2022年考博英语-山西大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷93

2022年考博英语-山西大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rashes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, thats God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairmans notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustnt attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural, include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making alight-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you dont succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.1.To make your humor work, you should（ ）.2.The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are（ ）.3.It can be inferred from the text that public services（ ）.4.To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered（ ）.5.The best title for the text may be（ ）.问题1选项A.take advantage of different kinds of audienceB.make fun of the disorganized peopleC.address different problems to different peopleD.show sympathy for your listeners问题2选项A.impolite to new arrivalsB.very conscious of their godlike roleC.entitled to some privilegesD.very busy even during lunch hours问题3选项A.have benefited many peopleB.are the focus of public attentionC.are an inappropriate subject for humorD.have often been the laughing stock问题4选项A.in well-worded languageB.as awkwardly as possibleC.in exaggerated statementD.as casually as possible问题5选项A.Use Humor EffectivelyB.Various Kinds of HumorC.Add Humor to SpeechD.Different Humor Strategies【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.语义推测题。根据第一段第一句If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems.（如果你想在你的谈话中使用幽默使人们微笑，你必须知道如何识别共同的经历和问题。）和第三句Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different.（根据你的谈话对象，问题会有所不同。），可知幽默最重要的是讨论的问题，并且针对不同的人要用不同的问题，故C选项“向不同的人提出不同的问题”正确。A选项“利用不同类型的观众”和D选项“对听众表示同情”：根据第一段第二、三句，幽默必须与听众相关，是因为有助于同情听众从而亲近听众，策略在于谈论的问题。B选项“取笑那些没有条理的人”：文章没有提到。因此C选项正确。2.语义推测题。A选项impolite to new arrivals“对新人无礼”；B选项very conscious of their godlike role“非常清楚他们神一样的角色”；C选项entitled to some privileges“有权享有某些特权”；D选项very busy even during lunch hours“即使在午餐时间也很忙”。根据第二段第一句the audience all shared the same view of doctors（所有的听众都对医生有相同的看法）和最后一句 “Oh, thats God,” came the reply “but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor.”（“哦，那是上帝，”他回答说，“但有时他认为自己是一名医生。”）可知，在护士眼中，医生是神一样的角色，故B选项“非常清楚他们神一样的角色”正确。其他选项不符合题意。因此B选项正确。3.细节推断题。根据第三段第一句itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food（你就适合对餐厅难以下咽的食物开玩笑），可知对公共服务开玩笑往往幽默效果很不错，故D选项“经常拿来开玩笑”正确，C选项“不合适做幽默主题”错误。A选项“使许多人受益”和B选项“是公众关注的焦点”：文章没有提到。因此D选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第四段you must practice so that it becomes more naturalin a relaxed and unforced mannermaking a light-hearted remark（你必须练习到更自然用一种轻松和自然的方式轻松愉快地说话），可知幽默需要传达出自然和随意，故D选项“尽可能随意”正确。A选项“良好措辞”：措辞方面没有提到。B选项“尽可能尴尬”：根据第四段第一句，尴尬需要避免，C选项“陈述夸张”：根据第五段第三句，夸张陈述不是必要条件。因此D选项正确。5.主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句if you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile（如果你想在谈话间用幽默让人发笑），后文通过原则和各种方法在讲如何恰当地使人发笑，故A选项“有效运用幽默”正确。B选项“各式的幽默”，C选项“为演讲增添幽默”，D选项“不同的幽默策略”是其中的一个方面或者细节，不足以概括全文。因此A选项正确。2. 单选题For about three centuries we have been doing science, trying science out, using science for the construction of what we call modern civilization. Every dispensable item of contemporary technology, from canal locks to dial telephones to penicillin, was pieced together from the analysis of data provided by one or another series of scientific experiments. Three hundred years seems a long time for testing a new approach to human development long enough to settle back for critical appraisal of the scientific method, maybe even long enough to vote on whether to go on with it or not. There is an argument.Voices have been raised in protest since the beginning, rising in pitch and violence in the nineteenth century during the early stages of the industrial revolution, summoning urgent crowds into the streets any day these days on the issue of nuclear energy. Give it back, say some of the voices, it doesnt really work, wed tried it and it doesnt work, go back three hundred years and start again on something else less chancy for the race of man.The principal discoveries in this century, taking all in all, are the glimpses of the depth of our ignorance about nature. Things that used to seem clear and rational, matters of absolute certaintyNewtonian mechanics, for examplehave slipped through our fingers, and we are left with a new set of gigantic puzzles, cosmic uncertainties, ambiguities; some of the laws of physics are amended every few years, some are canceled outright, some undergo revised versions of legislative intent as if they were acts of Congress.Just thirty years ago we call it a biological revolution when the fantastic geometry of the DNA molecule was exposed to public view and the linear language of genetics was decoded. For a while, things seemed simple and clear, the cell was a neat little machine, a mechanical device ready for taking to pieces and reassembling, like a tiny watch. But just in the last few years it has become almost unbelievably complex, filled with strange parts whose functions are beyond todays imagination.It is not just that there is more to do, there is everything to do. What lies ahead, or what can lie ahead if the efforts in basic research are continued, is much more than the conquest of human disease or the improvement of agricultural technology or the cultivation of nutrients in the sea. As we learn more about fundamental processes of living things in general we will learn more about ourselves.1.What CANNOT be inferred from the first paragraph?2.The principle discovery in this century shows（ ）.3.Now scientists have found in the past few years（ ）.4.The writers main purpose in writing the passage is to say that（ ）.5.The writers attitude towards science is（ ）.问题1选项A.Scientific experiments in the past three hundred years have produced many valuable items.B.For three hundred years there have been people holding a hostile attitude toward science.C.Modern civilization depends on science so man supports scientific progress unanimously.D.Some people think three hundred years is not long enough to set back for critical appraisal of scientific method.问题2选项A.man has overthrown Newtons laws of physicsB.man has solved a new set of gigantic puzzlesC.man has lost many scientific discoveriesD.man has given up some of the once accepted theories问题3选项A.the exposure of DNA to the public is unnecessaryB.the tiny cell in DNA is a neat little machineC.man knows nothing about DNAD.man has much to learn about DNA问题4选项A.science is just at its beginningB.science has greatly improved mans lifeC.science has made profound progressD.science has done too little to human beings问题5选项A.criticalB.approvingC.neutralD.regretful【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.细节推断题。根据第一段第三句和第四句maybe even long enough to vote on whether to go on with it or not. There is an argument （甚至长到要投票决定是否继续下去。这是有争议的。），可见对于将科学是否继续进行下去，人们观点不一，有人持敌对态度，故C选项“现代文明依赖科学，所以人们一致支持科学的进步”正确，B选项“三百年来有人一直对科学持敌对态度”错误，D选项“有的人认为三百年的时间不够长，不能让人们对科学方法进行批判性的评价”错误。A选项“过去三百年的科学实验制造出许多有价值的物品”：根据第一段第一、二句，三百年来，我们一直在研究科学，当代每项技术都是通过科学实验而来的。因此C选项正确。2.细节推断题。A选项man has overthrown Newtons laws of physics“人类推翻了牛顿的物理定律”；B选项man has solved a new set of gigantic puzzles“人类已经解决了一套新的巨大的谜题”；C选项man has lost many scientific discoveries“人类已经失去了许多科学发现”；D选项man has given up some of the once accepted theories“人类已经放弃了一些曾经被接受的理论”。根据第三段最后一句some of the laws of physics are amended every few years, some are canceled outright, some undergo revised versions of legislative intent as if they were acts of Congress.（有些物理定律每隔几年就会被修订，有些被完全取消，有些经过立法意图的修订版本，就像它们是国会法案一样。），可知人类对理论所采取的做法是修正，摈弃，甚至采取立法手段，故D选项“人类已经放弃了一些曾经被接受的理论”正确。A、B、C选项不是主要发现，而是其中小部分。因此D选项正确。3.细节推断题。根据第四段Just thirty years ago we call it a biological revolutionFor a while, things seemed simple and clearBut just in the last few years it has become almost unbelievably complex（30年前，我们称之为一场生物革命有一段时间，事情似乎简单明了但就在最近几年，它变得几乎难以置信地复杂），可知人们对于DNA的认识不断在更新，有很多要了解的，不是一无所知，故D选项“人类对DNA还需要了解很多”正确，C选项“人类对DNA一无所知”错误。A选项“没有必要把DNA的信息告诉大众”：作者没有这个意思。B选项“DNA中的小细胞是一台小巧的机器”：根据第四段第二句，DNA在30年前被比作小机器，但现在这个概念被颠覆。因此D选项正确。4.细节推断题。根据第五段第一句It is not just that there is more to do, there is everything to do.（不仅是有更多的事情要做，而是每件事都要做。），可知人类在科学发展方面还需要做大量的研究，这只是一个开始，故A选项“科学才刚刚开始”正确。B选项“科学极大地改善了人类生活”和D选项“科学对人类作用太小”没有着重表述。C选项“科学取得了里程碑式的进步”没有提到。因此A选项正确。5.综合归纳题。A选项critical“批判的”；B选项approving“支持的”；C选项neutral“中性的”；D选项regretful“伟大的”。根据第五段最后一句As we learn more about fundamental processes of living things in general we will learn more about ourselves.（随着我们更多地了解生物的基本过程，我们也将更多地了解我们自己。），以及全文对科技进步的描述，作者点出了科学进步的好处，可见对科学持正向肯定态度，故B选项“支持的”正确。A，C和D选项不符合题意。因此B选项正确。3. 单选题It is obvious that,（ ）self-awareness is a healthy quality, overdoing it is harmful.问题1选项A.whileB.asC.whenD.since【答案】A【解析】考查连词辨析。A选项while用作连词时，译为“当时候，和同时；虽然，尽管”；B选项as表原因；C选项when表时间；D选项since表原因。题干的意思是“很明显，虽然自我意识是一种健康的品质，（ ）过度的自我意识是有害的。”所以空格处应填while表转折。因此A选项正确。4. 单选题Some years ago, Houston airport faced a troubling issue. Passengers were（1）about the long waits at baggage claim (行李提取处).（2）, the executives increased the number of baggage handlers. The plan（3）: the average wait fell to eight minutes, well within industry standard.（4）the complaints persisted.（5）, the airport executives undertook a more careful analysis. They found that it（6）passengers a minute to walk from their arrival gates to baggage claim and seven more minutes to get their bags. （7）, roughly 88 percent of their time was spent standing around waiting for their bags.So they decided on a new approach:（8）reducing wait time, they moved the arrival gates farther away from the main terminal. Passengers now had to walk six times longer. Complaints dropped to near（9）.This story shows that the experience of waiting is defined only partly by the objective（10）of the wait. Occupied time (walking to baggage claim) feels（11）than unoccupied time (（12）at baggage claim). Research on queuing has shown that, people on average,（13）how long theyve waited in a line.This is also（14）one finds mirrors next to elevators. The（15）was born during the post-World War II boom, when the spread of high-rises（16）complaints about elevator delays. The reason behind the mirrors was（17）to the one used at the Houston airport: give people something to occupy their time.（18）overnight, the complaints ceased.Well never（19）lines altogether, but a better understanding of the psychology of waiting can help make those（20）delays more bearable. And when all else fails, bring a book.问题1选项A.warningB.thinkingC.askingD.complaining问题2选项A.In responseB.In factC.In theoryD.In turn问题3选项A.failedB.workedC.stoppedD.continued问题4选项A.SoB.ButC.OrD.And问题5选项A.PuzzledB.ScaredC.DelightedD.Relieved问题6选项A.spentB.neededC.costD.took问题7选项A.In generalB.In additionC.In any caseD.In other words问题8选项A.in spite ofB.instead ofC.by means ofD.because of问题9选项A.nothingB.zeroC.noneD.no问题10选项A.complaintB.reachC.feelingD.length问题11选项A.shorterB.betterC.longerD.harder问题12选项A.lookingB.standingC.servingD.pointing问题13选项A.dislikeB.disagreeC.overestimateD.misunderstand问题14选项A.howB.whatC.whyD.when问题15选项A.reasonB.problemC.standardD.idea问题16选项A.called forB.pointed outC.led toD.began with问题17选项A.accustomedB.specificC.helpfulD.similar问题18选项A.RatherB.QuiteC.EntirelyD.Almost问题19选项A.crossB.eliminateC.drawD.create问题20选项A.inadequateB.impatientC.impossibleD.inevitable【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A第6题:D第7题:D第8题:B第9题:B第10题:D第11题:A第12题:B第13题:C第14题:C第15题:B第16题:C第17题:D第18题:D第19题:B第20题:D【解析】1.考查动词辨析。联系下文可知客户在抱怨排队时间长。A选项warning“警告”； B选项thinking“思考”；C选项asking“请求”，因此D选项正确。2.考查语境理解。由空格前，联系第一题“Passengers were complaining about the long waits at baggage claim（乘客们在抱怨行李提取处等待时间太长）”，空格后“the executives increased the number of baggage handlers.（行政人员增加了行李搬运工的人数。）”可知，空格后是对空格前做的回应。B选项In fact“事实上，实际上”；C选项In theory“理论上”；D选项In turn“轮流，依次”，都不符合上下文语境，因此A选项正确。3.考查语境理解。根据下文“the average wait fell to eight minutes, well within industry standard.（平均等待时间降至8分钟，完全符合行业标准。）”可知这项计划奏效了，等待时间下降了。因此B选项正确。4.考查逻辑关系。根据上文“the average wait fell to eight minutes, well within industry standard. （平均等待时间降至8分钟，完全符合行业标准。）”和下文“the complaints persisted.（人们的抱怨仍在继续）”可知空格处填的词应该表示转折。A选项So表原因；B选项But表转折；C选项Or表并列；D选项And表并列，因此B选项正确。5.考查动词辨析。“（ ）, the airport executives undertook a more careful analysis.”意为“因为机场管理人员进行了更仔细的分析”。A选项Puzzled“困惑”；B选项Scared“害怕”；C选项Delighted“高兴，愉快”；D选项Relieved“解除”。因此A选项正确。6.考查固定搭配。It take sb some time to do sth意为花费时间做某事，没有It spend sb some time to do sth这个说法，spend的用法是sb spend some time (in) doing sth，它的主语必须是人；cost的用法是sth cost sb +金钱；need的主语一般是人，不用it作形式主语。因此D选项正确。7.考查短语辨析。根据上文“They found that it took passengers a minute to walk from their arrival gates to baggage claim and seven more minutes to get their bags.（乘客从到达登机口走到行李认领处需要1分钟，取行李又需要7分钟。）” 和下文“roughly 88 percent of their time was spent standing around waiting for their bags.（他们大约88%的时间是在站着等行李。）”可知上下文表示的意思是一样的，所以空格处应填一个表并列关系的短语。因此空格处应填“in other words”，因此D选项正确。8.考查短语辨析。A选项in spite of“不管，不顾”；B选项instead of“代替，而不是”；C选项by means of“依靠，借助于”；D选项because of“因为，由于”，句意：他们没有缩短等待时间，而是把到达门移到离主航站楼更远的地方。因此B选项正确。9.考查语境理解。句意：参考第48题，他们没有缩短等待时间，而是把到达门移到离主航站楼更远的地方。现在乘客们得多走六倍的路。投诉几乎为（ ）。从句意我们可以看出空格处应该为一个数值，选项中只有B选项符合，因此B选项正确。10.考查名词辨析。句意：这个故事表明，等待的体验只在一定程度上取决于客观等待的（ ）。A选项complaint “抱怨”不符合句意；B选项reach “范围”不符合句意； C选项feeling “感觉”与句中的体验相冲突；D选项length “时长”符合句意，因此D选项正确。11.考查逻辑关系。该句意为：被占用的时间（走到行李认领处）感觉比没被占用的时间（站在行李认领处）（ ）。根据上文中提到的，机场管理人员把到达门移到离主航站楼更远的地方，乘客们在等待的过程中感觉有事情可做，就会觉得走路的时间比等待的时间短，因此A选项正确。12.考查动词辨析。该空格处应填与前面括号内（walking to baggage claim）相对应的单词。A选项looking “看”；B选项standing “站”；C选项serving“招待、服务”；D选项pointing“指向，表明”，其中只有B选项与前面括号内的内容适配度更高，因此B选项正确。13.考查动词辨析。句意：关于排队的研究表明，人们平均会（ ）自己排队等候的时间。A选项dislike “不喜欢，厌恶”；B选项disagree“不同意，反对”；C选项overestimate “高估”；D选项misunderstand “误解，误会”。联系上下文可知人们总是以为自己的排队时长很长，其实不然，所以人们经常高估自己排队等候的时间，因此C选项正确。14.考查语境理解。句意：这也是（ ）电梯旁边有镜子。根据下文可知，正是因为镜子让人们在等待的时候有事可做，所以会让人们感觉等待时间缩短了，所以空格处应填有因果关系的词，因此C选项正确。15.考查语境理解。该句子句意为：这个（ ）出现在二战后的经济繁荣时期，当时高楼林立，导致了人们对电梯延误的抱怨。由此可知，人们对电梯的延误感到抱怨更偏向于是一种社会问题。A选项reason “原因”；B选项problem “问题”；C选项standard “标准”；D选项idea “方法”，因此B选项正确。16.考查短语辨析。A选项call for “要求，需要，倡导”；B选项point out “指出，指明”；C选项lead to “导致”；D选项begin with “以开始，开始于”。参考55题，句意为：这个问题产生于二战后的经济繁荣时期，当时高楼林立，（ ）了人们对电梯延误的抱怨。根据句意可知空格处应填导致了人们的抱怨，所以C选项正确。17.考查固定搭配。A选项be accustomed to的意思：习惯于；习以为常；B选项be specific to “针对而言，仅限于”；C选项be helpful to do sth. 对做有帮助，后面一般接to do不定式；D选项be similar to “与相似，和相似”，to后面可以接人，也可以接物。句意：镜子后面的原因和休斯顿机场使用的（ ）：让人们有事可做。一夜之间，投诉停止了。联系上下文可知镜子和机场都是为了让人们在等待的时候有事情可做，他们的目的是一样的，因此D选项正确。18.考查副词辨析。句意：（ ）一夜之间，投诉停止了。A选项rather “宁可，宁愿，相当”；B选项quite “很，相当，完全”；C选项entirely “完全的”；D选项almost“差不多，几乎”。联系题干可知D选项正确。19.考查动词辨析。A选项cross “穿过，横过”，cross后面一般不用lines，而是cross the line，cross the line逐字解释是越过某条界线，一般是指触犯了某项禁忌或者规则，做了过分的事情。B选项eliminate “消除，排除”；C选项draw“画，拉，吸引”；D选项create“创造，创立”。句意：我们永远不会完全（ ）排队。根据句意可知B选项正确。20.考查形容词辨析。A选项inadequate “不充分的，不适当的”；B选项impatient “焦躁的，不耐烦的”；C选项impossible “不可能的”；D选项inevitable“不可避免的”。句意：但更好地理解等待的心理可以帮助让那些（ ）延误变得更容易忍受。联系句意，D选项正确。5. 单选题A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information age, the knowledge society. It has changed the way we work. Already were partly there. The percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen dramatically in the Western World. Today the majority of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many of these countries) are in the service industry, and the number is on the rise. More women are in the work force than ever before. There are more part-time jobs. More people are self-employed. But the breadth of the economic transformation cant be measured by numbers alone, because it also is giving rise to a basic new way of thinking about the nature of work itself. Long-held concepts about jobs and careers, the skills needed to succeed, even the relation between individuals and employers all these are being challenged.We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead. No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention, the chip, would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computers, digital communications and factory robots. Tomorrows achievements in biotechnology, artificial intelligence or even some still unimagined technology could produce a similar wave of dramatic changes. But one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more important, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth. Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing routine tasks will be valued above all else. If you cast your mind ahead 10 years, information services will be predominant. It will be the way you do your job.1.A characteristic of the information age is that（ ）.2.One of the great changes brought about by the knowledge society is that（ ）.3.By referring to computers and other inventions, the author means that（ ）.4.The future will probably belong to those who（ ）.5.Which of the follo