2022年考博英语-四川农业大学考前模拟强化练习题98（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-四川农业大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Just about 40% of employees and managers in a North American survey said they know how they can increase their base pay or cash bonuses. The results suggest employers lose much of the value of the pay raises and bonuses they distribute by not communicating effectively. “Many employees and managers simply dont understand why they get paid what they do,” points out Rob Heneman, professor of management and human resources, Ohio State University, Columbus. “Businesses cant get a good return of their compensation investment if people dont understand how their pay is determined.”The survey of more than 6,000 managers and employees in 26 organizations in the U.S. and Canada showed that employees and managers felt their employers did a good job explaining their performance objectives and the way their performance is measured. They were unclear, though, about how performance was related to pay. Surprisingly, employees reported they knew more about stock options at their companies and how they are determined than how base pay is. However, the results showed that base pay knowledge plays a larger role in overall pay satisfaction than do other forms of compensation, such as bonuses. Employees who had higher levels of pay knowledge showed greater overall pay satisfaction, which, in turn, was linked to higher levels of retention (聘用) commitment to the company, and even trust in management. In other words, Heneman emphasizes, ensuring that employees understand their pay is good for a companys bottom line.He feels that corporate culture is often a major problem in dealing with the lack of pay knowledge among workers. In many companies, it is considered tabooor even explicitly forbiddento discuss matters dealing with salary. In lieu of (代替) disclosing actual pay amounts of employees to others within the company, management can provide more information about pay practices and policies, such as the process used to determine salary, and the average of raises in a particular year. Workers want more than generalities; they want to know how pay policies apply to their particular situation, Heneman points out. That often means managers need to sit down with their employees one-on-one.1. What does the North American Survey mainly suggest?2. The employers of many companies failed to _.3. Which of the following is the most important factor in overall pay satisfaction?4. The employees who understand and are satisfied with their pay would _.5. What can employers do to help their employees know better how pay is determined?问题1选项A.If the employers make their pay policy known better, the company would get more in return.B.If the employers make their pay policy known better, they would get pay raises and bonuses.C.If the employees know more about the pay policy of the company, they would get more.D.If the employees know more about the pay policy of the company, they would become one in the management.问题2选项A.explain what their performance objectives wereB.explain the way performance was measuredC.explain the way performance was related to payD.explain how performance was related to promotion问题3选项A.Stock options.B.Bonuses.C.Corporate culture.D.Base pay.问题4选项A.be willing to remain in the bottom lineB.be willing to be loyal and dedicated to the companyC.be ensured that their pay is justifiedD.be ensured that their employers are worthwhile问题5选项A.They can shatter the taboo by encouraging discussion about salary matters among the employees.B.They can disclose pay amounts of employees to others within the company.C.They can talk with individual employee about how pay policies apply to his particular situation.D.They can tell all employees the total of raises in a particular year.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第二句The results suggest employers lose much of the value of the pay raises and bonuses they distribute by not communicating effectively.（结果表明，由于没有进行有效沟通，雇主失去了他们所发放的加薪和奖金的大部分价值。），说明因为雇主没有良好地向员工传达企业的薪酬政策，所以无法获得良好的薪酬投资回报。因此A选项“如果雇主更好地宣传他们的薪酬政策，公司会得到更多的回报”正确。B选项“如果雇主让他们的薪酬政策更广为人知，他们就会得到加薪和奖金”，原文说的是只有少部分员工知道如何获得加薪和奖金，所以B错误。C选项“如果员工更了解公司的薪酬政策，他们会得到更多”，D选项“如果员工更了解公司的薪酬政策，他们就会成为管理层中的一员”在文中没有提及，所以C, D错误。2.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第二句They were unclear, though, about how performance was related to pay.（不过，他们不清楚绩效与薪酬之间的关系。），说明许多雇主没有解释清楚绩效与薪酬之间的关系。因此C选项“解释绩效与薪酬的关系”正确。A选项“解释他们的绩效目标是什么”，B选项“解释衡量业绩的方式”，由原文可知，雇主在解释业绩目标和衡量业绩的方式方面做得很好，所以A, B错误。D选项“解释绩效与晋升的关系”在文中没有提及，所以D错误。3.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第四句However, the results showed that base pay knowledge plays a larger role in overall pay satisfaction than do other forms of compensation, such as bonuses.（然而，研究结果显示，基本工资知识对总体薪酬满意度的影响要大于奖金等其他形式的薪酬。），说明整体薪酬满意度中最重要的因素是基本工资。因此D选项“基本工资”正确。A选项“股票期权”，B选项“奖金”，C选项“企业文化”均不符合题意，所以A, B, C错误。4.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段倒数第二句Employees who had higher levels of pay knowledge showed greater overall pay satisfaction, which, in turn, was linked to higher levels of retention commitment to the company, and even trust in management.（薪酬知识水平较高的员工总体薪酬满意度更高，这反过来又与对公司的保留承诺更高，甚至与对管理层的信任程度更高有关。），说明了解并对自己的薪酬感到满意的员工会对公司更加忠诚和信任。因此B选项“愿意对公司忠诚和奉献”正确。A选项“愿意留在底线中”，C选项“被确保他们的薪酬是合理的”，D选项“被确保他们的雇主是有价值的”在文中均没有提及，所以A, C, D错误。5.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段最后两句Workers want more than generalities; they want to know how pay policies apply to their particular situation, Heneman points out. That often means managers need to sit down with their employees one-on-one.（亨曼指出，员工想要的不仅仅是一般性的信息；他们想知道薪酬政策如何适用于他们的具体情况。这往往意味着管理人员需要与员工一对一地坐下来谈。），说明雇主可以通过和员工一对一谈话来帮助他们更好地了解薪酬政策。因此C选项“他们可以与员工单独讨论薪资政策如何适用于他的特殊情况”正确。A选项“他们可以通过鼓励员工之间讨论工资问题来打破禁忌”，由原文可知，在许多公司谈论工资问题是明确禁止的，打破禁忌并不能帮助员工更好地了解薪酬政策，所以A错误。B选项“他们可以向公司内部的其他人披露员工的工资数额”，由原文可知，比起向公司内部其他人披露员工的实际薪酬，管理层有其他可以公布的有效信息，所以B错误。D选项“他们可以告诉所有员工某一年的加薪总额”，原文说的是特定年份的平均加薪幅度，而不是加薪总额，所以D错误。2. 单选题Their dog was a substitute _ the children they had never had.问题1选项A.asB.ofC.toD.for【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：他们的狗代替了他们从未有过的孩子。a substitute for是固定搭配，意为“某种东西的替代物”。其他三项不能和substitute搭配。因此D选项正确。3. 单选题The Greyhound _ outside of New York Bus Station at 6 p.m. and started for Washington D.C. at 6:20 p.m.问题1选项A.pulled upB.pulled downC.pulled outD.pulled on【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项pulled up“停下来”；B选项pulled down“推翻”；C选项pulled out“推翻”；D选项pulled on“穿”。句意：灰狗巴士下午6点在纽约公交车站外停下，6点20分开往华盛顿特区。本句表示巴士停车。因此A选项正确。4. 单选题Let us suppose that you are in the position of a parent. Would you allow your children to read any book they wanted to without first checking its contents? Would you take your children to see any film without first finding out whether it is suitable for them? If your answer to these questions is “yes”, then you are either extremely permissive. If your answer is “no”, then you are exercising your right as a parent to protect your children from what you consider to be undesirable influences. In other words, by acting as a censor yourself, you are admitting that there is a strong case for censorship.Now, of course, you will say that it is one thing to exercise censorship where children are concerned and quite another to do the same for adults. Children need protection and it is the parents responsibility to provide it. But what about adults? Arent they old enough to decide what is good for them? The answer is that many adults are, but dont make the mistake of thinking that all adults are like you. Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like the law, censorship contributes to the common good.Some people think that it is disgraceful that a censor should interfere with works of art. Who is this person, they say, to ban this great book or cut that great film? No one can set himself up as a superior being. But we must remember two things. Firstly, where genuine works of art are concerned, modern censors are extremely liberal in their viewsoften far more liberal than a large section of the public. Artistic merit is something which censors clearly recognize. And secondly, we must bear in mind that the great proportion of books, plays and films which come before the censor are very far from being “works of art”.When discussing censorship, therefore, we should not confine our attention to great masterpieces, but should consider the vast numbers of publications and films which make up the bulk of the entertainment industry. When censorship laws are relaxed, immoral people are given a license to produce virtually anything in the name of “art”. There is an increasing tendency to equate artistic with “pornographic”. The art market for pornography would rapidly be exploited. One of the great things that censorship does is to prevent certain people from making fat profits by corrupting the minds of others. To argue in favor of absolute freedom is to argue in favor of anarchy.Society would really be the poorer if it deprived itself of the wise counsel and the restraining influence which a censor provides.1. Permissive parents would _.2. The fact that parents check the contents of the book or the film for their children to read or see shows _.3. Which of the following statements is NOT true?4. What does the word “corrupt” mean?5. What would be the best title of this passage?问题1选项A.let their children read any books they like toB.not let their children see any films they like toC.not let their children read any books without first checking their contentsD.let their children see the films with their first checking问题2选项A.the necessity of censorshipB.many books and films are badC.children need their parents to help them understand moreD.the parents are permissive问题3选项A.Some adults cant tell right from wrong.B.Censorship is compared to the law because both of them perform good service to society as a whole.C.Censors pay attention only to genuine works of art.D.Censorship is necessary because many books, plays and films are far from being “works of art”.问题4选项A.Make morally bad.B.Hurt.C.Injure.D.Damage.问题5选项A.Permissive Parents and Responsible ParentsB.Censorship and the lawC.Censors Value Artistic MeritsD.Censorship Performs Good Service to Society【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段前半部分Would you allow your children to read any book they wanted to without first checking its contents? Would you take your children to see any film without first finding out whether it is suitable for them? If your answer to these questions is “yes”, then you are either extremely permissive.（你会允许你的孩子读任何他们想读的书而不先检查它的内容吗？你会在不先看看电影是否适合他们的情况下就带孩子去看电影吗？如果你对这些问题的回答是“是”，那么你就是一个极度宽容的家长。），说明宽容的父母会让孩子阅读任何他们喜欢的书籍。因此A选项“让孩子阅读任何他们喜欢的书籍”正确。B选项“不让孩子看他们喜欢的任何电影”，C选项“不让孩子在没有事先检查内容的情况下阅读任何书籍”，D选项“让孩子在事先检查内容的情况下看电影”均不符合题意，所以B, C, D错误。2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段最后一句In other words, by acting as a censor yourself, you are admitting that there is a strong case for censorship.（换句话说，你自己作为审查者，就是在承认审查是有充分理由的。），说明父母对孩子阅读的书或观看电影的内容进行检查的事实表明审查是有充分理由的。因此A选项“审查制度的必要性”正确。B选项“许多书和电影是不好的”，C选项“孩子们需要父母帮助他们了解更多的东西”在文中没有提及，所以B, C错误。D选项“父母是宽容的”，由原文可知，宽容的父母不会事先检查书籍和电影的内容，所以D错误。3.推理判断题。A选项“有些成年人不能分辨是非”，由原文But what about adults? Arent they old enough to decide what is good for them? The answer is that many adults are（但是成年人呢？难道他们还不能决定什么是对他们有益的吗？答案是，很多成年人都是）可知，很多成年人还不能分辨是非，所以A选项表述正确，排除A。B选项“审查制度被比作法律，因为它们都为整个社会提供了良好的服务”，由原文Like the law, censorship contributes to the common good.（与法律一样，审查制度有益于公共利益。）可知，审查制度和法律一样都是为了整个社会的利益，所以B选项表述正确，排除B。D选项“审查是必要的，因为许多书籍、戏剧和电影远不是艺术作品”，由原文And secondly, we must bear in mind that the great proportion of books, plays and films which come before the censor are very far from being “works of art”.（其次，我们必须记住，出现在审查者面前的书籍、戏剧和电影，很大一部分都远非“艺术品”。）可知，许多书籍、戏剧和电影都不是艺术品，需要进行审查，所以D选项表述正确，排除D。C选项“审查员只关注真正的艺术作品”，由原文When discussing censorship, therefore, we should not confine our attention to great masterpieces, but should consider the vast numbers of publications and films which make up the bulk of the entertainment industry.（因此，当讨论审查制度时，我们不应该把注意力局限在伟大的杰作上，而应该考虑到构成娱乐产业大部分的出版物和电影的数量。）可知，审查员不只关注真正的艺术作品，还有大部分的书籍电影等，所以C选项不符合原文，本题选C。4.语义推测题。由题干关键词“corrupt”可以定位到文章第四段倒数第二句One of the great things that censorship does is to prevent certain people from making fat profits by corrupting the minds of others.（审查制度所做的最伟大的事情之一就是防止某些人通过腐蚀他人的思想而获得暴利。），说明“corrupt”在文中是指“腐蚀思想”的意思。因此A选项“使道德变坏”正确。B选项“伤害”，C选项“受伤”，D选项“损坏”均不符合题意，所以B, C, D错误。5.主旨大意题。文章开头以家长应不应该审查孩子阅读的书和观看的电影的内容这一问题引出论点审查是必要的，并在接下来的内容中讨论了审查的必要性以及审查对社会的积极影响。因此D选项“审查制度有助于整个社会的利益”符合文章的主旨，最适合作为文章标题。A选项“放任的父母和负责任的父母”，B选项“审查制度和法律”，C选项“审查员重视艺术的优点”只是文章某一部分的内容，不能完整地概括文章主旨，所以A, B, C错误。5. 单选题Ever since Antarctic exploration began, men entering on the frozen continent have taken for granted being completely cut off from the rest of civilization. Now all that has changed. In June 1967 I was proud to be aboard a history-making airingthe first to make a regularly scheduled flight to the Antarctica in the black of its winter night.A beginning was made in 1961, when a Soviet exchange scientist wintering at remote Byrd Station fell critically ill. Our Navy flew in and got him out, and he recovered. We flew in for another patient in 1964, and two more in 1966. All these flight were made on an emergency basisand of course at considerable riskduring the months when, traditionally, Antarctica is cut off from the world. But, if we could get in and out safely in an emergency, why could we not fly inand with greater safetyon a regular, planned schedule?During the summer, Navy C-130s fly back and forth on routine over-ocean flights between the Deep Freeze advance base at Christchurch, New Zealand and McMurdo Station, the main American scientific base in Antarctica. But all these flights are made in broad 24 hours daylight. Even in summer, flying to and from Antarctica is hazardous. A man down in that icy water could live only about 10 minutes. In winters darkness and more intense coldness, the perils are multiplied. An aircraft down at sea or on the “ice” (our everyday term for Antarctica) can be a lot harder to find at night than in daylight.Yet, despite these hazards, we had strong reason to open up Antarctica in winter. Scientists working in universities in the United States have summer free for research. Regular fly-ins allow us to deliver them and pick them up in time to resume their academic duty. Obviously, the flights would be popular with the men in the ice and good for morale, for they would carry in mail and fresh provisions.1. Which of the following statements is not true according to the passage?2. Before June 1967, there were regularly scheduled flights _.3. Our Navy flew in: what was special about this flight?4. Which of the following can we infer from the passage?5. The flight was welcomed by the men in the Antarctica because _.问题1选项A.The writer was aboard on history-making airplane flights in June, 1967.B.A Soviet exchange scientist fell critically ill when I was in the Antarctica.C.June is the winter in the Antarctica.D.My trip to the Antarctica was the first regularly scheduled flight to the Antarctica.问题2选项A.only in the Antarctic summerB.only in the Antarctic winterC.in both summer and winterD.only on an emergency basis问题3选项A.As a result of it, the sick man recovered.B.It was in the Antarctica winter.C.It was an international assistancethe U.S. was coming to the help of a Soviet scientist.D.All of the above.问题4选项A.The writer was frightened by the hazard in the Antarctica.B.The writer was restrained by the coldness in the Antarctica.C.The writer is suggesting opening up the Antarctica in winter.D.The writer wishes to be a scientist working in the Antarctica.问题5选项A.it sends more companions to themB.they can resume their academic dutyC.they will have a chance to get the news from their families and friendsD.they can go back on the return flight【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:D第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.客观细节题。A选项“作者在1967年6月登上了创造历史的飞机航班”，由原文In June 1967 I was proud to be aboard a history-making airing（1967年6月，我很自豪地登上了一架创造历史的飞机）可知，作者在1967年6月登上了一架创造历史的飞机，A选项表述正确，排除A。C选项“六月是南极洲的冬天”，由原文In June 1967the first to make a regularly scheduled flight to the Antarctica in the black of its winter night.（1967年6月第一次在漆黑的冬夜乘坐定期航班前往南极洲。）可知，六月是南极洲的冬天，C选项表述正确，排除C。D选项“我的南极之行是第一次前往南极洲的定期航班”，由原文the first to make a regularly scheduled flight to the Antarctica in the black of its winter night.（第一次在漆黑的冬夜乘坐定期航班前往南极洲。）可知，作者乘坐的是第一次前往南极洲的定期航班，D选项表述正确，排除D。B选项“我在南极洲时，一位苏联交换科学家病得很重”，由原文A beginning was made in 1961, when a Soviet exchange scientist wintering at remote Byrd Station fell critically ill.（事情开始于1961年，当时一名苏联交换科学家在遥远的伯德站过冬时得了重病。）可知，这位苏联科学家得病时作者还没有去南极洲，B选项不符合原文，所以本题选B。2.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第四句All these flight were made on an emergency basis（所有这些飞行都是在紧急情况下进行的），说明只有在紧急情况下才有飞往南极洲的航班。因此D选项“只在紧急情况下”正确。A选项“只有在南极洲的夏天”，B选项“只在南极洲的冬天”，C选项“在夏季和冬季都有”在文中均没有提及，所以A, B, C错误。3.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第一、二句A beginning was made in 1961, when a Soviet exchange scientist wintering at remote Byrd Station fell critically ill. Our Navy flew in and got him out, and he recovered.（事情开始于1961年，当时一名苏联交换科学家在遥远的伯德站过冬时得了重病。我们的海军飞过去把他救了出来，他康复了。），所以A选项“它的结果是，那个病人康复了”，B选项“是在南极洲的冬天”，C选项“这是一次国际援助美国来帮助一位苏联科学家”均属于这次飞行的特点。因此D选项“以上都是”正确。4.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段第一句Yet, despite these hazards, we had strong reason to open up Antarctica in winter.（然而，尽管有这些危险，我们还是有充分的理由在冬天开放南极洲。），说明作者支持在冬天开放南极洲。因此C选项“作者建议在冬天开放南极洲”正确。A选项“作者被南极洲的危险吓坏了”，B选项“作者被南极洲的寒冷所束缚”，由原文可知，作者认为人们可以克服南极洲冬天存在的困难，所以A, B错误。D选项“作者希望成为一名在南极洲工作的科学家”在文中没有提及，所以D错误。5.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句Obviously, the flights would be popular with the men in the ice and good for morale, for they would carry in mail and fresh provisions.（显然，这些飞行会受到冰天雪地里的人们的欢迎，也会鼓舞士气，因为它们可以送来邮件和新鲜的食物。），说明飞行受到南极洲的人们欢迎的原因是它们可以送来邮件消息。因此C选项“他们有机会得到家人和朋友的消息”正确。A选项“送来了更多的同伴”，B选项“可以继续他们的学术任务”，D选项“可以乘坐返程航班回去”均不符合题意，所以A, B, D错误。6. 单选题Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goaland so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that theres no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,” wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: “How come nobody thought of hat before?”The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from V to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging ev