be indicative of “指示的；象征的；暗示的”,本句为表语前置，完全倒装。因此A最合适。11. 单选题I cannot give you（ ）for the type of car you sell because there is no demand for it in the market.问题1选项A.an expenseB.a chargeC.a purchaseD.an order【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A: an expense “花费”；B: a charge “收费”；C: a purchase “购买”；D: an order “订单、订购”。句意：我不能定购你们出售的这种车，因为没有市场需求。结合此处语境，谈及到没有市场需求，因此D为正确答案。12. 单选题In fact, the U.S Congress（ ）to the British Parliament as they both have the right to make laws.问题1选项A.agreesB.correspondsC.matchesD.coincides【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A: agree “同意”；B: corresponds (to) “相当于”；C: match “匹配”；D: ; coincide “一致”。句意：事实上，美国国会相当于英国议会，因为它们在制定法律方面权力相同。此处使用固定搭配coincide with，故B为正确答案。13. 单选题As civilization（ ）in the direction of technology, it passes the point of supplying all the basic essentials of life- food, shelter and clothes.问题1选项A.processesB.precedesC.proceedD.exceeds【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A: process “加工，处理” ；B: precede “领先”；C: proceed “行进”；D: exceed “超过”。句意：随着文明朝着科技的方向前进，它改变了生活最基本的要素食物、住所和衣服。结合此处题干：朝着科技的方向，判断出C选项为正确答案。14. 单选题Bribery（ ）the confidence that must exist between buyer and seller.问题1选项A.aggravatesB.deterioratesC.corrodesD.degenerates【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A: aggravates “加重，使恶化；使恼火”；B: deteriorates “恶化，变坏”；C: corrodes “（渐渐）损害；（一点一点地）损伤”；D: degenerates “使退化；恶化；使变质”。句意：贿赂伤害了买卖双方必须存在的信任。根据句意及动宾搭配可知C最合适。15. 单选题The people of this country have entrenched themselves to（ ）any invaders who refuse to give up their evil intention.问题1选项A.ward offB.cut offC.work offD.lay off【答案】C【解析】考查动词词组词义辨析。A: ward off “避开，挡住”；B: cut off “切断；中断；使死亡； 剥夺继承权”；C: work off “售出；清理，排除；渐渐地清除；冒充”；D: lay off “解雇；休息；停止工作”。句意：这个国家的人们已经致力于消灭任何拒绝放弃邪恶意图的侵略者了。根据句意可知C为正确答案。16. 单选题He thought the painting was of little（ ）, so he let me have it for only ten pounds.问题1选项A.costB.valueC.priceD.expenses【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A: cost “成本；花费” ；B: value “价值”；C: price “价格”；D: expenses “开销”。句意：他认为这幅画没有什么价值，所以他只给了我十英镑。结合此处语境，B为正确答案。17. 单选题This countrys development of science was greatly undermined for large numbers of scientific（ ）were ejected from their motherland since the dictator came into power.问题1选项A.galaxyB.eliteC.personnelD.swarm【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A: galaxy “银河” ；B: elite “精英”；C: personnel “全体人员”；D: swarm “一大群”。句意：这个国家的科学发展受到严重破坏，因为自从独裁者掌握政权，大量的科学精英就离开了故乡。由句意可知B为正确答案。18. 翻译题Translate the following passage into English.历史和个人的经历共同教育了那些处境不佳的人。他们在奋斗的道路上战胜重重困难， 跨越种种障碍。不少穷人自学成才，通过鼓足勇气坚忍不拔地前进，取得卓越成就而赢得了全世界的瞩目和尊敬。一生依赖别人帮助的人，在危机的时刻很少有所作为。当不幸来临时，他会四处寻求依靠。如果没有依靠，他将垂头丧气。一旦垂头丧气，他们就会像一只翻了身的乌龟，毫无办法。许多男孩出人意料地成功了，仅仅是因为他失去了一切支持而不得不自立。【答案】History and personal experience together educate the poor. They overcome many difficulties and obstacles in the course of struggle. Many poor people have become talents by self-study. They have achieved remarkable achievements and won the attention and respect from the world through forging ahead with courage and perseverance.The man who depends on others for his life seldom makes a difference in times of crisis. When misfortune comes, he will seek to help everywhere. He will be low spirits without support. Once depressed, they, like a turtle that has turned over, have nothing to do with it. Many boys are surprisingly successful simply because he lose all support and has to stand on his own feet.19. 单选题The president placed a wreath on the monument to the heroes and then made a speech to pay（ ）to the great achievements of the martyrs.问题1选项A.complimentB.gratitudeC.tributeD.commendation【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A: compliment “恭维；敬意”；B: gratitude “感激”；C: tribute “致敬；悼念”；D: commendation “表扬；嘉奖状”。 句意：总统在纪念碑上放了一个花圈敬给英雄们，然后，发表讲话，以致敬烈士的伟大成就。根据语境和句意，C最合适。20. 单选题The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always at the mercy of the scientists timekeeping methods. For this reason scientists are interested in devices that give promise of more precise timekeeping.In their search for precision, scientists have turned to atomic clocks that depend on various vibrating atoms or molecules to supply their “ticking”. This is possible because each kind of atom or molecule has its own characteristic rate of vibration. The nitrogen atom in ammonia, for example: vibrates or “ticks” 24 billion times a second.One such atomic clock is so accurate that it will probably lose no more than a second in 3000 years. It will be of great importance in fields such as astronomical observation and long-range navigation. The heart of this Atomichron is a cesium atom that -vibrates 9.2 billion times a second when heated to the temperature of boiling water.An atomic clock that operates with an ammonia molecule may be used to check the accuracy of predictions based on Einsteins relativity theories, according to which a clock in motion and a clock at rest should keep time differently. Placed in an orbiting satellite moving at a speed of 18, 000 miles an hour, the clock could broadcast its time reading to a ground station, where they would be compared with the readings on a similar model. Whatever differences developed would be checked against the differences predicted.1.Scientists expect that the atomic clock will be（ ）.2.According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?3.It could be inferred from the passage that（ ）.4.The word “vibration” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to（ ）.5.Which of the following can best summarize the passage?问题1选项A.absolutely accurateB.more precise.C.heat-resistantD.different in vibration问题2选项A.Temperature changes affect the vibration rate of ammonia molecules.B.The rate of vibration of an atom does not vary.C.Einsteins relativity theories are based on the vibration of atoms.D.Temperature changes may affect the speed at which atoms travel.问题3选项A.precise timekeeping is not possible at allB.scientists expect to disprove Einsteins relativity theoriesC.atomic clocks will be important in space flightD.clock in motion and a dock at rest keep time differently.问题4选项A.pulseB.precisionC.movementD.accuracy问题5选项A.Peacetime use of the atomsB.Atoms and moleculesC.The satellite timekeepersD.The role of the clock in the astronomy【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段“In their search for precision, scientists have turned to atomic clocks that depend on various vibrating atoms or molecules to supply their ticking.”，中文翻译为：在追求精确性过程中，科学家