2022年考博英语-吉林大学考试题库及模拟押密卷22（含答案解析）

2022年考博英语-吉林大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题It is all very well to blame traffic jams,the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but maimers on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. You might tolerate the odd road hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a “ Be Kind to Other Drivers” campaign;otherwise it may get completely out of hand.Road politeness is not good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool headed and good tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays dont even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the drive who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway;or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to.A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists cant even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car ownership explosion would demand a lot more give and take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.1.In the authors opinion，（ ）2.The sentence “You might tolerate the odd road hog the rule” ( Para. 1) implies that3.What would most probably happen nowadays when you show politeness to other drivers on road?4.The examples in the third paragraph are used to illustrate（ ） .5.Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car ownership explosion，（ ） .问题1选项A.strict traffic regulations are badly neededB.drivers should apply road politeness properlyC.rude drivers should be punishedD.drivers should avoid traffic jams问题2选项A.our society is unjust towards well-mannered motoristsB.rude drivers can be met only occasionallyC.the well-mannered motorist today cannot tolerate impolite driversD.nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists问题3选项A.They would show politeness to you inversely.B.They would show thankfulness to you.C.They would just drive on as nothing has happened.D.They would make way for you readily.问题4选项A.it is polite for drivers to let children and the old to cross the road firstB.the politeness shown in the wrong moment can lead to dangersC.it is dangerous to allow a car to emerge from a side street to follow trafficD.drivers should recognize others politeness at the right moment问题5选项A.road users should make more sacrificeB.drivers should be ready to yield to each otherC.drivers should have more communication among themselvesD.drivers will suffer a great loss if they pay no respect to others【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.文章第一段提出交通状况与司机的态度之间的关系。第二段指出司机应该礼貌并且对他人的礼貌做出回应，这样才能创造出一个好的行车气氛。第三段作者话锋一转提到错误的礼貌是危险的并且举例说明如何危险。第四段作者号召司机正确考虑公路礼仪问题了。选项B“司机应该适当地使用公路礼仪”，符合题意。2.文章原句You might tolerate the odd road hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadaysthe well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. 你可以忍受那些奇怪自私、粗鲁、不顾及他人的司机，但是现在那些好教养的司机反而是不多见的。选项D “如今没有礼貌的司机占绝大部分”，与作者的描述一致，符合题意。3.文章第二段主要讲关于回应公路礼貌的问题，最后一句many drivers nowadays dont even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it “现在很多司机当他们看到别人的礼貌时无法认出”。选项C “他们会当没这回事直接开车走人”符合题意。4.文章第三段的例子是为了证明错误的行车礼仪是危险的（however, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous）。选项B符合题意。5.文章最后一段倒数第二句话 years ago the experts warned us that the car ownership explosion would demand a lot more give and take from all road users “很多年前专家就告诫我们拥有汽车的人数激增需要汽车使用者的让步”，选项B符合题意。2. 单选题If hockey players are too （ ）,they are penalized.问题1选项A.clumsyB.aggressiveC.briskD.flexible【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。clumsy “笨拙的”；aggressive “侵略性的，好斗的”；brisk “敏锐的，活泼的”；flexible “灵活的，柔韧的，易弯曲的”。句意：如果曲棍球选手太过于具有攻击性，将会被处罚。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.Near the turn of the century, it had been suggested by Hering that different modes of sensation, such as pain, taste, and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervous energy. However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation form the auditory cortex, and so on. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.However, cortical locus, in itself, turned out to have little explanatory value. Studies showed that sensations as diverse as those of red, black, green and white, or touch, cold, warmth, movement, pain, posture, and pressure apparently may arise to through activation ofthe same cortical areas. What seemed to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in the brain excitation it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts. In short, brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogeneous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue. To match the multiple dimensions of mental experience psychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses.1.The author suggests that, by 1950, attempts to correlate mental experience with brain processes would probably have been viewed with（ ） .2.The author mentions “common currency” in line 12 primarily in order to emphasize the（ ）3.The description in lines 15-17 of an experiment in which electric stimuli were applied to different sensory fields of the cerebral cortex tends to support the theory that（ ）.4.Which of the following best summarizes the authors opinion of the suggestion that different areas of the brain determine perceptions produced by sensory nerve impulses?（ ）5.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following exhibit the LEAST qualitative variation?（ ）问题1选项A.indignationB.impatienceC.pessimismD.indifference问题2选项A.lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beingsB.similarity of the sensations that all human beings experienceC.similarities in the views of scientists who have studied the human nervous systemD.continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system问题3选项A.the simple presence of different cortical areas cannot account for the diversity of mental experienceB.variation in spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses correlates with variation in subjective experienceC.nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous and are relatively unaffected as they travel through the nervous systemD.the mental experiences produced by sensory nerve impulses are determined by the cortical area activate问题4选项A.It is a plausible explanation, but it has not been completely proved.B.It is the best explanation of brain processes currently available.C.It is disproved by the fact that the various areas of the brain are physiologically very similar.D.There is some evidence to support it, but it fails to explain the diversity of mental experience.问题5选项A.Nerve cellsB.Nerve impulsesC.Cortical areasD.Spatial patterns of nerve impulses【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.文章第一段第一句话By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging提到直到1950年，试图将大脑运转过程与心理活动联系起来的努力并不鼓舞人心。可知是不乐观的，选项C符合题意。2.题干中的common currency 出现在句子：that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system中，与句子中的homogeneous的意思相似，选项A的lack of differentiation among nerve impulses与nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous的同义转述，所以选项A符合题意。3.文章第15-17行描述的实验是电刺激作用于有意识的人体大脑皮层的某一特定感觉区域实验，这个实验的理论来源，it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view，选项D “感觉神经冲动产生的心理体验是由皮质区域激活”。选项D符合题意。4.文章第二段第二句话However，subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity提到据此开发的记录和分析神经潜力的方法不能反应这种多样性。选项D与其表达一致，符合题意。5.文章最后一段“in short, brain theory suggested a correlation between.could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses.”提到神经细胞、神经冲动、皮质区域都可以产生质的变化，而神经冲动的空间模式并没有达到质变。选项D符合题意。4. 单选题As you all know, the United States is a country on wheels. Nearly eight million new cars are made each year, four households out of five own at least one car, and more than a quarter have two each. Yet youll be surprised to learn that some of the car-owners even suffer from malnutrition.In 1968, a nation-wide survey of malnutrition was made for the first time. It found that 10 million people are suffering in health through inadequate feeding; the causes of their plight were varied. Unemployment over a long period should be considered as the main factor. And unemployment, strange to say, nine times out of ten results from automation, both in industrial and agricultural areas. For example, in the rural South when a cotton plantation suddenly cuts its force from 100 people to three, the problem to help the displaced arises. So is the case with industrial automation. In fact, probably 2 million jobs are made unnecessary each year in the whole country as a result of the automation process, thus making unemployment a chief social concern. According to government statistics, the number of people unemployed was over 5 percent for the period from 1958 to 1963. In July 1981, it rose to 7.8 percent. As a matter of fact, it has long been known that even during the most prosperous periods there have been people without enough to eat. So I think thats why President Kennedy said in his inauguration speech in 1961, if the government did not help the poor, it could nor save the rich.In 1966, the Social Security Administration calculated that a family of four needed an income of $3,355 a year to be above the line of poverty. And in 1977, the average poverty line of the country was slightly more than $6,200 annual income for a non-farm family of four. According to the Social Security Act, families of that size below poverty line are eligible to receive benefits from the special welfare program. The average weekly payment of benefits now is equivalent to 36 percent of the workers normal wage. And the number of people who receive government benefits is increasing. In 1973, social insurance payments by governments, mainly to old age pensioners and people who had lost their jobs or were off work through illness, amounted to $86,000 million. Those not fully qualified for insurance payments received $29,000 million in public aid.But problems still exist. Many people are not reached by the anti-poverty program, because local authorities and agencies do not want to play their part or do not gave the resources to do so. Some poor people will not accept help for various reasons. Of course, there are some more important factors which lie in the stricture of the society, but I dont consider it necessary to dig into them here. Yet we will perhaps agree that social welfare programs have solved to some extent the problems of feeding, clothing and housing those below the poverty line. On the whole, it perhaps might be said that American people are living a better life than people in most other countries.1.The United States is called a country on wheels because （ ）.2.According to a 1968 survey, ten million Americans found themselves in a difficult health situation chiefly due to（ ）3.The author uses “the displaced”(Line 5, Para. 2) to refer to those who are （ ）.4.The word “eligible” (Line 4, Para. 3) is synonymous with “（ ）5.Americans are living a better life than those in most of other countries because, to some degree （ ）.问题1选项A.about one-fourth Americans own two carsB.a bit over one out of four households are the owners of two carsC.nearly 8 million new cars drive in the country every yearD.80% Americans have at least one car问题2选项A.inadequate feedingB.malnutritionC.unemploymentD.automation问题3选项A.unemployedB.disabledC.sickD.poor问题4选项A.necessaryB.urgentC.neededD.worthy问题5选项A.many Americans receive benefits from the special welfare programB.some poor people can receive help for some reason or otherC.there is the anti-poverty program in the U. S.D.social welfare programs have some measure to settle the problems of those below the poverty line.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.文章第一段第二句Nearly eight million new cars are made each year, four households out of five own at least one car, and more than a quarter have two each解释了为什么美国被称为 “车轮上的国家”，80%的家庭拥有至少一辆车，超过25%的家庭拥有两辆车。选项B符合题意。2.文章第二段第三句Unemployment over a long period should be considered as the main factor提到造成营养不调的主要原因是失业。选项C符合题意。3.文章第二段提出长期失业是造成一些人营养不良的原因，比如在南方农村当一个棉花种植园突然将自己的雇佣工人从100人降到3人，那么就意味着有97人失业（“For example, in the rural South when a cotton plantation suddenly cuts its force from 100 people to three, the problem to help the displaced arises”）由此可以推断 the displaced 在这里有“失业人员”的意思。选项A符合题意。4.文章第三段提及了美国的平均贫困线，然后提到只有年收入在贫困线以下才有资格领取政府的福利补助：according to the Social Security Act, families of that size below poverty line are eligible to receive benefits from the special welfare program, 由此推测 eligible 的意思是“有资格的”。选项D符合题意。5.文章最后一段提到美国的福利政策在一定程度上解决了贫困线以下那些人的衣食住的问题，这相比多数其他国家的人要过得好。选项D符合题意。5. 单选题The roof（ ） under the weight of the snow.问题1选项A.fellB.submergedC.collapsedD.descended【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。fall “跌下，掉落”；submerge “淹没，沉浸”；collapse “倒塌”；descend “下降，下去”。句意：在大雪的压迫下，房顶坍塌了。选项C符合题意。6. 单选题The history of film reflects the（ ） inherent in the medium itself: film combines still photographs to represent continuous motion and, while seeming to present life itself, can also offer impossible and dreamlike unrealities.问题1选项A.trivialitiesB.biasesC.constraintsD.paradoxes【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。triviality “浅薄，轻浮，琐事”；bias “偏见，偏爱”； constraint “约束，局促”；paradox “悖论，反论，似非而是的论点，自相矛盾的人或事”。句意：电影的历史反映了这种媒体本身具备的矛盾：电影将静止的照片结合在一起区别表现连续的动作，而当呈现生活时，也经常提供一些不可能的和不真实的东西。选项D符合题意。7. 单选题Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors habits among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we cant figure out how to change peoples habits,” said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to-Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, youll find that many of the products we use every day chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitaminsare results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didnt drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off spring, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns.” said Carol Beming, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble the company that sold $ 76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers lives, and its essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Beming have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through cruel and endless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.1.According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap（ ） .2.The example of brushing teeth shows that some of consumers habits are developed due to3.Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to4.How did Carol Beming see creating automatic behaviors among cons