2022年考博英语-中国艺术研究院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第95期

2022年考博英语-中国艺术研究院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Species with relatively（ ）metabolic rates, including hibernators, generally live longer than those whose metabolic rates are more rapid.问题1选项A.prolificB.sedentaryC.sluggishD.measured【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项prolific“多产的，丰富的”；B选项sedentary“定居的，静坐的”；C选项sluggish“萧条的，迟钝的”；D选项measured“量过的，慎重的”。根据句中关键信息“hibernators”以及后半句“通常比代谢率更快的物种活得更长”可知，填空处应指代谢率相对缓慢，所以选项C符合语境。句意：代谢率相对缓慢的物种，包括冬眠动物，通常比代谢率更快的物种活得更长。选项C正确。2. 单选题The man had to（ ）the airport several times in order to become familiar with the control of the plane.问题1选项A.surroundB.circleC.observeD.view【答案】B【解析】考查语法知识。A选项surround“围绕，包围”；B选项circle“盘旋，环绕移动”；C选项observe“观察，遵守”；D选项view“观察，考虑”。句意：为了熟悉飞机的操纵，这个人不得不环绕着机场飞行了好几次。选项B符合语境。3. 单选题It is possible that nature, like some master musician,（ ）on occasion, departing from the expected or predictable.问题1选项A.repeatsB.improvisesC.ornamentsD.harmonizes【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项repeat“重复”；B选项improvise“即兴创作”；C选项ornament“装饰，修饰”；D选项harmonize“协调，使和谐”。句意：有可能，大自然就像一些音乐大师，有时会即兴发挥，偏离预期或预测。结合上下文可知，选项B符合语境。4. 单选题Famed singer Stevie Wonder cant see his fans dancing at his concerts. He cant see the hands of his audience as they applaud wildly at the end of his superstition.Blind from birth, Wonder has waited his whole life for a chance to see. Recently, Wonder visited Mark Humayan, a vision specialist. He thought that a new device currently being studied by Humayan might offer him that chance.The device, a retinal prosthesis, is a tiny computer chip implanted inside a patients eye. The chip sends images to the brain and allows some sightless people to see shapes and colors. Wonder hoped the retinal prosthesis might work for him. “Ive always said that if ever theres possibility of my seeing,” said Wonder, “then I would take the challenge.”Unfortunately for Wonder, that challenge will have to wait. Humayan explained that the device isnt ready for people who have been blind since birth. Their brains may not be able to handle signals from a retinal prosthesis because their brains have never handled signals from a healthy eye.The retinal prosthesis and other devices, however, show great promise in helping many other sightless people who once had vision see again. Perhaps one day soon, some formerly sightless people may be in Wonders audience looking upand seeing himfor the very first time.Wonders willingness to take part in retinal prosthesis studies and the results of those studies are giving new hope to people who thought they would be blind for the rest of their lives. More than one million people in the United States are considered legally blind, meaning that their eyesight is severely impaired. Another one million are totally blind.Two types of specialized cells in the retinarods and conesare critical for proper vision. Light enters the eye and falls on the rods and cones in the retina. Those cells convert the light to electrical signals which travel through the optic nerve to the brain. The brain interprets those signals as visual images. Rods detect light at low levels of illumination. For instance, rods allow you to see faint shadows in dim moonlight. Cones, on the other hand, are most sensitive to color. Some diseases can damage cells in the retina. For instance, macular degeneration causes blindness and other vision problems in 700,000 people in the United States each year. The condition is caused by a lack of adequate blood supply to the central part of the retina. Without blood, the rods, cones, and other cells in the retina die.Devices such as the retinal prostheses wont prevent or cure our eye diseases, but they may help patients who have eye disorders regain some of their vision. Different forms of retinal prostheses are currently being developed. On one type, a tiny computer chip is embedded in the eye. The chip has a grid of about 2,500 light-sensing elements called pixels.Light entering the eye strikes the pixels, which convert the light into electrical signals. The pixels then send the electrical signals to nerve cells behind the retina. Those cells send signals via the optic nerve to the brain for interpretation.Many people who have had a retinal prosthesis implanted say they can see shapes, colors, and movements that they couldnt see before. “It was great,” said Harold Churchey, who received his retinal prosthesis 15 years after he became totally blind. “To see light after so longit was just wonderful. It was just like switching a light on.”1. Why did Steve Wonder visit Mark Humayan?2. Whom is Marks retinal prosthesis ready for?3. For detecting colors, we depend, in the first place, on（ ）4. Why does macular degeneration cause blindness and other vision problems?5. Which of the following statements about the function of retinal prosthesis is true according to the passage?问题1选项A.He thought Marks device might recover his eyesight.B.He thought Mark might need his help in developing the device.C.He thought Mark might want to listen to his Superstition.D.He thought Mark might implant a chip into his right eye.问题2选项A.For those who have been blind from birth.B.For those who still have faint vision.C.For the blind who once had eyesight.D.For those who still have one healthy eye.问题3选项A.interpretation by the brain.B.cones of the retina.C.rods of the retina.D.optic nerve.问题4选项A.Macular degeneration causes improper interpretation by the brain.B.Macular degeneration makes the retina less sensitive to the light.C.Macular degeneration changes the functions of rods and cones.D.Macular degeneration causes inadequate supply of blood in the retina.问题5选项A.It can prevent some eye disorders.B.It can cure some eye disorders.C.It can help recover eyesight to some degree.D.It can repair the damaged cones.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据原文第二段的内容“Wonder自打出生眼睛就看不见，他一生都在等待一个机会。最近，Wonder拜访了视力专家Mark Humayan。他认为目前Humayan正在研究的一种新装置可能会给他提供这个机会。”由此可知，Steve Wonder拜访Mark Humayan的原因是他认为Mark Humayan的设备可能会恢复他的视力，选项A正确。2.判断推理题。根据第五段的第一句“The retinal prosthesis and other devices, however, show great promise in helping many other sightless people who once had vision see again. 然而，视网膜假体和其他装置在帮助许多曾经有过视力的盲人重见光明方面展现出了巨大的希望。”由此可推断，Mark的视网膜假体装置是为那些曾经有过良好视力的人准备的，所以选项C符合原文。3.判断推理题。根据原文第七段的内容可知，视网膜中有两种特殊的细胞对正常的视力至关重要杆状细胞和视锥细胞。第七段还提及“Cones, on the other hand, are most sensitive to color. 另一方面，视锥细胞对颜色最敏感。”由此可知，选项B正确。4.细节事实题。根据关键词“macular degeneration”定位到第七段后半部分的内容“For instance, macular degeneration causes blindness and other vision problems in 700,000 people in the United States each year. The condition is caused by a lack of adequate blood supply to the central part of the retina. Without blood, the rods, cones, and other cells in the retina die. 例如，黄斑变性导致美国每年有70万人失明和其他视力问题。这种情况是由于缺乏足够的血液供应到视网膜的中央部分。没有血液，视网膜中的杆状细胞、视锥细胞和其他细胞就会死亡。”由此可知，选项D符合原文。5.细节事实题。根据第八段的首句“Devices such as the retinal prostheses wont prevent or cure our eye diseases, but they may help patients who have eye disorders regain some of their vision. 像视网膜假体这样的设备不能预防或治愈我们的眼病，但它们可以帮助有视力障碍的患者重获一些视力。”由此可知，视网膜假体能在一定程度上帮助恢复视力，所以选项C符合原文。5. 单选题These problems are（ ）examples in the effort to avoid the inevitable effects of shortsighted fiscal planning in the future.问题1选项A.representativeB.aberrantC.insignificantD.illuminating【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项 representative“典型的”；B选项aberrant“异常的”；C选项insignificant“无关紧要的”；D选项illuminating“照亮的，启蒙的”。句意：这些问题是典型的例子，为了努力避免未来目光短浅的财政规划所带来不可避免的影响。选项A符合语境。6. 翻译题Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.Standing in the right spot in this gigantic city and hills draped with apartment complexes can remind you of Hong Kong, the density of habitation will recall Tokyo and the river-spanning brawn, replete with an immense new structure over the Yangtze that echoes the Brooklyn Bridge, might recall New York.Everywhere one looks here, there are new expressways, new bridges and towering new housing complexes rising, so many in fact that it is the occasional glimpse of something old, rather than the sight of anything new, that takes ones breath away.China has built megacities before, of course. The countrys rich east abounds with them, strung along the coast from Tianjin in the north to Shenzhen in the far south like so many pearls. But the swift rise of Chongqing represents a new departure: a major push by Beijing to spread the fruits of Chinas economic boom to the countrys vast interior, home to three Chinese in four.One after another, the big cities of the interior have eagerly entered the race to urbanize, with many openly brandishing the objective of becoming a “world city” within a few years. But whether judged by its size, its ambition or the scale of transformation, Chongqing, with its 12 million people, remains in a class by itself.【答案】置身于这座巨大的城市，站在密密麻麻满是公寓楼的山坡上可能会使你想到香港；这里密集的人口会让你想到东京；而那横跨长江两岸、仿效布鲁克林大桥豁然耸立的庞大新建筑物，或许会让你想到纽约。放眼望去，到处都可以看到新建的高速公路，新架的桥梁和新盖的高耸入云的住宅楼。事实上，这类新建筑实在是太多了，令人目不暇接，以至于让人感到惊讶不已的往往不是什么新的高楼大厦，而是偶然瞥见一座旧建筑。当然，在此之前中国已经有了一些超大城市，尤其在富裕的东部地区为数不少。这些城市从华北的天津到最南端的深圳，像一串珍珠镶嵌在中国沿海各地。但是重庆的迅速崛起却象征着一种新的开端：这表明北京正在大力推动中国经济繁荣的成果，将其延伸到幅员辽阔的内陆地区，那里是全国四分之三人口的家园。中国内地的城市一个接一个竞相城镇化，其中很多城市公开炫耀它们的目标，声称要在几年内建成“世界大都市”。但无论从城市大小、追求目标还是改革规模来衡量，拥有1200万人口的重庆仍是独一无二的。7. 单选题He is an actor of（ ）who has never abandoned his principles for the sake of his own benefits.问题1选项A.integrityB.stabilityC.scarcityD.dignity【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项integrity“完整，正直，诚实”；B选项stability“稳定性，坚定”；C选项scarcity“不足，缺乏”；D选项dignity“尊严，高贵”。句意“他是一个正直的演员，从不为了自己的利益而放弃自己的原则。”选项A符合语境。8. 单选题He（ ）in court that he had seen the prisoner run out of the bank after it had been robbed.问题1选项A.justifiedB.witnessedC.testifiedD.identified【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项justify“证明合法，证明是正当的”；B选项witness“目击，证明，为作证”；C选项testify“作证，证明”；D选项identify“确定，鉴定，识别”。四个选项都可以表示“作证，证明”，但testify in court是固定用法，表示“出庭作证”，所以选项C正确。9. 翻译题Although our understanding of learning is still not complete, a great deal is known. Learning has many different forms and takes place under many conditions. In general, it involves a change in behavior. When a change in behavior takes place as a result of learning, the change is usually a long-lasting one. Learning may mean that a number of small independent acts are arranged in a new order. This happens, for example, when you learn to play a new piece on the piano.【答案】尽管我们对“学习”的理解不尽完善，然而我们对此已有不少了解。“学习”可以呈现不同的形式，也可以在许多情况下进行。一般来说，“学习”必然会引起行为的变化。“学习”导致人们行为发生变化时，这种变化常能持久。“学习”也许意味着对一系列细小而不相关的行为按新的顺序重新排列。就好比你在钢琴上学习弹奏一首新的曲子。10. 单选题They arrived at some political agreements that facilitated troop withdrawals.问题1选项A.establishedB.maximizedC.guaranteedD.promoted【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。根据句意：他们达成了一些政治上的协议，这撤军。facilitate意为“促进，帮助，使容易”。A选项establish“创立，建立”；B选项maximize“最大化”；C选项guarantee“保证，担保”；D选项promote“促进，提升”。选项D与之意思最为相近，符合语境。11. 单选题It is an astonishing fact that there are laws of nature, rules that summarize conveniently（1） qualitatively but quantitativelyhow the world works. We might（2）a universe in which there are no such laws, in which the 1080 elementary particles that（3）a universe like our own behave with utter and uncompromising abandon. To understand such a universe we would need a brain（4）as massive as the universe. It seems（5）that such a universe could have life and intelligence, because being and brains（6）some degree of internal stability and order. But（7）in a much more random universe there were such beings with an intelligence much（8）than our own, there could not be much knowledge, passion or joy.（9）for us, we live in a universe that has at least important parts that are knowable. Our common-sense experience and our evolutionary history have（10）us to understand something of the workaday world. When we go into other realms, however, common sense and ordinary intuition（11）highly unreliable guides. It is stunning that as we go close to the speed of light our mass（12）indefinitely, we shrink toward zero thickness（13）the direction of motion, and time for us comes as near to stopping as we would like. Many people think that this is silly, and every week（14）I get a letter from someone who complains to me about it. But it is virtually certain consequence not just of experiment but also of Albert Einsteins（15）analysis of space and time called the Special Theory of Relativity. It does not matter that these effects seem unreasonable to us. We are not（16）the habit of traveling close to the speed of light. The testimony of our common sense is suspect at high velocities.The idea that the world places restrictions on（17）humans might do is frustrating. Why shouldnt we be able to have intermediate rotational positions? Why cant we（18）faster than the speed of light? But（19）we can tell, this is the way the universe is constructed. Such prohibitions not only（20）us toward a little humility; they also make the world more knowable.问题1选项A.justB.veryC.just notD.not just问题2选项A.seeB.findC.imagineD.believe问题3选项A.make forB.make ofC.make upD.make from问题4选项A.at leastB.at mostC.at lastD.at the cost问题5选项A.likelyB.unlikelyC.reallyD.virtually问题6选项A.wantB.demandC.requireD.acquire问题7选项A.unlessB.untilC.ifD.even if问题8选项A.moreB.largerC.biggerD.greater问题9选项A.FortunatelyB.UnfortunatelyC.HappilyD.Unhappily问题10选项A.providedB.preparedC.armedD.equipped问题11选项A.turn toB.turn onC.turn out to beD.turn away from问题12选项A.decreasesB.increasesC.reducesD.advances问题13选项A.inB.atC.withD.from问题14选项A.or twoB.and twoC.even twoD.of two问题15选项A.cleverB.wiseC.brilliantD.intelligent问题16选项A.ofB.inC.withD.at问题17选项A.thatB.whichC.matterD.what问题18选项A.goB.walkC.travelD.run问题19选项A.whetherB.unlessC.so farD.so far as问题20选项A.pressB.haveC.makeD.entail【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B第6题:C第7题:D第8题:D第9题:A第10题:B第11题:C第12题:B第13题:A第14题:A第15题:C第16题:B第17题:D第18题:C第19题:D第20题:A【解析】1.考查固定搭配。not just.but是固定句型，意为“不仅而且”。原文指的是自然法则不仅从性质上而且从数量上概括了世界是如何运转的，选项D符合原文语境。2.考查上下文语义。根据后面的描述可知，这里是作者进行的一个假设，所以这里应该填入动词imagine“想象”，选项C符合语境。3.考查词组辨析。A选项make for“导致，有助于”；B选项make of“了解”；C选项make up“组成，构成”；D选项make from“由制造”。根据句意可知，这里是指“由1080个基本粒子构成的宇宙”，选项C符合句意。4.考查词组辨析。A选项at least“至少”；B选项at most“至多”；C选项at last“最后，终于”；D选项at the cost“以为代价”。根据句意“要理解这样一个宇宙，我们至少需要一个和宇宙一样大的大脑。”选项A符合语境。5.考查副词辨析。A选项likely“很可能，或许”；B选项unlikely“不太可能”；C选项really“实际上，真正地”；D选项virtually“事实上，几乎”。结合上下文的语境可知“这样的宇宙似乎不太可能有生命和智慧”，选项B符合语境。6.考查近义词辨析。A选项want“想要”；B选项demand“强烈要求”；C选项require“需要”；D选项acquire“获得”。根据句意“因为人类和大脑都需要某种程度的内部稳定和秩序。”demand语气过于强硬，选项C更符合语境。7.考查连词辨析。根据句意“在一个更加随机的宇宙中存在着比我们更加聪明的生命，也不会有太多的知识、激情或欢乐。”这里应填入表示让步的连词，所以只有选项D正确。8.考查上下文语义。根据句意可知，这里是说宇宙中存在着比我们更加聪明的生命。选项D符合语境。9.考查上下文语义。上文提到作者所假设的宇宙中充满了未知，下文则讲述“我们生活在一个至少重要部分是可知的宇宙中。”由此可知，这对于我们来说是一件幸运的事，所以选项A符合语境。10.考查动词辨析。A选项provide“提供”；B选项prepare“准备”；C选项arm“武装”；D选项equip“装备”。根据句意“我们的常识性经验和我们的进化史已经为我们理解日常世界的一些事情做好了准备。”选项B符合语境。11.考查词组辨析。A选项turn to“转向，变成”；B选项turn on“打开”；C选项turn out to be“结果是，被证明是”；D选项turn away from“远离”。根据句意“然而，当我们进入其他领域时，常识和普通直觉被证明是非常不可靠的向导。”选项C符合语境。12.考查动词辨析。A选项decrease“减少，降低”；B选项increase“增加，提高”；C选项reduce“减少，缩小”； D选项advance“前进”。根据句意“令人震惊的是，当我们接近光速时，我们的质量会无限，在朝着运动的方向时，我们的厚度会缩小到零，而我们的时间会像我们想的那样接近停止。”句子前后形成对比，表示相反的情况，所以选项B符合语境。13.考查固定搭配。in the direction of意为“朝着方向”。选项A正确。14.考查固定用法。every week or two指的是“大约每一两周”，原文指的是“每一两周我就会收到一封信”，所以选项A符合语境。15.考查形容词辨析。A选项clever“聪明的”；B选项wise“明智的”；C选项brilliant“杰出的，精彩的，精妙绝伦的”；D选项intelligent“智能的”。根据句意“但它实际上肯定不仅仅是实验的结果，也是阿尔伯特爱因斯坦对时空精妙绝伦的分析，这个分析被称为狭义相对论。”选项C和analysis搭配最为恰当。16.考查固定搭配。in the habit of意为“有的习惯”，选项B正确。17.考查语法结构。分析句子结构可知，填空处所填入的词在宾语从句中充当主语成分，只有选项D符合要求。18.考查动词辨析。根据句意“为什么我们移动的速度不能超过光速”，travel不仅表示旅行，还有移动的意思，所以选项C符合语境。19.考查上下文语义。A选项whether“是否”；B选项unless“除非”；C选项so far“到目前为止”；D选项so far as“只要，就而言”。根据句意“但就我们所知，这就是宇宙构建的方式。”选项D符合语境。20.考查动词辨析。根据句意“这些禁令不仅迫使我们变得有点谦卑；也使世界变得可知。”选项A符合语境。12. 单选题Some readers may find it（ ）that a book arguing for greater literacy and intellectual discipline should lead to a call for less rather than more education.问题1选项A.paradoxicalB.controversialC.appealingD.ambiguous【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项paradoxical“自相矛盾的，荒谬的”；B选项controversial“有争议的”；C选项appealing“吸引人的”；D选项ambiguous“模糊不清的”。句意：一本提倡更多的精通文学和知识学科的书应该导致需要更少的而不是更多的教育，一些读者可能会觉得这是自相矛盾的。选项A符合语境。13. 单选题Niagara is an Indian word which means “roaring water”. Indeed, the roar of the falling water of Niagara can be heard（1）a distance of 25 kms. Imagine（2）of water flowing over a cliff 90 feet high and you will get an idea of that terrible noise.And（3）tremendous power the Niagara River has! It moves big rocks about and throws them into the boiling water below.（4）ago an old ship without single person on board was put in mid-stream. It sailed down the river（5）a toy boat with great speed. Having reached the fall, the ship dropped into the boiling water, never（6）again.There were some people who wanted to become famous（7）swimming across the most dangerous part of the Niagara River. One of them was Captain Webb who said that he would try to swim cross the Niagara, which（8）crowds of people. On the evening of July 21st, 1893, Captain Webb came up to the river and（9）a plunge. His having jumped into the water（10）many people with horror. Soon, he appeared in the middle of the river. A loud shout went up from the crowd, but a moment later there was（11）silence. The man had disappeared under the water. Thousands of eyes（12）on the river, but the man was drowned.In 1902, a certain Miss Taylor decided to go over the falls in a barrel. There were different kinds of pillows inside the barrel to prevent her from（13）. Having examined the barrel carefully, Miss Taylor got in. The barrel was closed and then（14）into the water. Having reached the falls, it overturned and was shot down by the terrible （15）of the water. When the barrel was finally caught and opened, Miss Taylor came out alive（16）with a frightened look in her eyes.Once a crowd of visitors saw a rope（17）over from one bank of the river to the other. Then they saw a man （18）the rope. The man was an actor, Blondin（19）. He managed to cross Niagara Falls on a tight rope. The people on the bank were surprised at his（20）it so well.问题1选项A.withinB.insideC.atD.on问题2选项A.muchB.a great numberC.massD.a mass问题3选项A.how muchB.whatC.soD.how问题4选项A.SometimesB.Many timesC.Much timeD.Some time问题5选项A.asB.as ifC.likeD.likely问题6选项A.to appearB.appearingC.appearedD.appear问题7选项A.forB.byC.throughD.from问题8选项A.attractedB.drewC.causedD.pulled问题9选项A.gaveB.madeC.didD.took问题10选项A.fillingB.full ofC.filledD.was filled问题11选项A.deadB.dyingC.diedD.death问题12选项A.being stoppedB.were fixingC.were fixedD.fixed问题13选项A.being hurtB.having hurtC.hurtingD.hurt问题14选项A.being thrownB.throwingC.thrownD.threw问题15选项A.powerB.strengthC.forceD.capacity问题16选项A.thereforeB.howeverC.soD.but问题17选项A.being putB.put