2022年考博英语-电子科技大学考前模拟强化练习题4（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-电子科技大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 翻译题A popular way of mustering innovative and fresh ideas is to hold a brainstorming sessionbut according to a paper published recently in Applied Cognitive Psychology, this may not be the best approach. The study, which was carried out by Nicholas Kohn of the University of Texas at Arlington and Steven Smith of Texas A&M University, suggests that instead of enhancing creativity. brainstoiTnin.u sessions may give rise to a “collaborative fixation” on certain ideas.(1)In keeping with previous studies, the authors first found that participants produced fewer ideas in total when taking part in a brainstorming session than if they had been working separately. The difference was as high as 44% in the first 5 minutes of a brainstorming session. The authors also found that when working separately particii)ants explored a greater variety of ideas, up to 55% more idea categories than dm.ing brainstomiing sessions. (2)In a second experiment, the researchers found that participants in a brainstorming session tended to conform to ideas to which they were exposed, and the rate of conformity increased as the number of ideas exposed increased. (3) The authors wrote in their paper “Fixation to other peoples ideas can occur unconsciously and lead to you suggesting ideas that mimic your brainstoniiin partners. (4)Thus, you potentially become less creative,” Kohn explains in an accompanying press release. This doesnt necessarily mean that you should ban brainstorming sessions from your lab meetings. You might just need to adjust the format. It seems odd, but, depending on what you want to achieve, the best approach might be to put everyone in a separate room. “Assuming it is desirable to have a wide variety of ideas or solutions to a problem.then one should split the brainstorming group into non-interacting individuals, avoiding a group session,” the authors write in their research paper. “On the other hand, if the goal is to explore a few categories in depth, then interacting among the members should be encouraged. Also, taking a break might help alleviate fixation, leading to an improvement in ideation, especially in temis of the quantity and variety of ideas. (5)【答案】1.集体研讨会议不但没有提高创造性，反而可能在某些想法上会引起“合作的固定”。2.作者们也发现，参与者独自工作吋会探讨出更多种类的想法，其数量比集体研讨会议上高出多达55%。3.集体研讨会议的参与者倾向于顺应自己所接触到的想法，而这种顺应的比率随着所接触的想法数量的增加而增加。4.“对其他人的想法的固执己见能不知不觉地发生，并且会导致你提出模仿你集体研讨会议伙伴的想法。”5.另外，休息一下可能帮助缓和固执己见，从而导致尤其是在想法数量和种类方面的思维能力的提高。2. 单选题I couldnt be present myself, but I sent my（ ）to the meeting.问题1选项A.delegateB.specimenC.representativeD.representation【答案】C【解析】句意:我本人不能亲自出席，可我派了代表出席会议。考查名词辨析。Delegate 代表，代表团成员，指委派到别处代某一机构或某 （些）人行事的人；specimen 样本，抽样；representative 代表，代销人，词义较广，可指选 举或委派的代表，还可表示某一种人的代表人物；representation表现，陈述。根据前半句句意可知C符合句意。3. 单选题He has given（ ）excuses for being late; but none of them is true.问题1选项A.numberB.numeralC.numerableD.numerous【答案】D【解析】句意:他给出很多迟到的理由，但是没有一个是真的。考查形容词辨析。number 数字，号码；numeral 数字，数码;numerable 可数的，可计算的；numerous 很多的，许多的。根据后面句意“但是没有一个是真的”可知D符合句意。4. 单选题Anthropology is the study of human beings as creatures of society. It fastens its attention upon those physical and industrial techniques, those conventions and values, which distinguish one community from all others that belong to different tradition.The distinguishing mark of anthropology among the social sciences is that it includes for serious study other societies than our own. For its purposes any social regulation of mating and reproduction is as significant as our own, though it may be that of the Sea Dyaks, and have no possible historical relation to that of our civilization. To the anthropologists, our customs and those of New Guinea tribe are two possible social schemes for dealing with common problems, and in so far as he remains an anthropologist he is bound to avoid any weighting of one in favor of the other. He is interested in human behavior, not as it is shaped by one tradition, our own, but as it has been shaped by any tradition whatsoever. He is interested in a wide range of custom that is found in various cultures, and his objective is to understand the way in which these cultures change and differentiate, the different forms through which they express themselves and the manner in which the customs of any peoples function in the lives of the individuals.Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way round. Traditional custom is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.1. According to the passage, we can say that anthropology（ ）.2. For serious study, an anthropologist（ ）.3. In the third paragraph, the author is trying（ ）.4. Which of the following does the author most probably agree with?5. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?问题1选项A.can deal with human beings as one group of the creatures in the living worldB.can reveal an enormous diversity of traditionsC.can provide insights into the relationship between human beings and natureD.can distinguish the human race from other creatures问题2选项A.must not study his own cultureB.is not supposed to have a prejudice against any societyC.should focus on those societies which are historically related to each otherD.is obliged to work only on those societies that have no historical relationship to each other问题3选项A.to be critical of customB.to say that anthropology is more important than psychologyC.to strengthen the role custom plays in experience and beliefD.to draw our intention to the importance of custom问题4选项A.The goal of the anthropologist is to understand the way in which people express themselves.B.The anthropologist tries to understand why cultures are carried on without any change.C.The anthropologists professional interest is as wide as the variety of customs.D.The anthropologist is to explore social relations of different people.问题5选项A.Human Behavior.B.Creature of Society.C.The Science of Custom.D.The Functions of Cultures.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.判断推理题。第一段指出: It fastens its attention upon those physical and industrial techniques, those conventions and values, which distinguish one community from all others that belong to different tradition (它把注意力集中在那些自然特征和工业技术、 传统和价值观上，它们使一个社区区别于从属于不同传统的其他社会), 即人类学能体现从属于不同传统的社会之间的不同,因此B项“揭示传统的巨大多样性”正确。2.判断推理题。A项中“must not”和D项中“only”表述过于绝对,故排除。B:不应该对任何社会存在偏见,第二段指出: .and in so far as he remains an anthropologist he is bound to avoid any weighting of one in favor of the other (只要他还作为一位人类学家，他就一定会避免厚此薄彼，对任何文化存在偏见),因此B与原文所述相符。C:应关注历史上相互关联的社会,第二段指出: For its purposes, any social regulation.and have no possible historical relation to that of our civilization (就其目的而言，任何社会规则都与我们文化中的社会规则不可能有历史联系),因此C与原文不符。故选B。3.作者意图题。题干为:在第三段,作者打算?第三段开始指出: Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great moment (当前，习俗并没有被看作是一门重要的学科), 随后强调了 As a matter of fact, it is the other way round (事实正好相反)。而后谈及了习俗的作用和多样性。因此作者第三段谈及的是习俗的重要性和地位。故选D。4.判断推理题。第二段指出: He is interested in a wide range of custom that is found in various cultures, and his objective is to understand the way in which these cultures change and differentiate, the different forms through which they express themselves and the manner in which the customs of any peoples function in the lives of the individuals (他感兴趣的是在各种文化中所发现的浩瀚的习俗范围，他的目标就是弄懂这些文化变化和相互区别的方式，搞清楚它们表达自己的不同方式，弄明白任何一个民族的习俗在某一特定文化中的个人生活中的作用方式),故选C“人类学家的专业范畴与习俗的丰富性一样广泛”。5.主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了人类学的研究范围、对象和目标。通篇都在介绍人类学所研究的重点是人类的习俗，以及后文重点介绍了习俗的重要性和地位。故C项“习俗的科学”比较适合做文章标题。5. 单选题The philosophy teacher was indeed amazed by the students（ ）in handing the computer.问题1选项A.availabilityB.probabilityC.variabilityD.versatility【答案】D【解析】句意:这位哲学老师的确为这些学生在操控计算机上的多才多艺感到惊讶。考查名词辨析。Availability 可利用，可用性，有用（效）性；probability可能性，机率；variability 可变性，变异性；versatility 多功能性，多才多艺，用途广泛。因此D符合句意。6. 单选题It made him uncomfortable to（ ）his plan and think of something new.问题1选项A.switchB.transferC.shiftD.alter【答案】D【解析】句意:改变计划或另想新的路子,都使他感到不舒服。考查动词辨析。switch 转换,挥动;transfer 使转移,调任;shift 转移,替换;alter 改变,更改。因此D符合句意。7. 单选题It is well known that knowledge is the（ ）condition for expansion of mind.问题1选项A.indispensableB.incredibleC.indefiniteD.incompatible【答案】A【解析】句意:众所周知，知识是拓展思维的必备条件。考查形容词辨析。indispensable不可缺少的，必不可少的；incredible惊人的，不可思议的；indefinite无限期的，不明确的；incompatible 不相容的，不匹配的。故A符合句意。8. 填空题Memory is undoubtedly one of the most important human facilities. （1）it there would be no learning from experience, no intellectual functioning, no（2）of language, nor any of the qualities that are generally（3）with being human. Yet, with the possible exception of consciousness itself, memory （4）the most mysterious of the minds（5）. Despite the fact that more research has been（6）to the study of memory than to any other mental function, comparatively（7）is known about how the mind remembers things, and why it also appears to（8）.Memory is often thought of（9）the ability to recall past events.（10）someone were asked to remember what he ate for lunch yesterday, he would probably be able to give a brief（11）, and if we were to（12）back with what he had（13）eaten, it would be possible to see how well he bad remembered it.Memory,（14）, is more than just the ability to recall. If the（15）person were asked what he ate for lunch a year ago, he would probably be very（16）to recall it. Yet if we could（17）him of what he actually ate, lie might well say, “Ah yes, now I remember.” He would（18）the items and still could be said to have retained（19）memory of the event. Thus, retention does not（20）imply recall.【答案】1.Without2.development3.associated4.remains5.function6.devoted7.little8.forget9.as10.If11.description12.check13.actually14.however15.same16.unlikely17.remind18.recall19.some20.necessarily【解析】1.词汇题。分析句子可知, it后面的句子是完整的，因此，空格处应该填入介词；此外,段首句讲到记忆是人体功能最重要的一部分，而后文用并列的否定词“no或nor” 说明在记忆的某种情况下，就不会有智力功能。因此应该填入“without”。2.词汇题。空格处和of language一起应该和learning from experience(从经验中学习) ,intellectual functioning(智力发挥作用)是并列的,因此此处填“development”表示“语言的形成”。3.固定搭配。Be associated with 与有关。4.词汇题。分析句子结构可知, memory是主语, the most mysterious是形容词的最高级做表语,因此空格处应该是系动词。“with the possible exception of”，表示“可能除之外”，空格处应该填“remains”，与前文中“除之外”形成对比关系。5.词汇题。根据后文“mental function”的提示可 知，空格处可填入“function”表示“人脑功能”。6.固定搭配。此处想表达“针对记忆，进行了大量研究”，此处可以填入“devoted”即符合句意。Be devoted to 献身于,致力于。7.词汇题。根据关键词“despite”，以及“comparatively”可推知前后文句意的对比关系，前面句意为:更多的研究致力于记忆的研究，而不是任何其他的心理功能。所以此处应该填入与“more research”相对的词。因此填入表示对比逻辑关系的“little”。8.词汇题。空格前是动词不定式to,因此空格应该为动词。通过前半句关键词“remembers things”可知,此处应填对应词“forget”。9.固定搭配。be thought of as+n. 被认为是。10.词汇题。通过分析句子谓语动词“were asked”以及“would probably be able to”可知,这是if引导的虚拟条件句。11.词汇题。空前brief为形容词,所以空格处应该是名词。句意: 如果被问及昨天中餐吃了什么，可能给出大概的描述。因此此处填“description”。12.词汇题。所在句为If引导的虚拟条件句。此处“back with”对应前面的remember,故填“check”，check back with 确认。13.词汇题。空格前后分别是had和eaten,即动词的过去完成时。因此空格处为副词。根据句意可知“actually”合适。14.逻辑分析。上段的中心句为: 记忆通常被认为能回想过去事情的能力。此段开头为:记忆不仅仅是回忆的能力。因此是对上段的对比转折。15.词汇题。此处应该填入修饰 “people的形容词,句意为:如果一个_人被问及一年前吃过什么, 而且此处是对上文例子的一种情况的描述。因此被问及的应该是同一个人。16.固定搭配。be unlikely to 不可能做某事。17.固定搭配。Remind sb. of 提醒某人。18.词汇题。根据前文句意可知空格处应该谈论继续想起这个事情的情况。因此填“recall”与“retain”对应。19.词汇题。此处应填形容词修饰memory,句意为: 已经保留了这件事的某些记忆。因此，可填“some”。20.词汇题。空格后是动词imply,因此空格处应为副词。此句是对此段中心句的总结,因此可填necessarily。9. 单选题Although cats cannot see in complete darkness, their eyes are much more（ ）to light than are human eyes.问题1选项A.glowingB.brilliantC.sensitiveD.gloomy【答案】C【解析】句意:尽管猫在完全黑暗的环境中看不到任何东西，但是相比人类的眼睛，它们的眼晴对光却更加敏感。考查形容词辨析。glowing热烈赞扬的，热情洋溢的;brilliant 闪耀的，杰 出的，精彩的；sensitive体贴的，体恤的，善解人意的，感觉敏锐的；gloomy 黑暗的，沮丧的，阴郁的。由转折对比提示词Although(尽管)可知C符合句意。10. 翻译题The necessary urban development of our cities must be compatible with the conservation of the Cultural and Historical Patrimony. This is particularly true in the case of those cities, numerous in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe, that are the result of a long historical tradition, often uninterrupted during almost two thousand years. （1）The preservation of the Archaeological Patrimony in these cities, however, conies up against conflicts difficult to resolve，with very differine and opposed positions: the demand and the price of the ground, the liamionious development of the city, the presence of infrastructures and services, the aspiration of the citizens to worthy housing, the business projects of the promoters or the working plans of the constructors.The common resource established to solve these conflicts is Urban Planning. （2）Arcliaeolouv must take part actively in the elaboration of this planning，and use its abilities positively to prevent archaeological problems and look for an acceptable solution fi.oni the point of view of the protection of the Archaeological Patrimony with regaid to urban development.（3）Lainentablv，archaeology frequently ignores the possibilities of this course of action and does not have the resources necessary to use the urban standard and the planning figures as other methodological instruments (alongside those traditionally used archaeology) to solve the archaeological impact of urban development.（4）Given that the planning figures are the most efficient wav of regulating the ground plan and classify and organize the territory, they are also a useful instrument for organizing an action of urban Archaeological Patrimony within the plan. This outlining must extend from the element under protection towards its surroundings, and must seek the conservation of that space, as well as guarantee the control of the agents or activities that may act negatively upon them.（5）The adequate organization of these spaces needs not only to apply the existing ground legislation, but also develop in each particular case (whether a city or a superior organiziii2 community) a defined regulation. This regulation, adapted to the specification of the elements and surroundings to be protected, provides an adequate organization of the spaces that, due to their own historical values and potential social function, thus require it. To achieve this, it will be necessary to not only limit their use, but also to establish solutions for their management and, even, for their socio-cultural use.【答案】1.然而，这些城市的考古遗产保护遇到了难以调和的冲突，其中包括一些非常不同，甚至对立的观点。2.考古学（家）必须积极参与城市规划方案的制定，并积极地利用其影响力来阻止考古相关的问题。而且，在城市开发方面，必须从保护历史遗产的角度来寻求可接受的解决办法。3.可惜，考古学经常忽视这一行动的可能性，他们缺乏必要的资源将城市标准和规划数字用作其他方法学工具（与传统考古学一样）,以解决城市开发对考古学造成的冲击。4.假使规划数据是规定土地使用和对用地进行划分以及管理的最有效的途径，它们也可以成为在规划范围内组织城市历史遗址保护行动的有效手段。5.为了对这些地的空间进行充分管理，不仅需要应用现成的一些规范，还要针对每一种具体情况（无论是一座城市还是高级的组织社区）制定特殊规定。11. 单选题The sense of smell controls our behavior in ways we may be aware of only on an intuitive subconscious level. Generally, it is often（1）and taken for granted. But as one research observed, “Of all the senses, none surely is so（2）as that of smell, its effects（3）the psychology are both wide and deep, at once（4）and subtle.”In Europe, and in France（5）, the ancient and arcane semi-science of aroma therapy is widely accepted as almost a（6）discipline. Not so in the United States, where the use of essential oils（7）from herbs, fruits, flowers or other plant life has been（8）mainly to cosmetics, massage oils and skincare emollients.Thats changing, thanks to a number of serious scientific studies coupled with a new technology that is exploding in Japan and is beginning to make significant inroads in the American market. Environmental fragrancing,（9）it is known, involves dispensing computer-controlled fragrances in the home or workplace at（10）times of the day for specific purposes to stimulate energy, to enhance creativity or to soothe frayed nerves.问题1选项A.overwhelmedB.overlookedC.overemphasizedD.overworked问题2选项A.trivialB.mysteriousC.secretD.delicate问题3选项A.uponB.withC.intoD.about问题4选项A.influentialB.vitalC.enormousD.obvious问题5选项A.in particularB.without exceptionC.in essenceD.beyond doubt问题6选项A.chemicalB.psychologicalC.medicalD.physical问题7选项A.extractedB.exploredC.extendedD.expanded问题8选项A.usedB.limitedC.madeD.charged问题9选项A.whatB.whichC.thatD.as问题10选项A.importantB.hardC.differentD.changeable【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A第6题:C第7题:A第8题:B第9题:D第10题:C【解析】1.动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的过去分词形式,与is表被动。overwhelm淹没，压倒，受打击；overlook 忽略，俯瞰，检查；overemphasize过分强调；overwork工作过度。空前句意为:我们可能只在直觉的潜意识层而所知晓,因此推测此处应表示 “被忽视”,故选B。2.形容词辨析。Trivial 不重要的，琐碎的，琐细的；mysterious 祌秘的，不可思议的；难解的；secret 秘密的，机密的；delicate 微妙的，精美的，易碎的。此处句意为:在所有感官中,嗅觉是最神秘的。3.固定搭配。effect upon 在方面的影响。4.形容词辨析。influential 有影响的，有势力的；vital至关重要的，生死攸关的，有活力的;enormous 庞大的，巨大的；obvious 明显的，显著的。此处句意为:它对心理学的影响既广泛又深刻，既又微妙。故D符合句意。5.短语辨析。in particular 尤其，特别;without exception 无例外地;in essence本质上，其实；beyond doubt 无容置疑，确实地。空格前“Europe欧洲”与“France法国”为包含关系,所以这里表示“在欧洲,尤其是法国”,故选A。6.形容词辨析。chemical 化学的；psychological 心理的，心理学的，精神上的;medical 医学的，药的，内科的；physical 物理的，身体的，物质的。此处句意为:香熏疗法在法国几乎被广泛地认为是一种学科,因此C符合句意。7.动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的过去分词形式。extract 提取，取出，摘录，榨取；explore 探索，探测，探险；extend 延仲，仲出；expand 扩张，使膨胀。此处句意为:精油是从草本、水果、花或其他植物中而来的。因此A符合句意。8.动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的过去分词形式表被动。use使用，运用;limit 限制，限定;make 使得，制造，形成，安排，构成；charge使充电，指责，索费。空格前表示: 在美国却不是如此（即香熏疗法在美国不被认为是一种医学学科）,因此这里句意应为: 精油的使用主要限制于化妆品等。故选B。9.固定搭配。as it is known 众所周知。10.形容词辨析。important 重要的，有地位的；hard 努力的，坚硬的，困难的，辛苦的，严厉的，猛烈的；different 不同的，个别的，与众不同的;changeable 无常的，可改变的，易变的。空格前为:在家里或工作场所施与电脑控制的芳香剂，空格后为:去激发能量、提升创造力或安抚紧张的祌经,由此可知空格处应为“在白天的不同吋间”,故选C。12. 单选题Loudspeakers were fixed in the hall so that everyone（ ）an opportunity to hear the speech.问题1选项A.ought to haveB.must haveC.may haveD.should have【答案】D【解析】句意:扬声器被安装在走廊，以便所每个人都有机会听到这个演讲。语法题。考查情态动词。ought to （表示责任、义务等）应该；应当；must （因为强迫、道义或理智及好感的驱使）必须，应当；may （表示可能性）可能，也许；should （表示可能性、期待、推论等）应该，可能或做为shall (将，一定会（按规律会发生）)的过去形式。因此D符合句意。13. 单选题I usually let my children make their own decisions, now that they have grown up, I wouldnt（ ）to interfere.问题1选项A.assumeB.consumeC.resumeD.presume【答案】D【解析】句意:我经常让孩子们自己拿主意，既然他们已经长大，那么我就不会擅自进行干涉。考查动词辨析。assume 采取，承担，假设，想当然;consume 消耗，消费；resume重新开始，继续；presume假定，推测，擅自。因此D符合句意。14. 单选题Wed better（ ）our watches if we all want to be there at the same time.问题1选项A.harmonizeB.synchronizeC.symbolizeD.systematize【答案】B【解析】句意:如果我们都想在同样的吋间到达那里，那么我们最好让我们手表的时间一致。考查动词辨析。harmonize 使和谐，以和声唱；synchronize （使）同步，在吋间上一致，同速进行；symbolize 象征，用符号表现；systematize 使系统化，使组织化。故选B。15. 单选题It takes much time to solve the problem one by one. Can we generalize common（ ）to apply to similar problems?问题1选项A.meansB.techniquesC.tipsD.solutions【答案】D【解析】句意:一个接一个地解决问题需要很多吋间。我们能归纳出适用于所有类似问题的通用解决方法吗？考查名词辨析。means 手段,方法;technique 技巧,技艺,工艺;tip尖端,尖儿,端;solution 解决方案,溶液,溶解。根据关键信息“problem (问题)”可知D符合句意。16. 单选题Just remember one thing that（ ）decisions often lead to bitter regrets.问题1选项A.hastyB.promptC.urgentD.instant【答案】A【解析】句意:请只需记住一件事，即轻率的决定经常导致痛苦的遗憾。考查形容词辨析。h