英语备考学案“貌”相近、意相远的易混词辨析.doc

“貌”相近、意相远的易混词辨析英语中有许多拼写相近的单词,有的仅一个字母之差,意义却相差较远,可谓貌相近,意相远.因其貌近,难辨者众,常指鹿为马.其实这些词有很多都是同根生的兄弟姐妹.本文试图把某些常用貌近之词依貌分组列出,结合构词法分析其根,配以语句进行对比,希望能帮助英语学习者辨其貌,知其意. 1. inspect, respect, expect, prospect 貌同处spect,词根:看.各相异处前缀in-:里面、内,in + spect 看里面乃为检查;re-:反复、回,re + spect 回头反复看是为尊重;ex-:外面、出,ex + spect 看外面是在期待;pro-:前、朝前,pro + spect 朝前看就是展望、前景. (1) The customs inspectors are inspecting the outgoing baggage. 海关稽查员正在检查出关的行李. (2) The candidate is widely respected and expected to be elected mayor of this city. 候选人广受尊重,有望当选为该市市长. (3) I see little much prospect of his company. 我看他公司发展前景渺茫. 2. expose, propose, dispose, compose, oppose, impose 貌同处pos,词根 + 结尾字母e:放置.各相异处前缀ex-:外面、出,ex + pose 摆出来是为揭发、暴露;pro-:前、朝前,pro + pose 向前呈引为提出、提议;dis-:分开,dis + pose 分开放置引为布置、安排;com=con-:共同、一起,com + pose 放到一起即为组成、构成;op-:相反,op + pose 置于相反位置引为反抗;im=in:内、里面,im + pose 把硬置于里面乃把强加. (1) The leaders opposed the idea of exposing these photos to the public. 领导们反对将这些照片公之于众. (2) Man proposes; God disposes. 谋事在人,成事在天. (3) Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. 水是由氢和氧组成的. (4) The director always attempts to impose his idea into every decision that is made by his office staff. 这位主任总是企图把他的个人意见强加于全体工作人员的每一项决定之上. 3. express, impress, depress, compress 貌同处press,词根:压.各相异处前缀ex-:外面、出,ex + press 把压出引为表示、表明;im=in:内、里面,im + press 压入乃铭刻、给留下深刻印象;de-:向下,de + press 使压下就是使沮丧;com=con-:共同、一起,com + press 压在一起即为压缩. (1) Children are encouraged to express feelings of sadness which they may be holding inside. 应当鼓励孩子们把他们可能藏在心里的不愉快表达出来. (2) His words are strongly impressed on my memory. 他的话深深地铭刻在我心上. (3) News of his fathers death depressed Mr. Zhou; he felt as if a heavy weight had been placed on his spirit. 父亲去世的消息使周先生消沉,他感到心里好像压了一块重石. (4) Compress your composition into a shorter one within 100 words. 把你的作文缩写成100字以内的短文. 4. contribute, distribute, attribute 貌同处tribute,词根:贡品、献礼.各相异处前缀con-:共同、一起,con + tribute 贡品一起引为贡献、捐献;dis-:分开,dis + tribute 分贡品就是分发;at- 可表原因,at + tribute 表述奉献贡品之由引为归因于. (1) Song Dynasty contributed three inventions to world civilization. 宋朝有三大发明对世界文明做出了贡献. (2) The organizing committee distributed prizes among the winners. 组委会把奖品分发给了获胜者. (3) He attributes his success to his hard work. 他认为他的成就是他刻苦的结果. 5. constitute, substitute, institute 貌同处stitute,词根:站立.各相异处前缀con-:共同、一起,con + stitute 同在一起乃为组成、构成;sub-:下面,使一件东西站到另一件东西之下就是用代替某人或某物;in-:内、里面,在里面站的即为机构、学院. (1) The three men were driving a stolen car from a scientific institute in which the police found a quantity of illegal drug substances; these facts constituted enough evidence for the three to be charged and brought to trial. 三名男子驾驶一辆从一家科研所偷来的汽车,警方在他们的车上发现了一批违禁毒品,这些事实足以构成对这三名男子进行控告和审判的证据. (2) Of course daydreaming is no substitute for hard work. 当然白日做梦绝不能代替艰苦的努力. 6. statue, status, stature 貌同处stat,词根:站立.stat + ue 雕像;stat + us 地位、身份;stat + ure 身材、身高. 例:The artist in imposing stature enjoys high social status, for hes made a series of classical statues. 那位身材魁梧的艺术家因塑造了系列经典雕像而享有盛名. 7. infer, refer, prefer, confer 貌同处fer,词根:拿、携带.各相异处前缀in-:内、里面,in + fer 拿内含的东西乃推断;re-:回,往原处,re + fer 反复拿书或资料就是参考、查阅;pre-:前面,pre + fer拿在前面,先拿肯定是喜欢;con-:共同、一起,con + fer 在对话中共同采纳引为协商、商议. 例: (1) What can you infer from this passage? 你能从该短文中推断出什么? (2) When writing papers, we have to refer to a lot of references concerned. 写论文时我们得查阅许多有关资料. (3) It is a good idea to ask what your guests prefer to drink before you bring in the refreshments. 端上茶点之前最好先问一下你的客人喜欢喝什么饮料. (4) We need to confer with the whole committee before making this important decision. 在做出这一重大决策之前,我们必须与全体委员交换意见. 8. acquire, inquire, require 该组虽不宜说是词根加词缀构成,但我们可以用同样的方式去分析,再加联想以帮助记忆.貌同处quire:一刀纸.各相异处ac-:加强意义,使,acquire联想使纸中的即书中的成为自己的那就是获得,尤指获取知识;in-:内、里面,inquire 联想想知道书中不懂的就去询问或咨询;re-:反复,require 联想在纸条上反复写重要内容就是要求. 例: (1) I have acquired the basic knowledge of writing required in high school. 我已掌握中学阶段要求掌握的写作基础知识. (2) Mary inquired of me the reason for my quitting the job. 玛丽问我辞职的原因. 9. distinct, instinct, extinct 貌同处tinct,词根tin + ct:保持、容纳.各相异处前缀dis-:分开,dis + tinct 分开保持乃明显的、区别的;in-:内、里面,in + stinct 内在保持是为本能;ex-:外面、出,ex + tinct 出了容纳范围不就是灭绝了吗? 例:These animals have a distinct instinct of protecting themselves from being extinct. 这些动物有一种明显的本能,能保护自己不灭绝. 10. persist, insist, exist, resist, consist 貌同处sist,词根:站立.各相异处前缀除per-之外,其余上文都已出现并分析过,就不再赘述.per-:始终、贯穿,per + sist始终站立乃坚持;in + sist 站在内引为坚决主张/认为;ex + sist 站出来了就能生存、继续存在;re + sist 站在背面表示反抗;con + sist 站在一起就是组成. 例:(1) You must persist in your studies even when you feel discouraged and exhausted. 即使当感到泄气和疲劳时也须坚持你的学业. (2) The chairman insisted the meeting be cancelled. 主席坚持要把会议取消. (3) There exists in that country a resisting force against the government which consists mainly of the unemployed. 那个国家存在一股主要由失业者组成的反政府势力. 11. conform, confirm 它们可称得上是一对貌差无几的双胞胎,仅一字母之差.con-:共同、一起,form:形式、形成,con + form形式相同是为一致、符合;firm:坚硬、牢固,con + firm 一起坚硬引为确定、证实. 例:(1) This phrase doesnt conform to present-day usage. 这一短语不合现代惯用法. (2) The expected result confirmed me in my belief that I was right. 预期的结果使我确信我是对的. 12. contract, contact tract:拉、拖,con + tract拉向一处之物,常指法律文件即合同、契约;tact:碰,con + tact 碰到一起乃为联系、接触. 例:Well contact again and sign the contract as soon as possible. 我们还会再次联系,尽快把合同签了. 13. contend, content tend:伸张、奋力,con + tend一起伸张乃竞争、角逐;tent:保持、容纳,con + tent保持在一起的东西就是目录、容量. 例:(1) The content of the report concerns the new building plans. 报告的内容涉及新的建筑计划. (2) A good teacher can contend with several problems at the same time. 好教师能同时应付几个难题. 英语中这种貌近之词还有很多,本文只择以上几组,个别分析可能还欠科学,主要是想帮助英语学习者利用一切办法并举一反三,掌握其貌同处,辨清相异点,最终识得这些双胞胎或多胞胎兄弟姐妹,并准确使用.