《专业英语文章》word版.docx

一、实验室培养鉴别微生物Millions of microbial species populate the world, but so far only a few have been identified due to the inability of most microbes to grow in the laboratory. Edgar Goluch, an engineer, and Slava Epstein, a biologist, aim to change this. The pair, both researchers at Northeastern University, has developed a device that allows scientists to cultivate a single species of bacteria that can then be studied and identified. Goluchs previous research devices incorporated permeable（有渗透性的） membranes1 that allow sequestered2 bacteria to be exposed to the nutrients3 and molecules4 of their native environment. But natural competition between species, even in the wild, has so far limited the number of species of bacteria that biologists have been able to isolate5 with these methods and in traditional lab settings. Goluch and Epsteins device, detailed6 in a paper released July 1 in the journal PLOS ONE, solves this problem. This new device permits just a single bacterial7 cell to enter an inner chamber8 containing a food source, to which the only access is a microscopic9 passageway just slightly narrower than a single cell. The passageway is so small that the first cell to enter it gets stuck, blocking entry by any other cell or species. Once inside, this cell pro-liferates as in previous devices, and when it does it fills up the inner chamber with a pure, single-species sample, since it is isolated10 from competition from other species. In the paper, the team demonstrates the devices ability to separate mixtures of cell types in a laboratory setting. In one experiment, the researchers separated two different bacterial species whose cells are slightly different sizes - E. coli and P. aueruginosa. In a second experiment, they isolated a combination of similarly sized but differently shaped species that commonly show up together in the marine11 environment - Roseobacter sp. and Pscyhoserpens sp. Finally, they used the device to separate cells of the same species that had been differentially tagged to glow either red or green. This final experiment validates12 the hypothesis that the cells grown inside the food chamber are daughters of the single cell caught in the entryway. Epstein will test the devices in the biological setting beginning this month during a research trip to Greenland. Going forward, funding from an Instrument Development Biological Research Grant from the National Science Foundation will enable Goluch and his team of engineers to begin optimizing13 the device and its manufacture on a larger scale. 1 membranes n.（动物或植物体内的）薄膜( membrane的名词复数 )；隔膜；（可起防水、防风等作用的）膜状物参考例句：The waste material is placed in cells with permeable membranes. 废液置于有渗透膜的槽中。 The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a system of intracellular membranes. 肌浆网属于细胞内膜系统。 2 sequestered adj.扣押的；隐退的；幽静的；偏僻的v.使隔绝，使隔离( sequester的过去式和过去分词 )；扣押参考例句：The jury is expected to be sequestered for at least two months. 陪审团渴望被隔离至少两个月。 Everything he owned was sequestered. 他的一切都被扣押了。 3 nutrients n.（食品或化学品）营养物，营养品( nutrient的名词复数 )参考例句：a lack of essential nutrients 基本营养的缺乏Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. 营养素被吸收进血液。 来自简明英汉词典4 molecules 分子( molecule的名词复数 )参考例句：The structure of molecules can be seen under an electron microscope. 分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。Inside the reactor the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules. 在反应堆里，大分子裂变为小分子。5 isolate vt.使孤立，隔离参考例句：Do not isolate yourself from others.不要把自己孤立起来。We should never isolate ourselves from the masses.我们永远不能脱离群众。6 detailed adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的参考例句：He had made a detailed study of the terrain.他对地形作了缜密的研究。A detailed list of our publications is available on request.我们的出版物有一份详细的目录备索。 8 chamber n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所参考例句：For many,the dentists surgery remains a torture chamber.对许多人来说，牙医的治疗室一直是间受刑室。The chamber was ablaze with light.会议厅里灯火辉煌。9 microscopic adj.微小的，细微的，极小的，显微的参考例句：Its impossible to read his microscopic handwriting.不可能看清他那极小的书写字迹。A plants lungs are the microscopic pores in its leaves.植物的肺就是其叶片上微细的气孔。10 isolated adj.与世隔绝的参考例句：His bad behaviour was just an isolated incident. 他的不良行为只是个别事件。Patients with the disease should be isolated. 这种病的患者应予以隔离。12 validates v.证实( validate的第三人称单数 )；确证；使生效；使有法律效力参考例句：Other research validates that when it comes to chocolate, type does matter. 其他的研究也证实了不同种类的巧克力确实功效不同。Trouble shoots equipment, review and validates data and complete reports. 管理错误描述设备，审查并确认试验数据，完成试验报告。 13 optimizing v.使最优化，使尽可能有效( optimize的现在分词 )；最佳化；寻优参考例句：This model may be classified as either an optimizing model or simulation model. 这个模型可分为最佳化模型或模拟模型。 Need to design crossover operator rationally while optimizing ANN. 优化网络需要合理设计交叉算子。二、海洋微生物具有独立的日常代谢系统Imagine the open ocean as a microbial megacity（大城市）, teeming1 with（富于，充满） life too small to be seen. In every drop of water, hundreds of types of bacteria can be found. Now scientists have discovered that communities of these ocean microbes have their own daily cycles - not unlike the residents of a bustling2 city who tend to wake up, commute3, work, and eat at the same times. Whats more, its not all about the sun. Light-loving photoautotrophs（光合自养生物） - bacteria that need solar energy to help them photosynthesize food from inorganic4 substances - have been known to sun themselves on a regular schedule. But in a new study published in the July 11 issue of the journal Science, researchers working at Station ALOHA, a deep ocean study site 100 km north of Oahu, observed different species of free-living, heterotrophic bacteria turning on diel（一昼夜的） cycling genes6 at slightly different times - suggesting a wave of transcriptional activity that passes through the microbial community each day. I like to say they are singing in harmony, said Edward F. DeLong, professor of Oceanography at University of Hawaii at Manoa and the head of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology team that made this discovery. For any given species, the gene5 transcripts7 for specific metabolic8 pathways turn on at the same time each day, which suggests a sort of temporal compartmentalization, said DeLong, who was the first scientist to be hired by the University under the auspices9 of（由赞助） the Hawaii Innovation Initiative. Its a biologically and biogeochemically relevant new result. The observations were made possible by advanced microbial community RNA sequencing techniques, which allow for whole-genome profiling of multiple species at once. The work was a collaboration10 between the Monterey Bay Aquarium11 Research Institute and DeLongs team, who together employed a free-drifting robotic Environmental Sample Processor (ESP) as part of a Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE) research cruise at Station ALOHA. Riding the same ocean currents as the microbes it follows, the ESP is uniquely equipped to harvest the samples needed for this high-frequency, time-resolved analysis of microbial community dynamics12. What scientists saw was intriguing13: different species of bacteria expressing different types of genes in different, but consistent, cycles - turning on, for example, the type of restorative genes needed to rebuild their solar-collecting powers at night, then ramping14 up with different gene activity to build new proteins during the day. The regularity15 and timing16 of individual microbial activities is somewhat like a new shift of hourly workers punching in and out of the clock, day after day, DeLong said. The coordinated17 timing of gene firing across different species of ocean microbes could have important implications for energy transformation18 in the sea. Marine19 microbes are critically linked to ocean health and productivity. The mechanisms20 that regulate this periodicity（周期性，频率） remain to be determined21.1 teeming adj.丰富的v.充满( teem的现在分词 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注参考例句：The rain was teeming down. 大雨倾盆而下。the teeming streets of the city 熙熙攘攘的城市街道2 bustling adj.喧闹的参考例句：The market was bustling with life. 市场上生机勃勃。This district is getting more and more prosperous and bustling. 这一带越来越繁华了。3 commute vi.乘车上下班；vt.减(刑)；折合；n.上下班交通参考例句：I spend much less time on my commute to work now.我现在工作的往返时间要节省好多。Most office workers commute from the suburbs.很多公司的职员都是从郊外来上班的。4 inorganic adj.无生物的；无机的参考例句：The fundamentals of inorganic chemistry are very important.无机化学的基础很重要。This chemical plant recently bought a large quantity of inorganic salt.这家化工厂又买进了大量的无机盐。5 gene n.遗传因子，基因参考例句：A single gene may have many effects.单一基因可能具有很多种效应。The targeting of gene therapy has been paid close attention.其中基因治疗的靶向性是值得密切关注的问题之一。6 genes n.基因( gene的名词复数 )参考例句：You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因，所以能够活得很长。 Differences will help to reveal the functions of the genes. 它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。 7 transcripts n.抄本（ transcript的名词复数 ）；转写本；文字本；副本参考例句：Like mRNA, both tRNA and rRNA are transcripts of chromosomal DNA. tRNA及rRNA同mRNA一样，都是染色体DNA的转录产物。You cant take the transfer studentsexam without your transcripts. 没有成绩证明书，你就不能参加转学考试。 8 metabolic adj.新陈代谢的参考例句：Impressive metabolic alternations have been undergone during embryogenesis.在胚胎发生期间经历了深刻的代谢变化。A number of intoxicants are associated with metabolic acidosis.许多毒性物质可引起代谢性酸中毒。9 auspices n.资助，赞助参考例句：The association is under the auspices of Word Bank.这个组织是在世界银行的赞助下办的。The examination was held under the auspices of the government.这次考试是由政府主办的。10 collaboration n.合作，协作；勾结参考例句：The two companies are working in close collaboration each other.这两家公司密切合作。He was shot for collaboration with the enemy.他因通敌而被枪毙了。11 aquarium n.水族馆，养鱼池，玻璃缸参考例句：The first time I saw seals was in an aquarium.我第一次看见海豹是在水族馆里。Im going to the aquarium with my parents this Sunday.这个星期天，我要和父母一起到水族馆去。12 dynamics n.力学，动力学，动力，原动力；动态参考例句：In order to succeed,you must master complicated knowledge of dynamics.要取得胜利，你必须掌握很复杂的动力学知识。Dynamics is a discipline that cannot be mastered without extensive practice.动力学是一门不做大量习题就不能掌握的学科。13 intriguing adj.有趣的；迷人的v.搞阴谋诡计(intrigue的现在分词)；激起的好奇心参考例句：These discoveries raise intriguing questions. 这些发现带来了非常有趣的问题。It all sounds very intriguing. 这些听起来都很有趣。 14 ramping 土堤斜坡( ramp的现在分词 )； 斜道； 斜路； （装车或上下飞机的）活动梯参考例句：The children love ramping about in the garden. 孩子们喜欢在花园里追逐嬉戏，闹着玩。Have you ever seen a lion ramping around? 你看到过狮子暴跳吗？15 regularity n.规律性，规则性；匀称，整齐参考例句：The idea is to maintain the regularity of the heartbeat.问题就是要维持心跳的规律性。He exercised with a regularity that amazed us.他锻炼的规律程度令我们非常惊讶。16 timing n.时间安排，时间选择参考例句：The timing of the meeting is not convenient.会议的时间安排不合适。The timing of our statement is very opportune.我们发表声明选择的时机很恰当。17 coordinated adj.协调的参考例句：The sound has to be coordinated with the picture. 声音必须和画面协调一致。The numerous existing statutes are complicated and poorly coordinated. 目前繁多的法令既十分复杂又缺乏快调。 18 transformation n.变化；改造；转变参考例句：Going to college brought about a dramatic transformation in her outlook.上大学使她的观念发生了巨大的变化。He was struggling to make the transformation from single man to responsible husband.他正在努力使自己由单身汉变为可靠的丈夫。20 mechanisms n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 )；机械装置；生物学 机制；机械作用参考例句：The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 He explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。21 determined adj.坚定的；有决心的参考例句：I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。三、海洋微生物对碳循环起重大作用Its broadly understood that the worlds oceans play a crucial role in the global-scale cycling and exchange of carbon between Earths ecosystems1 and atmosphere. Now scientists at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego have taken a leap forward in understanding the microscopic2 underpinnings of these processes. When phytoplankton（浮游植物） use carbon dioxide to make new cells, a substantial portion of that cellular3 material is released into the sea as a buffet4（自助餐） of edible5 molecules6 collectively called dissolved organic carbon. The majority of these molecules are eventually eaten by microscopic marine7 bacteria, used for energy, and recycled back into carbon dioxide as the bacteria exhale8. The amount of carbon that remains9 as cell material determines the role that ocean biology plays in locking up atmospheric10 carbon dioxide in the ocean. Thus, these recycling bacteria play an important role in regulating how much of the planets carbon dioxide is stored in the oceans. The detailed11 mechanisms12 of how the oceans contribute to this global carbon cycle at the microscopic scale, and which microbes have a leadership role in the breakdown13 process, are complex and convoluted14（复杂的） problems to solve. In a study published in the Proceedings15 of the National Academy of Sciences, Scripps scientists have pinpointed16 a bacterium17 that appears to play a dominant18 role in carbon consumption. Scrippss Byron Pedler, Lihini Aluwihare, and Farooq Azam found that a single bacterium called Alteromonas could consume as much dissolved organic carbon as a diverse community of organisms. This was a surprising result, said Pedler. Because this pool of carbon is composed of an extremely diverse set of molecules, we believed that many different microbes with complementary abilities would be required to breakdown this material, but it appears that individual species may be pulling more weight than others when it comes to carbon cycling. Pedler, a marine biology graduate student at Scripps, spent several years working with Scripps marine microbiologist Azam and chemical oceanographer Aluwihare in designing a system that would precisely19 measure carbon consumption by individual bacterial20 species. Because carbon in organic matter is essentially21 all around us, the most challenging part of conducting these experiments is avoiding contamination. Much of the carbon cycling in the ocean happens unseen to the naked eye, and it involves a complex mix of processes involving microbes and molecules, said Azam, a distinguished22 professor of marine microbiology. The complexity23 and challenge is not just that we cant see it but that theres an enormous number of different molecules involved. The consequences of these microbial interactions are critically important for the global carbon cycle, and for us.1 ecosystems n.生态系统( ecosystem的名词复数 )参考例句：There are highly sensitive and delicately balanced ecosystems in the forest. 森林里有高度敏感、灵敏平衡的各种生态系统。 Madagascars ecosystems range from rainforest to semi-desert. 马达加斯加生态系统类型多样，从雨林到半荒漠等不一而足。 2 microscopic adj.微小的，细微的，极小的，显微的参考例句：Its impossible to read his microscopic handwriting.不可能看清他那极小的书写字迹。A plants lungs are the microscopic pores in its leaves.植物的肺就是其叶片上微细的气孔。3 cellular adj.移动的；细胞的，由细胞组成的参考例句：She has a cellular telephone in her car.她的汽车里有一部无线通讯电话机。Many people use cellular materials as sensitive elements in hygrometers.很多人用蜂窝状的材料作为测量温度的传感元件。4 buffet n.自助餐；饮食柜台；餐台参考例句：Are you having a sit-down meal or a buffet at the wedding?你想在婚礼中摆桌宴还是搞自助餐？Could you tell me what specialties you have for the buffet?你能告诉我你们的自助餐有什么特色菜吗？5 edible n.食品，食物；adj.可食用的参考例句：Edible wild herbs kept us from dying of starvation.我们靠着野菜才没被饿死。This kind of mushroom is edible,but that kind is not.这种蘑菇吃得，那种吃不得。6 molecules 分子( molecule的名词复数 )参考例句：The structure of molecules can be seen under an electron microscope. 分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。Inside the reactor the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules. 在反应堆里，大分子裂变为小分子。8 exhale v.呼气，散出，吐出，蒸发参考例句：Sweet odours exhale from flowers.花儿散发出花香。Wade exhaled a cloud of smoke and coughed.韦德吐出一口烟，然后咳嗽起来。9 remains n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹参考例句：He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。10 atmospheric adj.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的参考例句：Sea surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation are strongly coupled.海洋表面温度与大气环流是密切相关的。Clouds return radiant energy to the surface primarily via the atmospheric window.云主要通过大气窗区向地表辐射能量。11 detailed adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的参考例句：He had made a detailed study of the terrain.他对地形作了缜密的研究。A detailed list of our publications is available on request.我们的出版物有一份详细的目录备索。12 mechanisms n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 )；机械装置；生物学 机制；机械作用参考例句：The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 He explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。 来自13 breakdown n.垮，衰竭；损坏，故障，倒塌参考例句：She suffered a nervous breakdown.她患神经衰弱。The plane had a breakdown in the air,but it was fortunately removed by the ace pilot.飞机在空中发生了故障，但幸运的是被王牌驾驶员排除了。14 convoluted adj.旋绕的；复杂的参考例句：The snake slithered through a convoluted path.蛇在羊肠小道上爬行。The policy is so convoluted even college presidents are confused.这项政策太令人费解，甚至连大学校长们也是一头雾水。15 proceedings n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报参考例句：He was released on bail pending committal proceedings. 他交保获释正在候审。to initiate legal proceedings against sb 对某人提起诉讼16 pinpointed 准确地找出或描述( pinpoint的过去式和过去分词 )； 为准确定位参考例句：His refusal to help simply pinpointed his cowardice. 他拒绝帮助正显示他的胆小。Computers pinpointed where the shells were coming from. 计算机确定了炮弹发射的位置。17 bacterium n.(pl.)bacteria 细菌参考例句：The bacterium possibly goes in the human body by the mouth.细菌可能通过口进入人体。A bacterium is identified as the cause for his duodenal ulcer.一种细菌被断定为造成他十二指肠溃疡的根源。18 dominant adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因参考例句：The British were formerly dominant in India.英国人从前统治印度。She was a dominant figure in the French film industry.她在法国电影界是个举足轻重的人物。19 precisely adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地参考例句：Its precisely that sort of slick sales-talk that I mistrust.我不相信的正是那种油腔滑调的推销宣传。The man adjusted very precisely.那个人调得很准。 21 essentially dv.本质上，实质上，基本上参考例句：Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。22 distinguished adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的参考例句：Elephants are distinguished from other animals by their long noses.大象以其长长的鼻子显示出与其他动物的不同。A banquet was given in honor of the distinguished guests.宴会是为了向贵宾们致敬而举行的。23 complexity n.复杂(性)，复杂的事物参考例句：Only now did he understand the full complexity of the problem.直到现在他才明白这一问题的全部复杂性。The complexity of the road map puzzled me.错综复杂的公路图把我搞糊涂了。四、海洋微生物对气候变化有大影响In the future, warmer waters could significantly change ocean distribution of populations of phytoplankton（浮游植物）, tiny organisms that could have a major effect on climate change. Reporting in this weeks online journal Science Express, researchers show that by the end of the 21st century, warmer oceans will cause populations of these marine2 microorganisms to thrive near the poles and shrink in equatorial（赤道的） waters. In the tropical oceans, we are predicting a 40 percent drop in potential diversity, the number of strains of phytoplankton, says Mridul Thomas, a biologist at Michigan State University (MSU) and co-author of the journal paper. If the oceans continue to warm as predicted, says Thomas, there will be a sharp decline in the diversity of phytoplankton in tropical waters and a poleward shift in species thermal3 niches-if they dont adapt.Thomas co-authored the paper with scientists Colin Kremer, Elena Litchman and Christopher Klausmeier, all of MSU. The research is an important contribution to predicting plankton1 productivity and community structure in the oceans of the future, says David Garrison4, program director in the National Science Foundations (NSF) Division of Ocean Sciences, which funded the research along with NSFs Division of Environmental Biology.The work addresses how phytoplankton species are affected5 by a changing environment, says Garrison, and the really difficult question of whether adaptation to these changes is possib