英语语法高中英语语法-时态.docx

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关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里http:/m.meten.com/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0高中英语语法时态过去完成时1、过去完成时的概述过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语,也可用when, before等引导的从句或通过上下代表示。His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazine he had long expected. 当她终于收到她盼望已久的杂志时,她兴奋得两眼闪光。By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.12岁时,爱迪生就开始自己谋生。2、过去完成时的构成过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成。 注意:had not 常简略为hadnt。They asked me to have a drink with them and said it was at least ten years since I had enjoyed a good drink. 他们请我和他们一起喝酒,并说我自上次喝酒到现在至少十年了。We had learnt 30 lessons by the end of last month.到上个月末为止,我们已经学了30课。He said we hadnt seen each other since I left Beijing.自从我离开北京,我们还没见过面。3、过去完成时的用法过去完成时的主要用法和现在完成时一样。不同的是,过去完成时把时间推移到了过去某一时间之前,与现在无关。(1)过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。这个过去的时间状语有by, before等介词短语或when, before等引导的从句。Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home. 海伦把钥匙忘到办公室里了,因此她不得不等她丈夫回来。When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.当我们到达电影院时,电影已经开始了。He told me that he had visited the Great Wall before.他告诉我他以前参观过长城。By the end of the match, they had kicked 2 goals, and we had kicked 4.比赛结束时,他们踢进了2个球而我们踢进了4个球。When Jack arrived he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.杰克到达后得知玛丽走了近一个小时了。(2)表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始,一直延续到过去的这一时间,而且还可能继续下去的动作,常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。The news came as no surprise to me. I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down.听到这个消息我并不感到吃惊。工厂要倒闭这件事我早就知道了。By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years.到我毕业时,他已经教那个班三年了。He said he had made great progress since he came here.他说自从他来这里他已经取得了很大进步。(3)用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句或as if从句中表示与过去事实相反If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你,他就会问你这件事了。I should have called you if I had known your telephone number.假如我过去知道你的电话号码,我就给你打电话了。He described the scene as if he had been there.他描绘的景色如同他去过那里一样。Had I known that you wanted the book, I would have sent it.如果我知道你要这本书,我会送来的。(4)表示假设的宾语从句放在像said,told,asked,thought,wondered等过去时动词的后面,表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告诉我,他已通过了考试。He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before.他问我头一天晚上是否看过那部电影。She wondered who had left the door open.她想知道谁敞着门的。(5)用在 It was the first/second/thirdtime that”句型中在此句型中,主句用了一般过去时,that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years. 这是39年里他们第一次见面。It was the first time we had spoken together. 这是我们第一次在一起说话。(6)intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可以表示一个本来打算做而没有做的事这种结构也可以表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等,含有某种惋惜。I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来昨天打算要去看你,但我来了个不速之客。We had meant to tell her the news but found that she wasnt in.我们本想把这个消息告诉她的,但发现她不在家。(7)过去完成时常用结构有“hardly, scarcely, barely when, no sooner than等副词的句子里。She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他刚睡下铃就响了。No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他们刚刚离开大楼,一颗炸弹就爆炸了。(8)当before , after, as soon as 等引导的从句里的动作与主句的动作紧接时,由于这些连词本身已经说明了两个动作发生的先后关系,因此两个动作均可用一般过去时表示。We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.做完早操之后,我们吃早饭。The train started to move just before we reached the station.我们到车站时火车刚开动。As soon as they got there, they started to study.他们一到那里就开始学习了。(9) 过去完成时的基本结构是:“had + 动词的过去分词”。例如:I had learned 2,000 English words by the end of last term. 到上学期期末为止我已经学了2,000个英语单词。(10)实质过去完成时表示在过去了的某个时间或动作之前所发生的动作,其实质就是“过去的过去”。例如:When the teacher came into the classroom, Liu Hong had gone home. 当老师走进教室时,刘红已经回家了。(“回家”发生在过去的动作“走进”之前)“介词by +含一般过去时态的句子”。介词by 本身表示“在之前;到为止”。例如:Edison had built a chemistry lab by the time he was ten. 爱迪生十岁的时候就已经建立了一个化学实验室。4、 “时间状语从句”。例如:When my mother got home, I had already done 10 maths problems. 当妈妈到家时,我已经做了十道数学题。5、 “宾语从句”或“间接引语”。例如:The teacher asked if we had finished doing our homework. 老师问我们是否做完了作业。He said that the had he visited the place twice. 他说这个地方他已经参观过两次了。现在进行时1、现在进行时的构成现在进行时由be+v-ing构成。be应为助动词,初学者最容易漏掉,它应与主语的人称和数保持一致。2、现在进行时的应用在实际运用时,现在进行时常用以下几种情况:(1)当句子中有now时,常表示动作正在进行,这时要用现在进行时。如:They are playing basketball now.现在他们正在打篮球。(2)以look, listen开头的句子,提示我们动作正进行,这时要用现在进行时。如:Listen!She is singing an English song.听,她正在唱英语歌。(3)表示当前一段时间或现阶段正在进行的动作,且此时有this week, these days等时间状语,这时常用现在进行时。如:We are making model planes these days.这些天我们在做飞机模型。(4)描述图片中的人物的动作,也为了表达更生动。此时也常用现在进行时。如:Look at the picture. The children are flying kites in the park.看这幅图,那些孩子正在公园放风筝。3、现在进行时的变化肯定句式:主语+be( am, is, are)+现在分词+其它.否定句式:主语+be(am, is, are) +not +现在分词+其它.一般疑问句:Be(am, is, are) +主语+现在分词+其它?特殊疑问句:疑问词+be(am, is, are)+主语+现在分词+其它?对现在进行时的特殊疑问句的回答,它不可以用Yes或No直接作答,要根据实际情况回答。4、现在进行时的用法(包括高级用法)(1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作。Please dont make so much noise. Im writing a composition. 不要吵闹。我正在写作文。Lets set off. It isnt raining now. 咱们出发吧。现在不下雨了。这类情况常与now现在,at the present现在,at the moment现在,today今天,this week这个星期,this year今年等时间状语连用。有时通过上下文可以判断出应采用何种时态,例如:Its four oclock in the afternoon. The children are playing football on the sports ground. 现在是下午四点。孩子们在操场上踢足球。Hurry up! We are all waiting for you. 快点!我们大家都等着你。Look! They are reading over there under the tree. 看!他们在那边的树底下看书。Listen! She is singing in the room. 听!她在房间里唱歌。Where is Kate? She is reading in the room. 凯特在哪里?她在房间里看书。Why are you crying? Is something wrong?为什么哭呢?有什么不对?(2)表示现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定在进行的动作。We are working in a factory these days. 这几天我们在一家工厂工作。They are compiling a dictionary. 他们在编一本词典。这类情况常与today今天,this week这个星期,this evening今天晚上,these days现在、目前等时间状语连用。(3)在口语中表示主语计划将要作的动作。They are leaving for New York tomorrow. 明天他们将要动身前往纽约。Is your brother departing soon? 你的兄弟很快就要启程吗?这类情况常与come来,go去, leave离开,depart离开,arrive到达,stay逗留,start开始等动词连用。所用的动词必须是动作而不是状态,主语必须是人。(4)现在进行时与always等副词连用时带有感情色彩。Hes always quarrelling with others. 他老喜欢跟别人吵架。She is constantly worrying about her sons health. 她不停地为她儿子的健康担心着。The boy is forever asking questions. 那个男孩老是问问题。这类情况常与always总是,usually通常,continually不断的,constantly经常的,forever永远、老是等副词连用。(5)有的现在进行时句子和一般现在时同义。用现在进行时表示问者的关切心情。How are you feeling today? (How do you feel today?)你今天感觉如何?I am looking (look)forward to your next visit. 我盼望你下次再来。Why are you looking(do you look)so sad? 为什么你看起来这么愁眉苦脸的样子呢?(6)有的动词用于现在进行时表示“逐渐”的含义。此种用法除了偶尔和now连用外,一般不和其他时间副词连用的。Our study is becoming more interesting. 我们的学习变得越来越有趣了。The leaves are turning red. 树叶渐渐地变红了。The war is ending. 战争接近尾声了。Wait a moment; I am finishing my supper. 等一会儿,我的晚饭就要吃完了。适合于此种用法的动词有:bet/grow/become/turn/run/go变成,begin开始,forget忘记,remember记得,die死,finish完成,find发现,rise增强等.(7)“be”动词的现在进行时。“be”动词用于现在进行时表示说话者认为是短暂的、和平常不一样的、甚至是伪装的。He is being foolish. 他在装傻。He is being honest. 他表现得特别老实。She is being rude. 她故意表现粗鲁。I cant understand why he is being so selfish.我不明白此时他为何如此自私。适合于此种用法的有:foolish愚蠢的,nice好的,kind好心的,careful细心的,patient耐心的,lazy懒惰的,silly傻的,rude粗鲁的,polite礼貌的,impolite无礼的等表示人的特性、性格的形容词。(“be”动词用于现在进行时表示人的行为,纯粹表示心理或生理的状态而不带有行动时或主语不是人时,“be”动词不能用于现在进行时)如:I am happy.(表语是纯粹的心理状态,不可用am being) 我很快乐。Hes tired.(表语是纯粹的生理状态,不可用is being) 他很疲倦。Its hot today.(主语不是人,不可用is being) 今天很热。 常和现在进行时连用的时间状语5、现在进行时态由 “be(is、am、are)+ 动词的-ing”构成。其中,be是助动词,也就是和后面的动词(-ing形式)一起构成现在进行时,它本身没有意义。现在进行时它表示的是此刻正在进行或发生的动作。I.弄清概念:现在进行时态由 “be(is、am、are)+ 动词的-ing”构成。其中,be是助动词,也就是和后面的动词(-ing形式)一起构成现在进行时,它本身没有意义。现在进行时它表示的是此刻正在进行或发生的动作。由此我们应注意三点:一是时间为现在,甚至为此刻,而不是过去或将来;二是动作在进行,而不是已经发生了,或还没有发生;三表示一个动作,而不是状态。例如:“他现在想打篮球”,虽然该句子表示的是现在,但这里“想要”表示状态,因此没有现在进行时。只能翻译为:He wants to play basketball now.II.掌握现在分词的构成大部分动词的现在分词都是直接加上-ing,如:visitvisiting;work working;turn turning等。但下列几种形式也需要同学们记清楚:1. 动词以不发音的字母e结尾,一般去掉e,再加-ing,例如:writewriting;leaveleaving;save saving;pollute polluting当然我们需要注意两小点:1)die、lie、tie的-ing形式分别是dying、lying、tying。2)be、agree等动词的-ing形式直接加上-ing,因为这里的e、ee都发音。2. 以重读闭音节结尾的动词末尾只有一个辅音字母(x例外),要重写该辅音字母,再加-ing。例:runrunning;beginbeginning;swimswimming;stop stopping。注意:fix fixingIII.熟悉现在进行时的用法1.最基本的用法是表示此刻正在进行或发生的动作,通常和时间状语now、at the moment等连用。如:They are visiting the fire station now. 他们现在正参观消防站。2.表示现阶段正在进行但此刻不一定在进行的动作,它通常和时间状语now、these days等连用。例如:They are working in this factory these days. 这几天他们在这个工厂工作。.表示最近的确定或安排时。如:He is taking me to the theatre this evening. 今晚他要带我到电影院。4.某些表示位置转移的动词如go、leave、start、come等它们的现在进行时表示将来。如:He is leaving for the Great Wall tomorrow. 明天他要动身去长城。5.现在进行时和always、forever等表示“经常”的状语连用,常带有一定的感情色彩,比如赞扬、厌烦、不满等。如:He is always thinking of others more than himself. 他考虑别人总是比自己多。(赞扬)现在完成时1、现在完成时的概述现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的结果,现在完成时着眼点是现在。现在完成时常与不确定的过去时间状语,如:just, yet, before, recently, once, lately等;也可以同表示濒度的时间状语连用,如often, ever, never, sometimes, twice, on several occasions等;也同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如now, today, this morning, this year, this month等,但不能同特定的时间状语连用(in 1993, last year等)。I wonder why Jenny hasnt written us recently. We should have heard from her by now.我想知道詹尼最近为什么没有写信来。到现在早该收到他的信了。The price has gone down, but I doubt whether it will remain so.价格已经下跌,但我怀疑这能持续多长时间。2、现在完成时的构成现在完成时由“助动词have/has+过去分词”构成。其肯定、否定疑问形式如下:注意:have not常简写为简略为havent, has not简略为hasnt.-How are you today? 你今天感觉好吗?-Oh , I havent felt as ill as I do now for a very long time.好长一段时间以来,我没有像今天这样难受了。Have you seen my glasses? 你看见我的眼镜了么? Yes, I saw them on your bed a minute ago. 是的,我刚才看见你的眼镜在你的床上。When I was at college I spoke three foreign languages, but I have forgotten all except a few words of each.我在大学读书时说三种外语,但现在除了几个单词外都忘光了。3、现在完成时的用法(1)表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束,通常使用不具有延续意义的动词,arrive, become, begin, break等。这种用法可带有迄今意义的时间状语,如up to now, so far, already, not.yet等。也可带有包括现在时间在内的时间状语,如now, recently, in the past few years, just等。I have already posted the photoes.我已经把照片寄出了。I have just finished my work.我刚刚完成工作。Have you had your lunch yet? 你吃过午饭了吗?-Yes , I have .(Ive just had it.) 是的,我刚吃完。(2)表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态,也许还将继续下去。这种用法通常用于具有延续意义的动词,如live, stay, work等,并带有表示时间段的状语或迄今意义的时间的状语,如for, since等。 You dont need to describe her. I have met her several times.你没必要描述她,我见过他好几次了。-Im sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起,让你久等了。-Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 噢,没关系。我刚来几分钟。They have lived here since 1989.他们自从1989年以来就住在这里。I havent seen her these days.这些日子我没见到他。注意:表示短暂的动作动词或状态动词不能用于这种用法,如arrive, come, go, leave等。如,不能说:She has come to our school for 2 years.(3)表示到现在为止的一段时间内重复发生的动作。常与often, always 等连用。He has been late for class every morning this week.这个星期他每天早晨都迟到。Eight times he has tried and eight times he has failed.他试了八次,八次都失败了。My father has always gone to work by bike.我爸爸一向骑车上班。(4)用于时间、条件状语从句中,表示将来要完成的动作。He will be back before I have finished my work.我完成工作之前他会回来的。We will set off if it has stopped raining.如果雨停了我们就出发。(5)用在从句中,表示一个动作先于另一个动作I understand what she has said to me.我理解她对我说的话。We know that he has passed the English exam.我们知道他英语考试及格了。(6)用在“It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/thirdtime+ that从句”中在这种从句中,当主句动词为is/will be时,that-从句的动词用现在完成时,that 可以省略。主句中的主语还可用this, this evening等; 这种结构中的first也可用其他序数词;time也可由其他名词替代。-Do you know our town at all?你对我们城镇熟悉吗?-No, this is the first time I have been here.不熟,这是我第一次来这里。Its the first time Ive been here.这是我第一次到这里来。Itll be the first time Ive spoken in public.这将是我第一次当众讲话。(7)“It (This)is the best( worst, most interesting等) + 名词+从句”结构中的从句要求用现在完成时 This is the best film Ive ever seen.这是我所看过得最好的一部电影。 This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.这是他写得最好的一部小说。(8)现在完成时可以表示反问的语气(与when连用)或感情色彩- Who is Jerry Cooper? 杰利库珀是谁呀?- Havent you met him yet? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting. 你还没见过他?我看见你和他在开会时握手了。Now youve done it.你这下可闯祸了。When have I been treated like this?我什么时候吃这一套?4、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别现在完成时与一般过去时都表示完成的动作,但现在完成时强调这一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in1990等。而一般过去时则表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系,它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。I have seen the film.我看过这部电影。(我了解这部电影的内容)I saw the film last week.我上星期看了这个电影。(只说明上星期看了这个电影,不涉及现在的情况)He has lived here since 1972.1972年以来他一直住在这里。(他现在还住在这里)He lived here in 1972.1972年他们住在这里。(不涉及到现在是否还住在这里)5、使用现在完成时应注意的几点(1)现在完成时不能和明确表示过去的时间状语(如yesterday, last week, in 1976, two days ago, just now等)连用,但可以和下列不确定的时间状语连用,如never, ever, always, yet, already, before, just, lately, so far, recently等。She has already come.她已经来了。I have met him before.我以前曾见过他。So far , no man has travelled farther than the moon.至今尚未有人到过比月球更远的地方。(2)现在完成时还可以和表示从过去某时刻延续到现在 (包括现在在内)的时间状语连用。如today,this year,these days,this morning等。It has been hot this summer. 今年夏天一直很热。(说话时仍是夏天)I have written two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。(说话时仍是上午)(3)表示短暂意义的动词,如open, go, come, die, leave, arrive, begin, return, stop等,不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。如要表达他离开这儿已经3年了这一意思时,不能说 He has left here for three years. 而要把其中的动词换为延续性动词或用其他表达法。如上句可用下列方式表达:He has been away from here for three years.He left here three years ago.It is three years since he left here.(4)have/has been to表示到过某个地方,而have/has gone to表示已经去了某处。He has been to the Great Wall.他到过长城。(现在他已不在长城)He has gone to the Great Wall.他去长城了。(现在他不在此地)关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里http:/m.meten.com/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0
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