普陀新王牌高中动词的时态和语态.doc

高一英语语法知识（3）动词的时态和语态(Tenses and voices)一.动词的时态 时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式英语动词有16种时态，但是常见的只有九种:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时，过去将来时，现在完成进行时。1.一般现在时的用法 1) 表示经常性、习惯性的动作；表示现在的状态、特征和真理句中常用 often，usually，every day等时间状语。例如：He goes to school every day(经常性动作)He is very happy(现在的状态)The earth moves around the sun(真理)2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来If you come this afternoon，we ll have a meetingWhen I graduate，Ill go to the countryside.3) 有时这个时态表示按计划、规定要发生的动作，(句中都带有时间状语)但限于少数动词。例如： begin，come，leave，go，arrive，start，stop，return，open，close等The meeting begins at seven. The train starts at nine in the morning4) 表示状态和感觉的动词，如 be，like，hate，think，remember，find，sound等常用一般现在时。I like English very much. The story sounds very interesting.5) 书报的标题，小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时6）一般现在时也可以表示正在进行的动作Here comes the bus. There goes the bell.2.一般过去时的用法1）表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作，也可以表示主语过去所具备的特点，特征或能力。He worked in a factory in 1986. He spoke very good English while in England.2）表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“used to”和“would +动词原形”。 I used to smoke. 3.一般将来时的用法一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态，其表达形式除了“ will或 shall十动词原形”外，还有以下几种形式：l)“ to be going to十动词原形”，表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事It is going to rain. We are going to have a meeting today2) go，come，start，move，sail，leave等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作Im leaving for Beijing.3)“be to十动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见Are we to go on with this work? The boy is to go to school tomorrow4)“ be about to十动词原形”表示即将发生的动作，但不和具体时间状语连用。We are about to leave5)某些词，如 come，go，leave，arrive，start等的一般现在时表示按时刻表执行的动作时，也可表示将来。The class meeting starts at five oclock every Monday afternoon.4现在进行时的用法1)现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，由“ to be十现在分词”构成，另外“系动词十介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义What are you doing? The bridge is under construction2)表示感觉，愿望和状态的某些动词，如 have，be，hear，see，like等词一般不用进行时 3)always, constantly, frequently等表示频率的副词所在的句子用于进行时时，常表示某种强烈的感情色彩。You are always throwing things away. He is constantly working hard.4)表示临时性的动作。I dont live here . Im helping to look after the old man till his daughter comes back. 5.过去进行时的用法l)过去进行时表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，由“was(were)十现在分词”构成In 1980 he was studying in a university. He was reading a novel when I came in6.现在完成时的用法现在完成时由“ have十过去分词”构成其使用有两种情况：1)现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现在有影响，句中没有具体时间状语He has gone to Fuzhou. He has been to Fuzhou 2)现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去常用for和 since表示一段时间的状语或 so far，now，today, this week( month，year) 等表示包括现在时间在内的状语。He has studied English for 5 years He has studied English since 1985Now I have finished the work.注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如 come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时在肯定句中不与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用如不可以说：They have married for three years /since 2007.但可以说：I havent seen him for three years /since 2007.3)现在完成时还可用在时间和条件状语从句中、表示将来某时完成的动作Ill go to your home when I have finished my homeworkIf it has stopped snowing in the morning，well go to the park.注意：1）for接一段时间作状语，谓语动词既可以用现在完成时，也可以用一般过去时，但意思不一样。I have stayed in the school for two years. I stayed in the school for two years.2) 两个固定句型：It is the first time that I have given you a lesson.It is the best film that I have ever seen.7.过去完成时的用法l)过去完成时由“ had十过去分词”构成。过去完成时的动词表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态句中常用 by，before，until，when等词引导的时间状语。 By the end of last year we had built five new houses.I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.2)过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去,但如果句子中的before, after等已明确动作的先后顺序，也可以用一般过去时表示。Before he slept，he (had) worked for 12 hoursAfter he (had) finished his work, he went to bed.8.过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态过去将来时由“ should或 would十动词原形”构成。第一人称用 should，其他人称用 would They were sure that they would succeed9.现在完成进行时的用法现在完成进行时由“ have(has)十 been十现在分词”构成，表示现在以前一直在进行的动作。有些词，如 work，study、live，teach等用现在完成进行时与用现在完成时意思差不多 I have worked here for three yearsI have been working here for three years.但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思I have written a letter(已写完) I have been writing a letter(还在写)注意：表示短暂动作的动词，如 finish，marry，get up，come，go等不能用这种时态。二.动词的语态l.概念与构成：当句子的主语是动作的执行者时,谓语的形式叫主动语态，当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词 be十过去分词构成，时态通过 be表现出来2.一些特殊的被动结构：1)带情态动词的被动结构：The problem must be solved soon2)带不定式的被动结构：The room is going to be painted The homework needs to be done with care3)短语动词的被动结构：The baby is looked after carefully.用于这类被动结构的短语动词要把它们作为整体看待，即要把它们看作单字及物动词。这类结构有以下几种：(不及物)动词十介词：agree to，ask for，call for，laugh at，listen to，look after，operate on，send for，talk about，think of等(及物)动词十副词：bring about，carry out，hand in，make out，pass on，point out，put away，put off，take up，think over，turn down，turn out，wipe out，work out等动词十副词十介词：do away with，face up to，give in to，look down upon，make up for，put up with等 1）They will be taken (good) care of 2）Attention must be paid to your pronunciation用于这类被动结构的短语动词最多见的是“动词十名词十介词”这一结构，如：catch sight of，keep an eye on，make use of，put an end to，set fire to，take notice of等。例2与例1的不同点在于，它作用于被动态时能有两种形式，第一种形式是把“动词十名词十介词”作为整体看待第二种形式是把其中的“动词十名词”作为“动词+宾语”的结构处理 4)带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语，原来的宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语，仍保留在谓语后面。We always keep the classroom clean.(比较 ：The classroom is always kept clean.) 5）带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能由一个宾语作主语，另一个宾语被保留下来。We showed the visitors our new products.（主动语态）The visitors were shown our new products.（被动语态） Our new products were shown to the visitors.（被动语态） 6）.“get + -ed分词”的被动语态 “get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。 The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 另外，“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。get dressed（穿衣服） get divorced（离婚） get engaged（订婚） get lost（迷路）get confused（迷惑不解） get washed（洗脸） get married（结婚） 7）被动语态与系表结构的区别 (1)The novel was well written.（系表结构） (2)The novel was written by Diskens.（被动语态）8）有些动词形式上是主动结构，但表示被动的意思不及物动词的被动意义某些只能作不及物动词(包括一些短语动词)用的动词，如 occur，happen，fall，go，break out，take place等。其主动形式含有被动意义。It happened /occur yesterday evening The Anti- Japanese War broke out in 1937具有及物意义的不及物动词的被动意义在主语是物的句子里，有些动词在表示主语属性时，常与否定词或副词连用，其主动形式可以表示被动意义。常用的这类动词有：sell，read，feel，write，wear，wash，open ,clean , cook，keep，cut，fill，blow，measure，lock，run，record, shut等。The book sells well. The machine doesnt runs well. Your composition reads well This pen writes smoothly 表示状态特征的连系动词无被动形式：如 look，feel，smell，taste，sound，prove，appear等的主动形式表示被动意义。The roses smell sweet Cotton feels soft. Good medicine tastes bitter Your sentence doesnt sound right. What he said proved to be correct不定式的主动形式表示被动意义(A) 作定语用的不定式的逻辑主语如果是句中主语或宾语时，就用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。I have a lot of work to do Ill give him something to read. (B) 在表语形容词后作状语用的不定式，与句中主语构成动宾关系时，用主动形式表示被动意义。His telephone number is easy to remember但如果这类句子形容词的意思不完全时，其不定式如有被动意义，仍必须用被动形式。All invaders are sure to be punished. 所有侵略者都必定受到惩罚。(C) 在“This ( That) is +名词”的句型中，修饰表语的不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。This is a hard question to answer. That is a nice place to visit. （D）不定式to let, to seek, to blame等，常用主动形式表示被动意义。 Nobody was to blame for the accident. The car is to let. E）以人作主语时，worthy后的不定式用主动形式和被动形式都可以，但二者的意义不同。He is worthy to take his position. 他配担任他的职务。（不定式的动作是主语发出的）He is not worthy to be chosen. 他不配当选。（不定式的动作不是句中主语发出的）动名词主动形式表示被动意义通常是物作want, need, require等动词的主语表示客观上需要，用动名词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义。The classroom wants (needs, requires) cleaning. 教室需要打扫。这种用法的动名词改用不定式一般式的被动形式后意义不变。The classroom wants to be cleaned.9)下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, benefit, lack等；宾语是反身代词、相互代词、同源宾语、不定式、动名词、抽象名词等。10）汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。据说 It is said that希望 It is hoped that据推测说 It is supposed that众所周知 It is well known that三.典型错句分析：1. The match will be canceled if it will rain tomorrow.2. The geography teacher told us that the earth moved round the sun3. You always make the same mistake.4. We are about to leave at once, so there is no time to visit him.5. It is ten years since we have lived here.6. They hardly got home when it began to rain.7. He phoned to tell me that he found the lost glasses.8. You are hoped to succeed at the beginning.9. This problem is difficult to be solved at present.10. The workers were made work over twenty hours a day in those days.11. This kind of cloth is felt soft.12. That house is belonged to him.四.巩固练习：1. - Nancy is not coming tonight. - But she_! A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised2._ it to me and Ill see what I can do.A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave3. These kinds of shoes_well.A. were not sold B. wont be sold C. are not sold D. dont sell4. What is_ then?A. to be doing B. to have done C. to be done D. doing5._the time he was six, the boy_3,000 English words.A. At; learned B. On; had learnedC. During; would learn D. By; had learned6. When the speaker entered the hall, all the listeners _. A. had seated B. were seated C. seated D. were seating7. The Anti-Japanese War _in 1937 and it _eight years.A. was broken out; lasted B. broke out; lastedC. break out; lasts D. broke out; last8. Can such a thing _happening again?A. prevent fromB. prevented from C. be prevented fromD. to prevent from9. The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as he_ .A. will arrive B. arrives C.is going to arrive D.is arriving10. Unless he _ to help us, we shall lose the game.A. promises B. will promise C. would promise D. had promised11. What a nice bike! Where _you_it?A. do; buy B. have; bought C. did; buy D. will; buy12. Her sister_ in bed all day because she had a high fever.A. lay B. lie C. laid D. lain13. Dont get that ink on your shirt, for it_ .A. wont wash out B. wont be washingC. isnt washing out D. doesnt watch out14. The telephone had been ringing for two minutes before it_. A. answered B. had answered C. was answeringD. was answered15. My sister wants to work in the power plant which_ still_.A. is; building B. has; been built C. is; being built D. is; to be built16. Tom said he _ to her, but he _ yet.A. will write didnt B. has writtenhasntC. was going to write wasnt D. would write hasnt17. Mr Smith said that John_him all about his past three weeks_. A. had told agoB. had told before C. told agoD. told before18. Li He_ for a job, but he_any.A. look find out B. was looking couldnt findC. looks couldnt find D. is looking cant be found19. This kind of tractors _ everywhere in China.A. can be seen B. is able to see C. have seen D. is able see20. We_Chinese lessons on Thursday morning.A. arent have B. dont have C. not have D. havent21. There_any meeting next week.A. is not going to have B. will not be going to be C. is not going to be D. wont be going to have22. He said he wouldnt mind _ at home.A. leaving alone B. being left alone C. to be left lonely D. to leave alone23. When I got to the cinema, the film_ for half an hour.A. was already begun B. had already begun C. has beenD. had been on24. Tom was said to _Mary for 40 years.A. have been married to B. have married withC. has been married D. had married with25. In her room I saw that only a fire _ thereA. being burnt B. burning C. to be burning D. was burning26. The flowers were so lovely that they _ in no time. A. sold B. had been sold C. were sold D. would sell27.-Did you see a man in black pass by just now? -No, sir. I _ a newspaper. A. read B. was reading C. would read D. am reading28.The young girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. She _ before.A. hasnt flown B. didnt fly C. hadnt flown D. wasnt flying29. look at the time table. Hurry up! Flight 4026 _ off at 18:20. A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken30.A great number of trees _ in the past few years in the city. A. have planted B. have been planted C. will plant D. planted五.必会词汇( Unit 3 of S1A )： 1. 单词： 1).twist 2).construction 3).magnificent 4).structure 5).include 6).preserve 7).base 8).civilization 9).admit 10).scenery 11).attract 12).abandon 13).wonder 14).stadium 15).access 16).overlook 17).gallery 18).ruin 19).expression 20).indicate 2. 短语： 1). fall into ruin 2).be famous for 3).be of great importance 4).on business 5).feel like doing sth. 6).make an appointment 7).think to oneself 8).stick to 9).raise the price 10).lead to 高一英语语法知识（3）动词的时态和语态(Tenses and voices)Keys: 15: D D D C D 610: B B C B A 1115: C A A D C1620：DBBA B 2125：C B D A D 2630: C B C A B