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(一)名词讲解与练习一 名词的分类名词按其意义可分为专有名词(proper noun)和普通名词(common noun)。普通名词又可分为类名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。 1. 专有名词:是个别人、地以及专门机构或团体的名称。如:New York纽约 Clinton克林顿 2. 类名词:是一类人或物的个体的名称。如:piano钢琴,doctor医生,ship舰船 3. 集体名词:是一些人或物的总称,作主语时可用复形谓语动词。如:family家庭,army军队 4. 物质名词: 是无法分为个体的实物。如:sugar糖,tea茶,air空气 5. 抽象名词: 是动作、状态、品质等抽象概念的名称。如:work工作,honesty诚实,courage勇气 注:名词按其可数性分为可数名词(countable nouns)和不可数名词(uncountable nouns)。类名词皆可数,集体名词大都可数,专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词多不可数。 二 名词的数1、不可数名词A、不可数名词,初中阶段常见的不可数名词有:water ; meat ; rice ; bread ; milk ; tea ; orange(桔汁) ; fruit ; air ; snow ; chalk(粉笔 a piece of chalk); work ; paper(纸) ; time(时间); music(a piece of music) ; weather ; grass(a blade of grass一根草) ; news ; food ; fish(鱼肉,做鱼讲时可数 a fish); coke ; porridge( 粥) ; cake(可数或不可数). 不可数名词应注意以下几点:1)前无数、冠,后无复数;作主语为三单.2)表量用约数some /any ; much ; a lot of 或用of短语eg. There is _ bread on the table. CA. a B. one C. a piece ofD. many There is some_ on the plate. BA. apple B. fish C. milks D. deer2、可数名词的复数形式 1. 规则变化: 1)一般加-s 如:map-maps地图 field-fields田地 2)以s, x, sh, ch 结尾的名词后加-es如:class-classes班,box-boxes盒子 dish-dishes盘子, match-matches比赛 3)以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,变为-ves 如:leaf-leaves叶 thief-thieves贼 (注:下列词例外 :roofs屋顶,gulfs海湾, belief信仰,信条) 4)以辅音字母+ y 结尾,变y为i,再加-es (注:元音字母是26个字母中的a e i o u 其他的是辅音字母)如:party-parties党 factory-factories工厂 (注:元音字母 y 结尾直接加-s: boys男孩 rays光线) 5)以 o 结尾, 多数加-s,少数加-es(黑人英雄爱吃西红柿和土豆)。如: pianos钢琴,photos照片,kilos公斤;radios收音机 ( negronegroes 黑人 heroheroes 英雄 tomatotomatoes 西红柿 potatopotatoes 土豆)2. 不规则变化 1)变内部元音。 如: foot-feet脚 man-men 男人 tooth-teeth 牙齿 mouse-mice老鼠 2)词尾加 -ren / -en如: child-children小孩 ox-oxen公牛 3)形式不变(即单复数一致) 如: deer-deer 鹿 fish-fish 鱼 sheep-sheep羊 单复同形: Chinese ; Japanese复合名词的复数形式 由一个简单名词加一个或一个以上的词构成的名词叫复合名词(compound noun)。复合名词变复数时,有以下三种情况: 1. 把最后一个构成部分变为复数形式,如: housewife housewives家庭主妇 film-goer film-goers爱看电影的人 gentleman gentlemen先生 schoolroom schoolrooms教室 2. 将主要成分变为复数形式,如: looker-on lookers-on旁观者 sister-in-law sisters-in-law嫂子;弟媳 passer-by passers-by过路人 bride-to-be brides-to-be即将做新娘的人 3. 将两个组成部分皆变为复数,这种复合名词第一个名词必须是man或woman,如: man doctor men doctors男医生 woman teacher women teachers女教师 man cook men cooks男厨师 woman singer women singers女歌手4. “某国人”的复数:中日不变英法变(Englishman Frenchman),其余s加后面. eg. GermanGermans5. people , police 常用单数形式表示复数概念 The police are looking for the missing boy.三 名词所有格 1. 名词所有格的用法 所有格 s 或 s 形式主要用于人或一些动物的名称,表示所有或修饰的关系。 如: Johns father 约翰的父亲, spiders web 蜘蛛网 2. 名词所有格的构成 1)一般直接加 s ,如: this childs book这个小孩的书, childrens books儿童书籍 2)加了-s 或-es 的复数名词后,只加 ,如, girls skirts 女孩子们的裙,the soldiers horses 士兵们的马 3)以s结尾的单数名词或人名,可用以上两种写法的所有格,如: the actress son 或 the actresss son 女演员的儿子 Jamess works 或 James works詹姆斯的作品 3. 事物的所有格 事物的的所有格常用of 表示,如, the shade of a tree树阴, the top/bottom/inside/outside of a box.箱的顶部/底部/里面/外面 (注:一些复合名词不需of, 如:a table leg桌腿, the water supply水的供应,a tea cup 茶杯) 4. 部分无生命词用s或s表示所有格 无生命的东西在下列情况可用s或s所有格: 1). 表示时间,如: todays newspaper今天的报纸, two days work 两天的工作 2). 表示度量衡及价值 a miles distance 一英里的距离,ten dollars value 10美元的价值 3). 表示自然现象 the moons rays月光 the earths atmosphere地球的大气层 4). 表示国家城市等实体,如: the citys parks 城市的公园, 5). 双重所有格 of -s 结构叫双重所有格(double genitive),如: a friend of my mothers我父亲的一个朋友, a play of Shakespeares莎士比亚的戏剧. 四 名词的语法功能 名词在句子中可以用作: 1. 主语 The boy opened the door. 那个男孩把门打开了。 2. 宾语 分为动宾和介宾两种: I saw the boy .我看到那个男孩。(boy 作动词saw的宾语) Give the money to your brother. 把这些钱给你兄弟。(brother 作介词to的宾语) 3. 表语 He is a clever boy. 他是个聪明的孩子。 4. 宾语补足语 They called him a fool. 他们叫他傻瓜。 5. 定语 Is it a colour film? 是彩色影片吗? 6. 同位语 This is my friend John. 7. 主语补足语 He is considered a good officer. 他被认为是个好官员。练 习一、写出下列词的复数1.book_ 2.bus _ 3.orange (橘子)_ 4.baby_ 5.boy_ 6.knife_ 7.watch_ 10.sheep _ 11. tooth _ 12. leaf _ 13.German_ 14.Chinese_ 15. goose(鹅),_ 16.table(桌子)_ 17. man driver(男司机)_,18.potato(土豆) _ 29. piano(钢琴)_ 20. mouse (鼠) _ 21. loaf(面包)_ 22. glass(玻璃杯) _ 二、选择正确的答案()1.Are those _? -No, they arent. Theyre _.A. sheep ; cows B. sheep ; cow C. sheeps ; cow D. sheeps ; cows()2.Mum, Im quite thirsty. Please give me _.A. two orangeB. two bottles of orangeC. two bottles orange D. two bottles of oranges()3.I have got _ news from my friend. Do you want to know?A. a very good B. any C. a piece of D. two pieces()4._ room is on the 5th floor.A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lilys C. Lucys and Lily D. Lucys and Lilys()5.Every morning Mr. Smith takes a _ to his office.A. 20 minutes walk B. 20 minutes walkC. 20-minutes walk D. 20-minute walk()6.This is James Allan Green. We can call him _.A. Mr. Green B. Mr. AllanC. Mr. James D. James Green()7.Jack and Tom are _.A. good friends B. good friendC. a good friend D. good a friend()8.Its only about ten _ walk to the nearest post office.A. minutes B. minutes C. minutes D. minute()9.He often has _ for breakfast.A. two breads B. two piece of breadsC. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads()10.Mrs. Green has two _. Theyre very bright.A. childsB. childC. childrens D. children()11.What did the headmaster say about Jims _.A. two months holiday B. two months holidayC. two-month holiday D. two months holidays()12.I wont go there with you, for I have a lot of _ to do.A. worksB. job C. work D. working()13.Li Lei is a friend of _.A. I sister B. my sistersC. me sister D. my sister of()14.Have you read _?A. todays B. today paperC. the todays paper D. todays paper()15.How many _ are there in the room?A. boxes B. box C. boxs D. boxxes()16.Many _ have been built in our city since 1987.A. factorys B. factoriesC. factoryes D. factorys()17.There are lots of _ in the basket on the table .A. tomatos B. tomato C. tomatoes D. tomatoss()18.The cat caught two _ last night.A. mousesB. mice C. mouse D. mices()19.Jack went to have two _ pulled out yesterday afternoon.A. toothsB. tooth C. teethD. toothes()20.In our school there are fifty-five _.A. women teachers B. woman teachersC. women teacher D. womans teacher()21.The three _ will be put into prison.A. thiefsB. thief C. thieves D. thiefs三 找出下列句子中的错误并改正: 1) This is a pair of trouser.这是一条裤子。 2) He gave me some advices. 他给了我一些忠告。 3) She went to the library with two ladies friends.她和两位女伴一起去图书馆。 4) The police is looking for him. 警察在找他。
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