2022年考博英语-首都师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第82期

2022年考博英语-首都师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The ratio of the work done by the machine （ ）the work done on it is called the efficiency of the machine.问题1选项A.againstB.withC.toD.for【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。the ratio of A to B表示“A与B之比”。句意：机械所做的功与其受到的功之比称为机械的效率。答案C2. 单选题You should （ ）to one or more weekly magazines such as Time or People.问题1选项A.subscribeB.orderC.prescribeD.reclaim【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。 subscribe订阅，后接介词to；order定购，预定；prescribe开处方；reclaim改造，感化，回收利用 ；由weekly magazines可知答案为A。句意：你应该订阅一本或更多的周刊杂志，比如时代或人物。答案A3. 单选题Many of the inventions that made people（ ）and have determined the direction of American industry were related to agriculture and food production.问题1选项A.affluentB.abundantC.sufficientD.bankrupt【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。affluent富裕的，丰富的； abundant 充裕的，丰富的； 用来形容物。 sufficient足够的，充足的； bankrupt破产的。 句意：许多使人民生活富足并且决定了美国产业发展方向的发明都与农业和食品生产有关。由inventions可知发明都是为了让人类的生活更好，故可推知这些发明使人民生活富足。答案A4. 单选题This document is （ ）unless it is officially stamped.问题1选项A.invalidB.acuteC.deliberateD.confidential【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。 invalid “无效的”；acute “严重的”；deliberate “故意的”； confidential “机密的，保密的”。句意：这份文件除非有官方盖章，否则就是无效的。由后半句unless 这个条件可知A项正确。5. 翻译题许多事情不与朋友分享，就无法自得其乐，而读书则可以。独坐家中，却得以周游世界，了解千万事端的缘由。活在当世，却可以与千万年前的先人对话。读书增长阅历； 哪怕是万里之外、相隔千年，也能感受到他人对人生的感悟。其乐融融，唯有读书能赋予。未能从读书中享受到乐趣的人，乃贫乏之人：从读书中享受最大乐趣的人，是获得最大幸福的人。【答案】There are many things from which you would not entertain yourself if you dont share them with your friends. However, reading is an exception. By reading, you can sit at home to travel around the world and get to know the reasons of thousands of things. As a modern man, you can converse with ancestors from millions of years ago. Reading can enrich your experiences, as you can taste others insight of life even if they lived thousands of miles away or thousands of years ago. Only reading can provide you with such pleasure. People who cannot enjoy reading are poor; People who gain the greatest fun from reading are the happiest.6. 单选题We are writing to the manager （ ）the repairs recently carried out at the above address.问题1选项A.with the exception ofB.with the purpose ofC.with reference toD.with a view to【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。 with the exception of “除了以外”；with the purpose of “目的，用途”； in/with reference to “关于，就而言”； with a view to “着眼于”。句意：我们给经理写信反映关于最近在以上地址进行维修的有关情况。C项符合句意，答案C7. 单选题I was awfully tired when I got home from work, but a half hour nap （ ）me.问题1选项A.revivedB.releasedC.relievedD.recovered【答案】A【解析】考查近义词辨析。revive使恢复体力（或精力、活力等）；release释放，发布； relieve缓解，减轻； recover恢复健康。 句意：我下班回家的时候非常累，但睡了半小时后我又有精神了。由but可知前后句为转折关系，前半句提到“非常疲劳”，后半句句意应与之相反，再从“a half hour nap”可推知睡半小时后恢复了体力。故A项正确。答案A8. 单选题Small farms and the lack of modern technology have （ ）agricultural production.问题1选项A.blunderedB.tangledC.bewilderedD.hampered【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。 blundered “做错；说错话”； tangled “使纠缠；处于混乱状态”；bewildered “使迷惑，使不知所措”；hampered“阻碍，束缚”。句意：小农场和现代技术的缺乏阻碍了农业生产。联系前半句可知只有D项“阻碍”符合句意。答案D9. 单选题Because of the severe drought, the government has urged people to be（ ）with water.问题1选项A.economicB.thriftyC.cautionsD.economical【答案】B【解析】考查近义词辨析。 economic经济的；thrifty节约的，节省的；caution谨慎的，十分小心的； economical经济的，节约的。由句中“severe draught 严重旱灾”可知政府号召人们节约用水，不要浪费水。句意：由于那场严重的旱灾，政府号召人们节约用水。故答案B10. 单选题The （ ）of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.问题1选项A.implementationB.manifestationC.demonstrationD.expedition【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。implementation“履行，执行”；manifestation“表现，显示”；demonstration“演示，证明”；expedition “远征，探险”。句意：一种文化现象的表现形式通常是人们生活方式中某些物质方面的必然结果。B项符合句意，答案B11. 单选题Creating so much confusion, Jason realized he had better make （ ）what he was trying to tell the audience.问题1选项A.exclusiveB.explicitC.objectiveD.obscure【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。exclusive “独有的，排外的”；explicit“明确的，清楚的”； objective“客观的”； obscure“不清楚的，隐蔽的”。句意：在造成诸多困惑后，杰森意识到自己最好把试图告诉听众的事情弄清楚。由Creating so much confusion可知Jason最好是把这些困惑给弄清楚。答案B12. 单选题In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product theyre looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability.Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier, says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the companys private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to pull customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to push information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the PointCast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a companys Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starling to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offering，or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. Thats a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, A, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.1.What do we learn about the present web business?2.Established partners are preferred in web business because（ ）.3.Net purists are most worried that（ ）.4.What can be inferred about A?问题1选项A.Web business is no longer in fashionB.Business-to-business sales are the trend.C.Web business is prosperous in the consumer market.D.Many companies still lack confidence in web business.问题2选项A.they are more creditable than othersB.they specify the products they wantC.they have access to the companys private intranetD.they are capable of conducting online transactions问题3选项A.only the requested information conies to the screenB.the net is filled with commercial promotionC.the difference between the Wed and TV will fadeD.push technology will dominate the screen问题4选项A.Its success is attributed to push strategies.B.It is prosperous without push strategies.C.It is highly concerned about the cost of computing power.D.It is a good example of the flourishing online business.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B【解析】第1题:推理判断题。第2段开头的Nonetheless表明该句与首段提到的内容有转折关系：Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because（尽管如此，许多公司仍然对使用网络犹豫不决，因为），因此D项“许多公司对网络商务依然缺少自信”正确。第2题:细节事实题。由第二段because of doubts about its reliability.及最后一句“Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the companys private intranet. 一些公司通过只与已建立业务的伙伴进行在线交易来限制风险，这些业务伙伴可以访问公司的私有内部网。”可知商家为了减轻风险，会选择与建立了合作关系的固定合作伙伴交易，因为他们更值得信赖。”答案A第3题:细节事实题。第3段末句开头的Thats a prospect表明前面提到的内容就是使网络净化者觉得担忧的问题，上文说网络广告不应像电视那样不请自来，由此可见，网络净化者最担心的是以后电脑屏幕会被不请自来的广告占据，因此D为本题答案。关键不在于“网络中满是商业促销”，而是“push technology（广告推送）”。第4题:推理判断题。由第四段首句“But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money.不靠推销策略赚钱也是可行的。”接着例举亚马逊的成功案例，可知答案B13. 单选题Technology has（ ）the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.问题1选项A.formulatedB.furnishedC.functionedD.facilitated【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。formulated 构想出，用公式表示；furnished供应，装备； functioned运行，行使职责； facilitated 促进，帮助。句意：科技促进了信息的分享和存储以及信息的传递，进而使得更多的信息为更多人所用。D项符合句意，答案D。14. 单选题Why this otherwise excellent newspaper allows such an article to be printed is（ ）.问题1选项A.above meB.beyond meC.beside meD.lip to me【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析。 above“在之上”； beyond “超过”； beside “在旁边”；up“在上方”。句意：我实在无法理解，这份本来很出色的报纸怎么会允许这篇文章被发表出来。beyond sb.超出某人能理解的范围。答案B15. 单选题While fashion is thought of usually in relation to clothing, it is important to realize that it covers a much wider domain. It is to be found in manners, the arts, literature, and philosophy, and may even reach into certain areas of science. In fact, it may operate in any field of group life, apart from the technological and utilitarian area and the area or the sacred. Its operation requires a class society, for in its essential character it does not occur either in a homogeneous society like a primitive group, or in a caste society.Fashion behaves as a movement, and on this basis it is different from custom which by comparison, is static. This is due to the fact that fashion is based fundamentally on differentiation and emulation. In a class society, the upper classes or the so-called social elite are not able to differentiate themselves by fixed symbols or badges. Hence the more external features of their life and behavior are likely to be imitated by classes immediately below them, who, in turn, imitated by groups immediately below them in the social structure. This process gives to fashion a vertical descent. However, the elite class finds that it is no longer distinguishable, by reason of the imitation made by others, and hence is led to adopt new differentiating criteria, only to displace these as they in turn are imitated. It is primarily his feature that makes fashion into a movement and which has led one writer to remark that a fashion, once launched, move to its doom.As a movement, fashion show little resemblance to any of the other movements which we have considered. While it occurs spontaneously and moves along in a characteristic cycle, it involves little in the way of crowd behavior and it is not dependent upon the discussion process and the resulting public opinion. It does not depend upon the mechanisms of which we have spoken. The participants are not recruited through agitation. No morale is built up among them. Nor does the fashion movement have, or require an ideology. Further, since it does not have a leadership imparting conscious direction to the movement, it does not build up a set of tactics. People take part in the fashion movement voluntarily and in response to the interesting and powerful kind of control which fashion imposes on them.1.It is known from the first paragraph that （ ）.2.Which of the following statements is true?3.According to the author, a fashion movement（ ）.4.It can be inferred from the passage that a fashion movement（ ）.问题1选项A.fashion operates in every societyB.fashion is found only in a few fields of group lifeC.fashion originates in a class societyD.people like to keep up with fashion in a primitive society问题2选项A.Fashion, as a movement, is static.B.A fashion is destined to disappear once it is launched.C.A fashion will never vanish once it is launched.D.The upper classes play a little role in fashion movements.问题3选项A.will eventually develop into a social organizationB.has little in common with other movementsC.has a powerful leadership guiding itD.has a set of symbols and values问题4选项A.is a form of expressive behaviorB.contributes a great deal to the way of crowd behaviorC.can boost the morale of its participantsD.functions in the same way as specific social movements【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:A【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由题干定位到第一段“Its operation requires a class society, for in its essential character itdoes not occur either in a homogeneous society like a primitive group, or in a caste society. 时尚的运作需要一个阶级社会，因为就其本质而言，它既不发生在像原始群体那样的同质社会，也不发生在种姓社会。” 可知时尚智慧发生在阶级社会。答案C第2题:细节事实题。由第二段“It is primarily this feature that makes fashion into a movement and which has led one writer to remark that a fashion, once launched, move to its doom. 正是这一特点使时尚成为一种运动，并使一位作家评论说，一种时尚，一旦推出，就走向灭亡。”可知答案B第3题:推理判断题。由第三段“As a movement, fashion show little resemblance to any of the other movements which we have considered. 作为一场运动，时尚与我们所考虑过的其他运动几乎没有相似之处。”可知时尚运动与其他运动几乎没有相似之处。答案B第4题:推理判断题。此题可用排除法 由“it involves little in the way of crowd behavior.”可排除 B 项；由“No morale is built up among .” 可排除C项；由“As a movement, fashion show little resemblance to any of the other movements which we have considered. 作为一场运动，时尚与我们所考虑过的其他运动几乎没有相似之处。”可排除D项。故答案A16. 单选题To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed（ ）and means of packing.问题1选项A.specimensB.inspectionsC.paraphrasesD.specifications【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。specimens 样品，范例；inspections 检查，检阅； paraphrases 释义； specification 规格，参数。句意：为了让您对我们的产品有个大概的了解，我们随函给您附了产品目录，它展示了多种我们所经营的产品，包括详细的规格和包装方法。D项最符合题意，答案D17. 单选题Though he views himself as a realist, Cetron says his findings make him very（ ）about future.问题1选项A.optimisticB.sympatheticC.objectiveD.precautious【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。 optimistic “乐观的”； sympathetic“有同情心的”； objective“客观的”；precautious“警惕的，谨慎的” 。句意：尽管认为自己是一个现实主义者，Cetron称他的发现让自己对未来非常乐观。由转折词Though 及realist “现实主义者”可知空格处所填单词意思应与realist相反，现实主义者一般对未来不持乐观态度，故选项中“乐观的”正确，答案A18. 单选题To everybodys surprise, the referee took a （ ）view of the foul and did not punish the player at all.问题1选项A.lenientB.divergentC.dimD.cautious【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。 lenient宽大的，仁慈的；divergent 有分歧的；dim 暗淡的，昏暗的；cautious 小心的，谨慎的。句意：让所有人出乎意料的是，裁判员对这次犯规采取了宽容的态度，一点也没有惩罚参赛选手。由did not punish the player at all可知裁判采取了宽容的态度。A项正确。答案A19. 单选题The actual process by which coal is extracted is well（ ）, if you get the chance and are willing to take the trouble.问题1选项A.worth watchingB.worth to be watchedC.worthy watchingD.worthy to be watched【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。worth “值得的”；be worth doing“值得做”；worthy “值得的，有价值的”。句意：如果有机会而且你也不怕费事，采煤的实际过程还是很值得一看的。根据句意及搭配可知A项正确，答案A20. 单选题The international situation has been growing （ ）difficult for the last few years.问题1选项A.invariablyB.presumablyC.increasinglyD.dominantly【答案】C【解析】考查副词辨析。 invariable不变地，始终如一地； presumably大约，大概 ；increasingly越来越地；dominantly占优势地，支配地。 句意：在过去的几年里，国际局势变得越来越艰难。C项符合句意，答案C