2022年考博英语-西北工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第27期

2022年考博英语-西北工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题在学问上打下坚实的基础将使你终生受益。在学习的初级阶段，学校所有科目中最重要的是语言和数学。语言是阅读和交流的工具，中文不好，你就不能很好地表达自己；没有很好的掌握一门外语，你就会发现很难吸收外国的新知识。数学能训练人的逻辑思维。 其他学科也各有用处，很难说哪一门更重要。比如，体育和音乐教育对于促进人的智力发展同样是重要的。The first beginnings of the theory may be prompted by casual observation and experience. In these first probes toward theory, description of facts makes up most share of the effort. Increasing sophistication and rigor leads to a growing concern with testing tentative theories using carefully selected data and a variety of statistical techniques. In these later developments, the subject matter of a discipline becomes increasingly theoretical and deductive, rather than empirical and descriptive.【答案】Laying a solid foundation for study will work for all your life. In the rudimentary stage of learning, the most important subjects in school education are language and Mathematics. Language is a tool for reading and communication. If you are poor in your mother language, you cannot express yourself well. And you will find its difficult to absorb new knowledge from other countries without mastering a foreign language. Mathematics can train peoples logical thinking. Its hard to tell which subject is more important, for other subjects also have their own advantages. For instance, physical and music education make contribution to our intelligence development.不经意的观察和经历可能会促进理论的开始。在探究理论之初，描述事实构成了这种探索努力的最大部分。随着理论不断变得复杂和严谨，人们开始使用精心挑选的数据和各式各样的统计方法来测试尝试性的理论。在随后的发展中，学科的主题变得理论化，并且具有推导性，不再是经验和描述的。2. 单选题After scrutinizing the Stern Hitler Diaries, handwriting experts proclaimed them to be forgeries.问题1选项A.examiningB.judgingC.protractingD.detecting【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：通过希特勒日记，字迹专家宣布这些日记是伪造的。examine “（仔细地）检查”；judge “判断”；protract “延长；绘制”；detect “发现，察觉”。字迹专家只有通过认真检查才能知晓这个日记是伪造的，因此可知划线单词scrutinize的意思是“详细检查”，选项A符合题意。3. 单选题Being both spoiled and lazy, the boy（ ）everyone else for his lack of success.问题1选项A.criticizedB.blamedC.chargedD.accused【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。criticize “批评”；blame “责备，归咎于”；charge “控诉，告诫”；accuse “控告，谴责”。blame 常与for 连用；charge 后跟for；accuse 后接of。根据“for his lack of success”可知选项B符合题意。4. 单选题You will only be allowed to leave early in（ ）circumstances.问题1选项A.exceptionalB.coincidentalC.peculiarD.imperative【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。exceptional “特殊的；例外的”；coincidental “巧合的”；peculiar “不寻常的；特有的；古怪的”；imperative “紧急的；不可避免的；必要的”。句意：你只有在特殊时刻才被允许提前离开。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题He never exerts himself to aid those trying to（ ）a difficult situation.问题1选项A.rectifyB.modifyC.solidifyD.verify【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。rectify “改正”；modify “修改；更改”; solidify “团结；凝固”；verify “核实；查证”。句意：他从不帮助那些试图矫正困境的人。选项A符合题意。6. 单选题Rachel was the（ ）choice for the job thanks to her communication skills问题1选项A.unanimousB.genuineC.harmoniousD.agreeable【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。unanimous “意见一致的；无异议的”；genuine “真实的；诚恳的”；harmonious “和谐的；协调的”；agreeable “令人愉快的；合适的”。句意：蕾切尔因为出色的交流技能成为这份工作无异议的人选。选项A符合题意。7. 翻译题通过向湖泊、河流，溪流及其他积水地投放石灰可以缓解酸雨所带来的损失。石灰可以缓解酸化的一些征兆，但并非真正的解决方法，对于许多湖泊和流动水体都不太现实，而且也不能解决问题的病根。在污染源降低到一个令人满意的水平之前，我们应该把它看作是一种临时性应付措施。永久性的解决办法就是首先要减少污染源。在保护水和森林方面的严格的控制所起到的作用以外，他们还将在防止腐蚀方面挽救数以百万计的美元的损失。The urban environment has to offer as many recreation activities as possible, and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect. The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasant walk in the district, if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets, because the risks of traffic are too great, if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying for a moment the nice weather, in short, if you only feel yourself at home after the street-door of your house is closed after you.【答案】Acid rain can be mitigated by pouring lime into lakes, rivers and streams and other catchments. Lime may alleviate some of the symptoms of acidification, but its not a real solution, for it is unpractical for many lakes and running water. Furthermore, it cannot solve the root cause of the problems. Before reducing the sources of pollution to a satisfied level, we should regard lime as a temporary measure. The permanent solution is first to decrease the source of pollution. Besides the effects produced by the strict controls in terms of protecting water sources and forests, they will save millions of dollars in aspects of corrosion prevention.城市环境应该尽可能多地提供一些休闲活动，并且这些活动的设计要能够让更多的义务活动也有休闲的一面。如果不能在社区里面愉悦地散步，如果孩子们不允许在街道上玩耍，因为街上交通风险太大，如果在购物期间不能找到一个场所享受片刻的好天气，总而言之，如果你只有在自己房子的临街大门被关在身后时才感觉在家里的话，那最好的生活标准其实都无关紧要了。8. 单选题The book is a vain attempt to（ ）the name of one of the worst dictators in modern history.问题1选项A.worshipB.glorifyC.adoreD.cherish【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。worship“崇拜；尊敬”；glorify“赞美；美化”；adore“崇拜；爱慕”；cherish “怀有（感情等）；抱有（希望等）”。句意：这本书试图去美化现代历史中最坏的独裁者之一的名字，但是失败了。选项B符合题意。9. 单选题After the demonstration the protestors（ ）quietly.问题1选项A.dismissedB.diffusedC.dispatchedD.dispersed【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。dismiss “解散；解雇”；diffuse “扩散；传播”；dispatch “派遣；分派”；disperse “分散；传播”。句意：游行结束后抗议者悄悄解散了。选项A符合题意。10. 单选题Children are getting so fat that they may be the first generation to die before their parents, an expert claimed yesterday.Todays youngsters are already falling prey to potential killers such as diabetes because of their weight. Fatty fast-food diets combined with sedentary lifestyles dominated by televisions and computers could mean kids will die tragically young, says Professor Andrew Prentice, from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.At the same time, the shape of the human body is going through a huge evolutionary shift because adults are getting so fat. Here in Britain, latest research shows that the average waist size for a man is 36-38 inch and may be 42-44 inch by 2032. This compares with only 32.6 inch in 1972. Womens waists have grown from an average of 22 inch 1920 to 24 inch in the fifties and 30 inch now. One of the major reasons why children now are at greater risk is that we are getting fatter younger. In the UK alone, more than one million under-16s are classed as overweight or obese double the number in the mid-eighties. One in ten four-year-old are also medically classified as obese. The obesity pandemic - an extensive epidemic which started in the US, has now spread to Europe, Australia, Central America and the Middle East.Many nations now record more than 20 percent of their population as clinically obese and well over half the population as overweight. Prof Prentice said the change in our shape has been caused by a glut of easily available high-energy foods combined with a dramatic drop in the energy we use as a result of technology developments. He is not alone in his concern. Only last week one medical journal revealed how obesity was fuelling a rise in cancer cases. Obesity also increases the risk factor for strokes and heart disease. An averagely obese persons lifespan is shortened by around nine years while a severely obese person by many more. Prof Prentice said: “So will parents outlive their children?” as claimed recently by an American obesity specialist. The answer is yes-or-no. Yes, when the offspring become grossly obese. This is now becoming an alarm-reduced quality of life in terms of both their physical and psychosocial health. So say NO to that doughnut(油炸圈饼)and burger.1.What does the word “sedentary” (Para.2) mean?2.It is known from the passage that（ ）.3.According to Prof Prentice, what are the reasons for the change in our shape?4.Obesity increases the risk factor of（ ）.5.What does the author mean by “So say NO to that doughnut and burger” (Para. 4)?问题1选项A.Sitting stillB.Eating too muchC.Studying very hardD.Passive thinking问题2选项A.the average waist size for a man is 36-38 inchB.the average waist size for a woman is 30 inchC.in the mid-eighties, more than half a million under-16s in the UK were classed as overweightD.the obesity pandemic has now spread to South America问题3选项A.We eat too much and refuse to do physical exercises.B.High-energy foods are easy to get and technology develops fast.C.High-energy foods are the main diet and we use technology.D.High-energy foods are easy to get and we consume less energy.问题4选项A.diabetes, short sight, cancer and strokesB.diabetes, cancer, strokes and psychosocial illnessC.cancer, strokes, fatty and heart diseaseD.strokes, heart disease, diabetes and headaches问题5选项A.Answering the question “Will parents outlive their children?”B.The doughnut and burger should be banned.C.We should lead a healthy life.D.We should begin dieting.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】第1题:词义题。题目问的是“第二段出现的单词sedentary是什么意思？”文章第二段第二句话提到“高热量速食加上被电视机和电脑掌控的生活方式正在使年轻人走向死亡”（Fatty fast-food diets combined with sedentary lifestyles dominated by televisions and computers could mean kids will die tragically young），这里主要讲的是“肥胖”产生的原因，除了高热量食物之外，就是缺少运动，因此可以推测出sedentary lifestyles缺乏运动的生活方式，即“静态生活方式”。因此选项A符合题意。第2题:推理判断题。题目问的是“下列哪项可以从文章中得出？”文章第三段倒数第三句提到“仅仅在英国，就有超过一百万16岁以下的孩子被视为超重或肥胖，比80年代中期多了一倍”（In the UK alone, more than one million under-16s are classed as overweight or obese double the number in the mid-eighties），选项C“在80年代中期，英国超过50万16岁以下的孩子被视为超重”符合题意。第3题:细节事实题。题目问的是“根据Prentice教授的观点可知，体型变化的原因是什么？”文章第四段提到“教授认为体型变化是因为吃太多高能量食物，以及由于科技进步让我们消耗的能量显著下降”（Prof Prentice said the change in our shape has been caused by a glut of easily available high-energy foods combined with a dramatic drop in the energy we use as a result of technology developments），选项D“高能量食物容易获取，消耗的能量却减少”符合题意。第4题:细节事实题。题目问的是“肥胖会增加哪些风险？”文章最后一段提到肥胖会增加患癌、中风、心脏病的风险（Only last week one medical journal revealed how obesity was fuelling a rise in cancer cases. Obesity also increases the risk factor for strokes and heart disease.），该段还提到肥胖会导致身体和心理的问题（This is now becoming an alarm-reduced quality of life in terms of both their physical and psychosocial health）；文章第二段提到肥胖是一个潜在的杀手，因为会导致糖尿病（Todays youngsters are already falling prey to potential killers such as diabetes because of their weight），因此选项B符合题意。第5题:推理判断题。题目问的是“作者第四段的对甜甜圈和汉堡包说不意味着什么？”文章第四段提到吃太多高热量的食物，而消耗却减少是体型改变的原因，而这里的甜甜圈和汉堡包都是属于高热量食物，不健康的食物，因此选项C“我们应该过健康的生活”符合题意。11. 单选题When we credit the successful people with intelligence, physical strength or good luck, we are making excuses for ourselves because we fall（ ）in all three.问题1选项A.rareB.lackingC.shortD.scarce【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。rare “稀罕的”；lacking “缺乏的；匮乏的”；short “缺乏的”； scarce “不足的”。句意：当我们知晓成功人士拥有智力、体力和好运时，我们在为自己找借口，因为我们缺少这三样。fall short固定搭配，意思是“缺乏”，选项C符合题意。12. 单选题From Willinks（ ）manner, people can tell that he is of royal birth.问题1选项A.boorishB.regalC.rudeD.vulgar【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。boorish “粗野的；粗鲁的”；regal “王室的；庄严的；豪华的”；rude “粗鲁的；无礼的”；vulgar “粗俗的； 通俗的”。句意：从威克林王室的举止来看，人们能判断他出生皇室。选项B符合题意。13. 单选题It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to have good manners and（ ）knowledge.问题1选项A.extensiveB.expansiveC.intensiveD.expensive【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。extensive “广泛的，大量的”；expansive “广阔的”； intensive“密集的，加强的”；expensive“昂贵的”。句意：一个合格的老师要有良好的修养和广博的知识，这是非常重要的。选项A符合题意。14. 写作题Write a short summary (about 60-80 words) of the following article. The summary restates the main idea without adding any comments that express personal feeling or responses to the details presented. Keep in mind that the purpose of a summary of concise restatement of the authors ideas in your own words is to test your understanding of the article. Please write your summary on the Answer SheetWhat the U.S. and Chinese School Systems Have in Common02/22/2012 By Sarah CarrAmericans who visit Chinese schools quickly realize that many of our beliefs and assumptions about education hold little water in China: In the United States, our urban public schools perform relatively poorly, but in China the urban systems rate among the nations best. Here we often regard private schools as a cut above public ones (though the truth is far murkier), but most Chinese consider public schools to be superior. Americans view public education as a crucial equalizer for a democratic society, in theory at least-but the Chinese see it partly as a means to sort their massive population in a distinctly undemocratic fashion.Despite these differences of conceit, the American and Chinese education systems share one common, defining characteristic: they are both plagued by gross inequalities and rampant segregation. In the United States, these injustices fall largely along racial and class lines: poor, minority students are more likely to attend highly segregated schools; their schools are more likely to suffer from a lack of resources; and their teachers are more likely to be inexperienced.The Chinese education system, too, features ethnic and class inequities. But even more so than in the United States, geography and birthplace equal educational destiny. As Sarah Butrymowicz of The Hechinger Report documented in a recent article, millions of schoolchildren have migrated to cities in recent years with their job-hunting parents. Once there, they often find themselves ineligible to attend government-run schools, particularly the best ones. An unknown number wind up in sub-par, pseudo-private school catering to the migrant population.Henan Chang, an assistant professor in Loyola University Chicagos School of Education who has studied the outcomes of migrant schoolchildren in Kunming, said most of them “have no interaction whatsoever with the local residents. They live in their own bubbles. Their playmates, their schoolmates- theyre all migrants themselves.”Butrymowicz notes that these disparities tainted Chinas recent domineering performance on international assessments in reading, math and science because many public schools do not admit migrant students. When Shanghai 15-year-olds outperformed the rest of the world in 2010, observers wondered if their success stemmed at least in part from exclusionary, segregationist practices. After I told a friend of mine who grew up in China about the international rankings, he quipped that public-school students in Shanghai are comparable to private-school students on Manhattans Upper East Side in terms of their wealth and privilege. Shaking his head, he noted that no one would take Dalton or Brearley two of the Big Apples most elite private schoolsas representative of the whole United States.In 2006, I spent several weeks in China repotting on the countrys schools, focusing in particular on the education of migrant children living in Beijing. In America, everyone asked me if Chinese schools had left us in the dust, while in China everyone asked me if American schools had left them in the dust. Americans revered the Chinese mastery of basic subjects such as math and geography, while the Chinese extolled the American emphasis on creativity and nurturing individual talent.Americans talked about the striking discipline of Chinese students, while the Chinese wondered why they had not yet won more Noble prizes. Nobody in either country framed their fears about international competitiveness in terms of inequality, however.Both nations do well by their most privileged and fortunate students. In China, they attend well-resources, state-of-the-art government schools that employ some of the countrys best teachers. In America, their families possess the money and freedom to move to regions where public schools excel, or to enroll in any number of wealthy private schools.For either country, winning the global competition will depend less on changes made for the elites-the children of the 1 percent. Ultimately, success will depend on their leaders interest and fortitude in addressing the opportunity gaps that persist throughout their schools. When it comes to education, thats the single, indelible trait that both countries have long shared.【答案】【参考范文】Americans and Chinese hold different views on education system. In America, people think private schools is the best choice, while Chinese have a different opinion. Despite the differences, the American and Chinese education systems have something in commonunfair of education. In America, these injustices is reflected in racial and class; in China, it shows more in regional difference. The high-quality education can only benefit the minority in both countries. In order to win the global competition, their leaders should pay more attention to close the opportunity gaps. 15. 翻译题Translate the following passage into Chinese.Singles Day was begun by Chinese college students in the 1990s as a version of Valentines Day for people without romantic partners. The timing was based on the date: Nov. 11, or “11.11” four singles. Unattached young people would treat each other to dinner or give gifts to woo that special someone and end their single status.That gift-giving helped to turn it into a major shopping event as sellers of everything from jewelry to TVs to cars saw a marketing opportunity and launched Singles Day sales. It is Chinas answer to Cyber Monday in the United Statesthe day after Thanksgiving weekend, when online Christmas shopping beings and merchants have their busiest sales day.【答案】光棍节源于上世纪90年代的中国大学生中，对于没有浪漫伴侣的人来说，这是另一个情人节。时间是11月11日或者11114个单身。单身的年轻人彼此之间聚餐或者送礼物给那个特别的人来结束他们的单身状态。送礼物把光棍节变成了一个重要的购物活动，从珠宝到电视到汽车等的销售商们都从中看到了商机，并推出了光棍节销售活动。光棍节相当于美国的“网络星期一”，即感恩节周末后的一天，网上圣诞节购物开始，商人们开始了他们繁忙的销售日。16. 单选题Cosmic rays of various kinds come through the air from outer space, but enormous quantities of radiation from the sun are（ ）off.问题1选项A.avoidedB.excludedC.screenedD.separated【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。avoid “避免，避开”；exclude “排除，不包括”；screen “筛，拍摄，放映”；separate “分开，隔开”。句意：不同种类的宇宙线从外太空穿透空气，但是大量的太阳辐射都被阻挡了。选项C符合题意。17. 单选题It is hard to think of a field in which it is not important to（ ）what is likely to happen and act accordingly.问题1选项A.look outB.figure outC.turn outD.point out【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。look out “注意；当心”；figure out “解决；算出”；turn out “（以某种方式）发生；结果是”；point out “指出；指明”。句意：很难想象在某一个领域知道接下来可能发生什么并且采取了相应的行动这种做法不重要。选项B符合题意。18. 单选题“Do you want to see my drivers license or my passport?”“Oh, （ ）.问题1选项A.either does wellB.either one will doC.each one is goodD.each will be fine【答案】B【解析】考查时态。Either表示“两者中的任何一个”，each表示“两者中的每一个”。因此根据题干可知应该用either,时态应是将来时，所以选项B符合题意。19. 单选题Because of its excellence in quality, for the last two years, Audi car has（ ）Germanys Touring Car Championship.问题1选项A.conqueredB.contestedC.dominatedD.determined【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。conquer “战胜；征服”；contest “争辩；争论”；dominate “控制；支配”；determine “确定；判决”。句意：由于质量卓越，因此在过去的两年里，奥迪车已经统治了房车锦标赛。选项C符合题意。20. 单选题Too often young people get themselves employed quite by accident, not knowing （1）lies in the way of opportunity for promotion, happiness and security. （2）chances are that the young people will be（3）doing jobs that afford them little or no satisfaction. Our school leavers face so much（4） that they seldom care what they do（5）. they can earn a living. Some stay long （6）a job and learn to like it;（7）quit from one to another looking for something to suit them. The young graduates who leave the university look for jobs that offer a（8）up to their expectation.Very few go out into the world knowing exactly what they want and realizing their own abilities. The reason in all this confusion is that there never has been a proper（9）guidance in our educational institution. Nearly all