2022年考博英语-河北工业大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷85

2022年考博英语-河北工业大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题My father was, I am sure, intended by nature to be a cheerful, kindly man. Until he was thirty-four years old he worked as a farm hand for a man named Thomas Butterworth whose place lay near the town of Bidwell, Ohio. He had then a horse of his own and on Saturday evenings drove into town to spend a few hours in social intercourse with other farm handsAt ten oclock Father drove home along a lonely country road, made his horse comfortable for the night and himself went to bed, quite happy in his position in life. He had at that time no notion of trying to rise in the world.It was in the spring of his thirty-fifth year that Father married my mother, then a country schoolteacher, and in the following spring I came wriggling and crying into the world. Something happened to the two people. They became ambitious. The American passion for getting up in the world took possession of them.It may have been that Mother was responsible. Being a schoolteacher she had no doubt read books and magazines. She had, I presume, read of how Garfield, Lincoln and other Americans rose from poverty to fame and greatness and as I lay beside herin the days of her lying-inshe may have dreamed that I would someday rule men and cities. At any rate, she induced Father to give up his place as a farm hand, sell his horse and embark on an independent enterprise of his ownThe first venture into which the two people went turned out badly. They rented ten acres of poor stony land on Griggs Road, eight miles from Bidwell, and launched into chicken raising. I grew into boyhood on the place and got my first impressions of life there. From the beginning they were impressions of disaster and if, in my turn, I am a gloomy man inclined to see the darker side of life, I attributed it to the fact that what should have been for me the happy joyous days of childhood were spent on a chicken farm.One unversed in such maters can have no notion of the many and tragic things that can happen to a chicken. It is born out of an egg lives for a few weeks as a tiny fluffy thing such as you will see pictured on Easter cards, then becomes hideously naked, eats quantities of corn and meal bought by the sweat of your fathers brow, gets diseases called pip, cholera and other names, stands looking with stupid eyes at the sun, becomes sick and dies. A few hens and now and then a rooster, intended to serve Gods mysterious ends, struggle through to maturity. The hens lay eggs out of which come other chickens and the dreadful cycle is thus made complete. It is all unbelievably complex. Most philosophers must have been raised on chicken farms. One hopes for so much from a chicken and is so dreadfully disillusioned. Small chickens just setting out on the journey of life, look so bright and alert and they are in fact so dreadfully stupid. They are so much like people they mix one up in ones judgments of life. If disease does not kill them they wait until your expectations are thoroughly aroused and then walk under the wheels of a wag In later life I have seen how a literature has been built up on the subject of fortunes to be made out of the raising of chickens. Do not be led astray by it. It was not written for you. Go hunt for gold on the frozen hills of Alaska, put your faith in the honesty of a politician, believe if you will that the world is daily growing better and that good will triumph over evil, but do not read and believe the literature that is written concerning the henI, however, digress. My tale does not primarily concern itself with the hen. If correctly told it will center on the egg. For ten years my father and mother struggled to make our chicken farm pay and then they gave up that struggle and began another. They moved into the town of Bidwell, Ohio, and embarked in the restaurant business. After ten years of worry, we threw all aside and packing our belongings on a wagon drove down Griggs Road toward Bidwell, a tiny caravan of hope looking for a new place from which to start on our upward journey through life.1. The narrator of the story views life pessimistically because _.2. According to the narrator, in which way do chickens resemble human beings?3. According to the narrator, one of the few pleasures in raising chickens is that _.4. The narrators opinion of books and articles written about chicken farming is that they are _.5. Which pair of adjectives most accurately conveys the narrators feelings about his childhood?问题1选项A.he grew up on a chicken farmB.his parents never succeeded at anything they didC.his life has been all work and no playD.he and his family were always in debt问题2选项A.Chickens, like children, are expensive to bring up.B.Chickens, like people, appear to be brighter than they really are.C.Chickens, as well as humans, are dirty, diseased, and smelly.D.Tragedies befall both chickens and humans.问题3选项A.you have the chance to witness the life cycleB.the creatures are cute when they are chicksC.if you are lucky, you can become richD.youll never run out of eggs问题4选项A.very well written and are popular among many different kinds of peopleB.not written for anyone who is serious about raising chickensC.likely to exaggerate the rewards of chicken farmingD.meant only for people with nothing to lose问题5选项A.resentful/bitterB.detached/unemotionalC.satirical/humorousD.sentimental/sad【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.【选项释义】1. The narrator of the story views life pessimistically because _.1. 故事的叙述者悲观地看待生活，是因为_。A. he grew up on a chicken farm A. 他在养鸡场长大B. his parents never succeeded at anything they did B. 他的父母从来没有成功过C. his life has been all work and no play C. 他的生活只有工作没有娱乐D. he and his family were always in debt D. 他和他的家人总是负债累累【答案】A【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第四段最后一句“如果我是一个悲观的人，倾向于看到生活的阴暗面，我认为这是因为我本应该快乐的童年却是在养鸡场度过的”可知，故事的叙述者悲观地看待生活，是因为他的童年是在养鸡场度过的。因此，该题选择A项“他在养鸡场长大”。【干扰项排除】B项“他的父母从来没有成功过”，第四段第一句虽然提到“这两个人第一次冒险失败了”，但是后面并没有提到作者的父母从来没有成功，该项属于曲解原文；C项“他的生活只有工作没有娱乐”和D项“他和他的家人总是负债累累”没有提到，属于无中生有。2.【选项释义】2. According to the narrator, in which way do chickens resemble human beings? 2. 根据叙述者的说法，鸡在哪些方与人类相似？A. Chickens, like children, are expensive to bring up. A. 养鸡和养孩子一样，都很费钱。B. Chickens, like people, appear to be brighter than they really are. B. 鸡和人一样，看起来比实际更聪明。C. Chickens, as well as humans, are dirty, diseased, and smelly. C. 鸡和人一样，都是肮脏、患病和发臭的。D. Tragedies befall both chickens and humans. D. 悲剧会降临到鸡和人身上。【答案】B【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至倒数第二段第八和第九句“刚踏上人生旅途的小鸡，看起来那么聪明，那么机警，其实是笨得可怕。它们与人如此相似，人经常混淆对生活的判断。”可知，鸡与人的相似之处就是看起来聪明，其实愚蠢得可怕。故B项“鸡和人一样，看起来比实际更聪明”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“养鸡和养孩子一样，都很费钱”和C项“鸡和人一样，都是肮脏、患病和发臭的”在原文没有这样提到，属于无中生有；D项“悲剧会降临到鸡和人身上”，文中第五段虽然描述了鸡的悲惨命运，但是并没有提到人类也是这样悲惨，该项属于曲解原文。3.【选项释义】3. According to the narrator, one of the few pleasures in raising chickens is that _.3. 根据叙述者的说法，养鸡的为数不多的乐趣之一是_。A. you have the chance to witness the life cycle A. 你有机会见证小鸡的生命周期B. the creatures are cute when they are chicks B. 这些动物小的时候很可爱C. if you are lucky, you can become rich C. 如果你幸运的话，你可以变得富有D. youll never run out of eggs D. 你的鸡蛋永远吃不完【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第五段第二句“小鸡破壳而出，毛绒绒的像复活节明信片上的小毛球一样”，以及第八句“刚踏上人生旅途的小鸡，看起来那么聪明，那么机警”综合理解可以推断出，作者认为刚出生的小鸡毛茸茸的，很可爱。因此，该题选择B项“这些动物小的时候很可爱”。【干扰项排除】A项“你有机会见证小鸡的生命周期”这个观点在文中有提到，但小鸡的生命周期是悲惨的，并不是乐趣，该项属于曲解原文；C项“如果你幸运的话，你可以变得富有”和D项“你的鸡蛋永远吃不完”没有提到，无中生有。4.【选项释义】4. The narrators opinion of books and articles written about chicken farming is that they are _. 4. 叙述者对养鸡业的书籍文章的看法是_。A. very well written and are popular among many different kinds of people A. 写得很好，在许多不同类型的人当中都很受欢迎B. not written for anyone who is serious about raising chickens B. 不是为那些认真养鸡的人写的C. likely to exaggerate the rewards of chicken farming C. 可能会夸大养鸡业的回报D. meant only for people with nothing to lose D. 只适合那些一无所有的人【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第五段最后三句“在后来的生活中，我看到了一个关于养鸡发财的文学作品不要被它引入歧途。这不是为你写的。去阿拉斯加冰冻的山丘淘金，相信一个政治家的诚实，如果你愿意，请相信世界正在一天天变得更好，善良将战胜邪恶，但不要阅读和相信关于母鸡的文学作品。”，从中可知，作者认为养鸡发财的文学作品是在误导人们，也就是说作者认为这些文学作品夸大了养鸡能带来的经济效益。故C项“可能会夸大养鸡业的回报”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“写得很好，在许多不同类型的人当中都很受欢迎”，根据解题思路可知，作者对养鸡文学的态度并不看好，所以该项属于反向干扰；B项“不是为那些认真养鸡的人写的”和D项“只适合那些一无所有的人”没有提到，无中生有。5.【选项释义】5. Which pair of adjectives most accurately conveys the narrators feelings about his childhood? 5. 哪一对形容词最准确地表达了叙述者对童年的感受？A. resentful/bitter A. 充满愤恨的、痛苦的B. detached/unemotional B. 分离的、冷漠的C. satirical/humorous C. 讽刺的、幽默的D. sentimental/sad D. 多愁善感的、悲伤的【答案】D【考查点】观点态度题。【解题思路】根据全文内容可知，整篇文章的基调是比较忧伤，悲惨的。第三段最后两句还指出作者对童年的描述：“我在这个地方长大成人，对那里的生活有了初步的印象。从一开始，这些印象就是灾难性的，如果说我是一个阴郁的人，倾向于看到生活的阴暗面，那么我把它归结为这样一个事实：对我来说本应是幸福快乐的童年时光是在养鸡场度过的。”，从中可以看出，作者本应快乐的童年是在养鸡场度过的，这让他感到悲观。因此，D项“多愁善感的、悲伤的”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“充满愤恨的、痛苦的”、B项“分离的、冷漠的”和C项“讽刺的、幽默的”由解题思路可知，这三项属于曲解原文。2. 单选题He is always meticulous in keeping the records up to date.问题1选项A.scrupulousB.perpetualC.puerileD.studious【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. scrupulous细心的，小心谨慎的，一丝不苟的 B. perpetual永久的，不断的，无期限的C. puerile幼稚的，孩子气的；天真的 D. studious勤奋的，好学的【答案】A【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】由keeping the records up to date（保持记录的更新）可推测，划线单词meticulous表示“一丝不苟的，小心翼翼的”，因此A选项含义最为接近。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项与划线单词意思不符合。【句意】他总是一丝不苟地保持记录的更新。3. 单选题The letter was peremptory in tone.问题1选项A.temperateB.moderateC.arbitraryD.percussive【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. temperate气候温和的；心平气和的 B. moderate温和的，适度的C. arbitrary任意的；专横的，专制的 D. percussive打击声的【答案】C【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】划线单词peremptory表示“强制的，绝对的，专横的”，C选项含义最为接近。因此，该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A、B、D项与划线单词意思不符合。【句意】这封信语气坚决。4. 单选题Technology is necessary because it helps them put a business strategy into（ ）but it is just a means to an end.问题1选项A.useB.effectC.consequenceD.employment【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. use使用；得到利用 B. effect效应；影响C. consequence结果；后果 D. employment就业【答案】B【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】根据句意“技术是必要的，因为它可以帮助他们_商业战略，但它只是达到目的的一种手段”可知，空格处表示“实施”符合句意，且put into effect是固定搭配，表示“执行，实施”，所以该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A项指使用某个工具、机器等；C、D项没有此搭配。【句意】技术是必要的，因为它可以帮助他们实施商业战略，但它只是达到目的的一种手段。5. 单选题During the mid-1840s, from 1845-1848, the potato crop in Ireland failed, creating a famine that ravaged the population. This event, the Great Famine, was one of the most significant events in the 8000-year history of this island nation, and the effects of it continue to haunt the Irish, both those who still live in Ireland and those who live in the United States. The most immediate effect of the famine was the dramatic decline in the Irish populationeither through death from starvation and disease or through emigration to other countries.In Ireland, the potato had historically been the mainstay of the diet of a large proportion of the rural population. Highly nutritional, the potato was easy to plant and easy to harvest. If a family of six had one acre of land, it could grow a potato crop that would feed them for almost a year. However, dependence on one crop had its downside as well. Potatoes could not be stored for long, and farmers who had grown so accustomed to dealing with this one crop neglected to plant other crops as a hedge against possible failures.Rapid population increases in the years preceding the Great Famine had created a country whose expanding population was often poverty-stricken. Expanding population, coupled with landowners lack of responsibility toward tenant-farmers, led to a system where tenant-farmers frequently subdivided their land so that they could gain a bit of rent themselves. Consequently, the rural areas were dotted with small plots of land, most of which were used for potato farming. Prior to the famine, urban areas in Ireland were also experiencing economic distress because of a decline in Irish industry that resulted in unemployment and poverty in cities such as Dublin.In 1845, the year the famine began, a good potato crop was expected, so it came as a great surprise when nearly half of the crop of the country failed because of a blight that had come from North America. This particular blight was unusual inasmuch as when the potato was dug from the ground, it appeared to be healthy; it was only after a day or two that the potato began to rot.Despite the fact that only half the crop failed in 1845, starvation and disease plagued the entire country because many starving people, some of whom were infected with contagious diseases, roamed the countryside looking for food and spreading disease. Then, in 1846, the crop failed completely. In 1847, there was another partial failure, but because people had eaten their seed potatoes in 1846, the crop was much smaller in 1847. Then again in 1848, the crop failed completely.As if the crop failures were not enough, other factors affected the seriousness of the situation. Various contagious diseases such as typhus, dysentery, and several different types of fever spread rapidly. Landlords evicted tenant-farmers, and the government did very little to provide relief. Nor did it help that the winter of 1846-1847 was one of the coldest on record.When the famine was over in 1849, a cholera epidemic struck Ireland, so that by 1850 the country found its population reduced from 8.5 million to 6.5 million. One million people had died from disease and starvation, and one million had left Ireland for Britain, Europe, or North America.The results of the Great Famine were profound. Farming in Ireland changed from a one-crop economy to an agricultural economy that included livestock and other crops, such as grains. The seeds of animosity toward Great Britain, which had not helped the Irish in their time of need, were sown. And a pattern of emigration was established that lasts until today.1. According to the passage, the potato became a staple of the Irish diet for all of the following reasons EXCEPT _.2. The passage implies that _.3. According to the passage, rural life in the years before the Great Famine can best be described as _.4 Disease plagued the Irish during the famine because _.5. All of the following were results of the famine EXCEPT that the Irish _.问题1选项A.it was filled with nutrientsB.it was easy to plantC.it was easy to harvestD.the soil was good for potatoes问题2选项A.dependence on one crop was sensibleB.the potato was not the only crop in IrelandC.the Irish were a happy peopleD.dependence on one crop was dangerous问题3选项A.declining in populationB.harshC.decreasing in tenant-farmersD.expanding in farm size问题4选项A.the potato was diseasedB.immigrants brought diseaseC.starving Irish carried disease from place to placeD.living conditions were not sanitary问题5选项A.emigrated to new landsB.began to raised livestockC.became angered at the BritishD.became independent from Great Britain【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.【选项释义】1. According to the passage, the potato became a staple of the Irish diet for all of the following reasons EXCEPT _. 1. 根据这篇文章，除了_，土豆成为爱尔兰人的主食有以下所有原因。A. it was filled with nutrients A. 它富含营养B. it was easy to plant B. 它很容易种植C. it was easy to harvest C. 它很容易获得收成D. the soil was good for potatoes D. 土壤适合种土豆【答案】D【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第二段前两句“在爱尔兰，土豆一直是大部分农村人口的主要食物。马铃薯营养丰富，易于种植和收获。”可知，土豆成为爱尔兰人的主食的原因包括营养丰富，易于种植以及容易获得收成，只有D项“土壤适合种土豆”没有提到，符合题干。因此，该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A项“它富含营养”、B项“它很容易种植”和C项“它很容易获得收成”由解题思路可知，这三项属于反向干扰。2.【选项释义】2. The passage implies that _.2. 这篇文章表明_。A. dependence on one crop was sensible A. 依赖一种作物是明智的B. the potato was not the only crop in Ireland B. 土豆并不是爱尔兰唯一的作物C. the Irish were a happy people C. 爱尔兰人是快乐的民族D. dependence on one crop was dangerous D. 依赖一种作物是危险的【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】通读全文可知，文章主要介绍的是爱尔兰大饥荒的原因和后果，第二段第一句提到“在爱尔兰，土豆一直是大部分农村人口的主要食物”，也就是说爱尔兰基本是依靠土豆这种作物生存的；然后在第三段和第四段描述了爱尔兰1845-1848年期间的饥荒，第四段最后一句描述到“这种特殊的枯萎病很不寻常，因为当土豆从地里挖出来的时候，它看起来是健康的；过了一两天，土豆就开始腐烂了”可知，正是因为爱尔兰依赖于土豆一种作物，所以当病菌袭来的时候，他们赖以生存的作物就遭殃了，从而导致大饥荒；综合理解我们可以推断，依赖一种作物是危险的事情。因此，该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A项“依赖一种作物是明智的”由解题思路可知，该项属于反向干扰；B项“土豆并不是爱尔兰唯一的作物”由解题思路可知，爱尔兰依赖的是土豆一种作物，该项属于反向干扰；C项“爱尔兰人是快乐的民族”在原文没有依据能够体现该项，属于无中生有。3.【选项释义】3. According to the passage, rural life in the years before the Great Famine can best be described as _.3. 根据文章，大饥荒前几年的农村生活可以用_来描述。A. declining in population A. 人口下降B. harsh B. 残酷的C. decreasing in tenant-farmers C. 减少佃农D. expanding in farm size D. 扩大农场规模【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据关键信息in the years before the Great Famine可以定位至第三段，该段描述到“在大饥荒发生前的几年里，人口的快速增长使这个国家的人口增长往往是受贫困困扰的。不断扩大的人口，加上土地所有者对佃农缺乏责任感，导致了佃农经常将土地细分，这样他们自己就能获得一点租金。因此，农村地区散布着小块土地，其中大部分用于种植土豆。”，从中可知，大饥荒前几年，爱尔兰农村是非常贫困的，快速增长的人口以及土地所有者的不负责，佃农经常会把土地细分，综合理解可以推断出，大饥荒前几年的农村生活是非常残酷的。因此，该题选择B项“残酷的”。【干扰项排除】A项“人口下降”与原文相反，属于反向干扰；C项“减少佃农”没有提到，属于无中生有；D项“扩大农场规模”从解题思路可知，农场规模并没有扩大，而是被细分成了很多块，该项属于曲解原文。4.【选项释义】4. Disease plagued the Irish during the famine because _. 4. 饥荒期间，疾病折磨着爱尔兰人，因为_。A. the potato was diseased A. 土豆感染病菌了B. immigrants brought disease B. 移民带来了疾病C. starving Irish carried disease from place to place C. 饥饿的爱尔兰人把疾病从一个地方带到另一个地方D. living conditions were not sanitary D. 生活条件不卫生【答案】C【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第五段第一句“1845年，虽然只有一半的农作物歉收，但饥饿和疾病仍然困扰着整个国家，因为许多挨饿的人，其中一些人感染了传染病，在农村四处寻找食物，传播疾病”可知，饥荒期间，疾病折磨着爱尔兰人是因为饥饿的爱尔兰人把疾病从一个地方带到另一个地方。因此，该题选择C项“饥饿的爱尔兰人把疾病从一个地方带到另一个地方”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“土豆感染病菌了”，原文并没有提到土豆感染的枯萎病能够传染人类，该项属于无中生有；B项“移民带来了疾病”由解题思路可知，爱尔兰人受到疾病困扰是因为爱尔兰农村的人们四处寻找，并不是移民导致的，该项属于曲解原文；D项“生活条件不卫生”没有提及，无中生有。5.【选项释义】5. All of the following were results of the famine EXCEPT that the Irish _. 5. 以下所有的都是饥荒的结果，除了爱尔兰人_。A. emigrated to new lands A. 移民到新的土地B. began to raised livestock B. 开始饲养牲畜C. became angered at the British C. 对英国人感到愤怒D. became independent from Great Britain D. 脱离英国独立【答案】D【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据题干可以定位至最后一段，该段讲到“爱尔兰的农业从单一作物经济转变为包括牲畜和其他作物（如谷物）在内的农业经济。在爱尔兰人需要帮助的时候，英国没有帮助他们，于是他们对英国的敌意就埋下了种子。移民的模式一直持续到今天。”，从中可知，爱尔兰饥荒导致的结果就是农业经济的转变，移民以及对英国埋下了敌意的种子。只有D项“脱离英国独立”是没有提到的。因此，该题选择D项符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“移民到新的土地”、B项“开始饲养牲畜”和C项“对英国人感到愤怒”根据解题思路可知，这三项都是饥荒的结果，属于反向干扰。6. 单选题It has been said that management is a science and that leadership is an art. Management is comprised of concrete, measurable skills: planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. Thumb through any management textbook and youll see specific models, formulas, procedures, or techniques for monitoring and controlling performance output. Controlling productivity through adherence to standards is the stock-in-trade of the effective manager. Its not always an easy task, and talented managers should be given the credit they deserve in helping their organizations succeed. No organization can survive for very long, let alone earn any sort of substantial profits, without sound management. But management alone is not enough in todays marketplace. It is the right balance, a combination of efficient management and leadership, that every organization is seeking.Just what is the new model of leadership for the 21st century? It revolves around five abstract qualities. Managers may possess some or all of these abilities to one degree or another, but these skills are distinct from the particular qualities that define management. To better understand how leadership and management differ, lets review the five leadership competencies.Self-mastery is the foundation upon which a leaders credibility is built and from which a leaders image will evolve. Self-mastery involves awareness, acknowledgment, and acceptance. Its about discovering the qualities that make you special and unique. Its about your own talents and abilities your personal areas of excellence. Effective leaders create opportunities to showcase their natural abilities. They uncover their potential talents by continually stretching themselves and pushing the