2013届高考英语一轮复习精讲精练学案系列名词.doc

名词1具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事，表示变化了的词义时，这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。(1)difficulty 困难；a difficulty 一件难事(2)experience 经验；an experience 一次经历(3)failure 失败；a failure 一位失败者，一件失败的事(4)knowledge 知识；a good knowledge 对精通/熟知(5)success 成功；a success 一位成功者，一件成功的事(6)surprise 惊奇；a surprise 一件令人吃惊的事(7)honour 荣誉；an honour 一位(件)带来荣誉的人或事Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。The party last night was a success.We sang and danced until it came to an end.昨晚的晚会很成功，我们唱啊跳啊直到晚会结束。Losing the game was a difficult experience for her.对她来说，输掉比赛是一种痛苦的经历。2有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词Would you like some coffee？你想喝点咖啡吗？I would like a coffee and two beers.我想要一杯咖啡和两杯啤酒。物质名词可数名词物质名词可数名词drink 饮料two drinks两杯饮料sugar 糖a sugar 一块糖coffee 咖啡a coffee一杯咖啡paper 纸a paper一张报纸；一篇论文tea 茶two teas两杯茶hair 头发a hair 一根头发1.(2010济宁检测)We all hold the belief that _2012 London Olympic Games will be _success.A/；a Bthe；/Cthe；a Da；a解析：第一空为特指，应用定冠词the；第二空success 为抽象名词具体化，“一个成功的人或事”，应用不定冠词a，类似的词还有failure，pleasure 等。答案：C2(2010福建卷)Its_good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them_pleasure.A/；a Ba；/Cthe；a Da；the解析：句意为：上海世博会给人们带来了欢乐，欣赏世博会是一种美好的感受。有些不可数名词，如knowledge，command，feeling等，前面有“a/an形容词”修饰时，表示一件具体的事情或一个的人。pleasure意为“愉快，快乐”，为不可数名词，故不加冠词。答案：B1accident，incident，affair，event(1)accident “意外事件，偶发事件”，一般指(不幸的)事故，如车祸、天灾之类。(2)incident 多指较小的事件、小插曲或人生中所碰到的虽小但留下较深印象的平凡事情，也可以指外交、政治方面的重大事件。(3)affair “事物，要事”，头绪繁多的事；恋爱事件。(4)event “大事”，也可指比赛项目。One in seven accidents is caused by sleepy drivers.七分之一的交通事故是司机困倦造成的。Three people were arrested in connection with the rockthrowing incident.3个人因与扔石头事件有关而被捕。The Prime Minister is busy with affairs of state.首相忙于政务。A daughters marriage is quite an event for a father.女儿的婚姻对父亲而言确实是件大事。2quantity，personality，quality，character(1)quantity 表示“数量”。(2)quality 既可以表示事物的“品质”，还可以表示人的“品德，素质”。(3)character 泛指性格，无所谓好坏，还可以表示“角色，文字，字母”。(4)personality 意为“个性”。Its often less expensive to buy goods in quantity，but youd better exam the quality before buying them.大量购物便宜，但是在购买之前你最好检测质量。(2009湖北卷)Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health.It may also be good for character.独自徒步旅行可能会很有趣并且有益于健康。或许对意志的磨炼也有好处。3condition，situation，state，position(1)condition 意为“条件，情况，状况”，其单数形式指人或物所处的状况，这时与state 意义相近，常可互换，但condition 还常指由于一定原因或条件造成的状态，如人的健康状况、物的完好程度、设备的可用性等。复数形式多指一般、笼统的情况。(2)situation 指某一时间由各种情况造成的“处境”“形势”。(3)state 指人或事物所处的状态或状况，常和condition 换用，此外，state 还常表示思想、感情、心理等状态。(4)position 指人或事物所处的位置，地位。(2009陕西卷)From their position on the top of the TV Tower，visitors can have a better view of the city.从他们在电视塔顶的位置，游客们可以更好地看到这个城市。School children must be taught how to deal with dangerous situations.学生们必须接受如何应付危险情况的教育。Ive had no exercise for ages，and Im really out of condition.我好久不运动，身体欠佳。They were silent for a long time，in a state of painful hesitation and doubt.他们处于一种痛苦的踌躇与疑虑状态中，长时间相对无言。4power，strength，force，energy(1)power 主要指做事所依靠的能力、功能，也可指人或机器等事物潜在的或发挥出来的力量，还可以指职权或政权。(2)strength 指固有的潜力。说人时，指“力气”；说物时，指“强度”。(3)force 主要指自然界的力量；暴力、势力以及法律、道德或感情的力量；军事力量等。(4)energy 主要指人的精力或自然界中的能量。Its not within my power to help you.我是爱莫能助啊。A washing machine is a saver of time and strength.洗衣机省时又省力。The UN tries to limit the use of force in conflicts.联合国尽力禁止使用暴力。Youll need to apply all your energy to this job.你需要把全部精力投入到这项工作中去。1.(2010浙江卷)The school advisers help you talk through your problems but they dont give you any direct_.Asolution BtargetCmeasure Dfunction解析：句意为：学校顾问会帮你梳理一下你的问题，但是他们不会给你任何直接的解决办法。本题考查名词辨析。solution 解决问题的办法；target目标，靶子；measure措施；function功能，作用。根据句意选A。答案：A2(2010江西卷)Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving licence reached 200,000，a(n)_of 40,000 per year.Aaverage BnumberCamount Dquantity解析：句意为：去年毕业时就有驾照的学生数量已达到20万，平均每年4万。本题考查名词辨析。average 平均，平均数；a number of 许多，大量，修饰可数名词；an amount of 许多，大量，与不可数名词连用；a quantity of 许多，大量的，修饰可数和不可数名词。根据句意，选A。答案：A3(2011黑龙江检测)If youre looking for a _，you can make it when it is on sale.Aprice BbargainCcost Dbill解析：考查名词词义辨析。on sale 表示“廉价出售”，因此应用bargain (特价商品)与之呼应。句意为：如果你在寻找特价商品，减价出售时你就可以买到。答案：B4(2010烟台二模)An experienced doctor usually judges a patients illness according to the various_.Asigns BsymptomsCsignals Dappearances解析：考查名词辨析。sign意思是“标记，迹象，记号”；symptom意思是“症状”；signal意思是“信号”；appearance意思是“外观，外表”。显然只有B项符合题意，即医生根据病人的症状判断病情。答案：B1(2010山东卷)Those who suffer from headache will find they get_from this medicine.Arelief BsafetyCdefense Dshelter解析：句意为：患头痛的人将会发现通过使用这种药，他们的头痛会得到缓解。考查名词辨析。relief 轻松，缓和；safety 安全；defense 防御，保护；shelter 居所，庇护。答案：A2(2010天津卷)James took the magazines off the little table to make_for the television.Aroom BareaCfield Dposition解析：句意为：James 从小桌上拿走了(堆放的)杂志给电视机腾地方。本题考查了名词在动词短语中的用法。固定短语make room for sb./sth.为某人/某物腾地方。其余选项无此用法。答案：A3(2010江苏卷)The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients，so he has a very good_.Aexpectation BreputationCcontribution Dcivilization解析：句意为：这名医生对心脏病的治疗技术高超，并且从不接受病人送的任何礼品，因此，他名声很好。本题考查名词。expectation 期待，预料；reputation 名誉，名声，声望；contribution 贡献；civilization 文明。答案：B4(2010安徽卷)I havent seen Sara since she was a little girl，and she has changed beyond_.Ahearing B strengthCrecognition Dmeasure解析：句意为：自从Sara 还是孩子的时候，我就一直没见过她。她现在已经变得(让人)认不出来了。beyond recognitionimpossible to recognize 无法辨认。答案：C5(2010湖北卷)This restaurant has become popular for its wide_of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.Adivision BareaCrange Dcircle解析：句意为：这家餐馆很受欢迎，因为它提供各种食物，能满足各种口味和各种消费层次。本题考查名词辨析。四个名词选项的主要含义：division 区分，分开，除法，部门；area 区域，面积，范围；range：a number of people or things that are all different，but are all of the same general type 一系列，(变动或浮动的)范围，界限；circle 圆周，循环，社交圈。语境说能满足各种口味和消费层次，由此判断选C。答案：C6(2010湖北卷)After the earthquake，the first thing the local government did was to provide_for the homeless families.Aaccommodation BoccupationCequipment Dfurniture解析：句意为：地震发生之后，当地政府所做的第一件事就是为无家可归的家庭提供住宿。本题考查名词辨析。四个名词选项的主要含义：accommodation 住处，停留处，膳宿；occupation 职业，占有期间，占有；equipment 设备，器材，装备，配备；furniture 家具。从语境的“地震之后”“失去家园的家庭”判断，本题选A表示提供“住宿”。答案：A7(2009湖北卷) Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health.It may also be good for_ building.Arespect BfriendshipCreputation Dcharacter解析：句意为：独自徒步旅行可能会很有趣并且有益于健康，或许对意志的磨炼也有好处。respect尊重，爱戴；friendship友谊；reputation名誉，荣誉，声望；character性格，品格，品质，特点，特性。又如：The little boy showed great character returning to school after earthquake.在地震发生后，小男孩重返学校表现出了他优秀的品质。答案：D8(2009湖北卷)In our class，when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book，it was a_for everyone to stand up.Asignal BchanceCmark Dmeasure解析：句意为：在课堂上，铃声响起，老师合上书就是我们要起立的信号。signal信号，导火线；chance机会，运气；mark分数，标志；measure措施，办法，尺寸。又如：This is signal that you are breaking down.这是你身体逐渐变垮的信号。The signal that the war broke out between two countries is oil.两个国家爆发战争的导火线是石油。答案：A9(2009安徽卷)China has got a good_for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization.Areputation BinfluenceCimpression Dknowledge解析：句意为：在抗击流感方面，中国以细致和流畅的组织而获得良好的声誉。reputation声誉；influence影响；impression印象；knowledge知识。答案：A10(2009山东卷)He says that my new car is a_of money.Dont you think those words are just sour grapes?Alack BloadCquestion Dwaste解析：句意为：他说我新买的小汽车浪费钱。难道你不认为这是吃不到葡萄就说葡萄酸吗？lack缺乏；load负荷；question问题；waste浪费。答案：D1(2011福建毕业班检测)Any help from you will be greatly appreciated.Please give me a reply at your earliest_.AinterruptionBinstructionCconsiderationDconvenience解析：考查名词辨析。这里表示“请在你方便的时候尽早给我回复”，at your earliest convenience 是固定表达，表示“在你方便的时候请尽早”，符合语境。interruption打断；instruction 指导，指示；consideration 考虑。答案：D2(2011浙江金华十校联考)If you ask why I plan to study in the United States，the only answer is that it is a(n) _for me.ApuzzleBadvantage CchallengeDaverage解析：考查名词辨析。challenge 意思是“挑战”，即选择在美国学习的理由是因为这样做具有挑战性。其他选项不合语境；puzzle 意思是“困惑”；advantage 意思是“优点，优势”；average 意思是“平均数”。答案：C3(2011浙江金华十校联考)The conference has been held to discuss the _of global warming on peoples lives all over the world.AimportanceBeffectsCprotectionDattitudes解析：考查名词辨析。effects 意思是“影响”，即讨论全球气候变暖对人们生活的影响。其他选项不合题意：importance 意思是“重要性”；protection 意思是“保护”；attitudes 意思是“态度”。答案：B4(2011潍坊教学质量抽样监测)I am really a bit worried because I have no idea what my parents _will be to my poor examination result.AexpressionBreactionCappearanceDexpectation解析：考查名词辨析。句意为：我真的有点担心，因为我不知道我父母对我不好的考试结果会是什么反应。expression 表情；reaction 反应；appearance 外表；expectation 期望。答案：B5(2011陕西教学质量检测)There is no_in going to school for the students merely to learn some facts.AdoubtBmindCpointDwonder解析：考查名词辨析。固定句式There is no point in doing sth.表示“做是没有必要的”，其他搭配不正确，所以这里选C项。答案：C6(2011郑州第二次检测)Here are some _for you to follow when you take a test in chemistry.ApatternsBtipsCtopicsDefforts解析：考查名词辨析。语境为“下面给你提出几点忠告，当你参加化学测验时应该遵循”。tip 忠告，意见；pattern 样式，花样，图案；topic 题目，论题，话题；effort 努力，尽力。答案：B7(2011海南五校联考)Mr Li has some trouble sleeping，so drinking a glass of milk before going to bed every night is his common_.ApracticeBknowledgeCexperienceDduty解析：考查名词辨析。因此每晚睡前喝一杯牛奶是他通常的做法。common practice 通常的做法，符合题意。答案：A8(2011福建检测)Paul has gone abroad to try his luck.In my_，his decision is not wise.AwordBviewCsightDway解析：考查名词。句意为：在我看来，他的决定不明智。in ones view表示“在某人看来”。答案：B9(2011安徽合肥第一次质检)My English teacher is really very kind.Ill never forget the_he has done me.AfavorBdeedChelpDvalue解析：句意为：我的英语老师实在是太好了。我永远不会忘记他对我的帮助。do sb.a favor 帮助某人。答案：A10(2011宝鸡检测一)The speech that Mr Smith made today gave a strong_on the students.AexpressionBimpressionCreputationDexpectation解析：考查名词的词义辨析。句意为：史密斯先生今天所做的演讲给学生们留下了深刻印象。give/leave/make an impression on sb.给某人留下印象。expression表情，表达；reputation声誉，名声；expectation期望，指望。答案：B11(2011郑州一模)It was reported that the problem had been settled without much_.AaffectBaffairCeffectDeffort解析：考查词义辨析。affect影响；affair事务；effect影响，效果；effort尝试，努力。据报道，问题没费多大事就解决了。根据语意可知，D项正确。without effort意思是“毫不费力地”。答案：D12(2011潍坊检测)I am really a bit worried because I have no idea what my parents_will be to my poor examination result.AexpressionBreactionCappearanceDexpectation解析：考查名词辨析。句意为：我真的有点担心，因为我不知道我父母对我不好的考试结果会是什么反应。expression表情；reaction反应；appearance外表；expectation期望。答案：B13(2011皖南八校第二次联考)Our government has decided to give_to those environmentallyfriendly businesses in many aspects.AprofitBinterestCpreferenceDadvantage解析：考查名词辨析。profit利益；interest兴趣，嗜好，利息；preference偏爱，优待；advantage优势，有利条件。政府已经决定给那些环保的企业多方面的优惠政策。答案：C14(2011长春第一次调研)Finding a girl struggling in the water，he threw himself into the water without_.AhesitationBsuggestionCorderDasking解析：考查名词。发现一名女孩正在水中挣扎，他毫不犹豫地跳入水里。without hesitation毫不犹豫，符合题意。答案：A15(2011西安检测)How do you like the scenery (景色) here，Mr Black?Wonderful indeed.Beyond all_，I suppose.AexplanationBintroductionCdescriptionDinstruction解析：考查名词的用法。beyond all description的意思是“无法(用言语)表达”，即这里的景色很美，无法用言语表达。答案：C