高考英语分词作状语的用法和考点教案.doc

高考英语分词作状语的用法和考点教案分词作状语用法是所有分词用法中最重要的，也是最难掌握的。历年的高考英语考题也说明，分词作状语的用法是所有分词用法中最常考的。因此，本文拟对分词作状语的用法作一小结和分析，同时归纳一些行之有效的做题方法和理解技巧，以帮助同学们掌握其用法。一、用作时间状语1. 典型例句Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off. 见到猫，老鼠就跑了。The work finished, he went home. 工作做完后，他就回家了。2. 理解技巧分词(短语)用作时间状语通常可转换成时间状语从句(引导时间状语的从属连词需根据句意来确定)，如上面两句也可转换成：When As soon as the mouse saw the cat, it ran off. After the work was finished, he went home. 3. 高考实例When _different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. A. comparedB. being compared C. comparingD. having compared【分析】此题答案选C，分词短语when comparing different cultures相当于时间状语从句when we compare different cultures。二、用作原因状语1. 典型例句Being very weak, she couldnt move. 她由于身体虚弱而不能行动。His car broken down, he had to walk. 他的车坏了，所以只好走路。Much discouraged, she moved on to Beijing. 她很沮丧，搬到了伦敦。2. 理解技巧分词(短语)用作原因状语通常可转换成由as, because, since, now that 等引导的原因状语从句，如上面三句也可转换成：As she was very weak, she couldnt move. Because his car was broken down, he had to walk. Because she was much discouraged, she moved on to Beijing. 3. 高考实例(1) _with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face【分析】答案选A。现在分词短语faced with so much trouble可转换成原因状语从句because we were faced with so much trouble。(2) _for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. A. BlamingB. BlamedC. To blameD. To be blamed【分析】答案选B。现在分词短语blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network 可转换成原因状语从句because she was blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network。三、用作条件状语1. 典型例句Working hard, you will succeed. 如果努力工作，你就可以成功。Adding them all up, we can find the answer. 如果把它们加起来，我们就可以得到答案。United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。Given more time, we could have done it better. 如果多给点时间，我们可以做得更好。2. 理解技巧分词(短语)用作条件状语通常可转换成由从属连词if引导的条件状语从句，如上面几句也可转换成：If you work hard, you will succeed. If we add them all up, we can find the answer. If we are united, we stand; if we are divided, we fall. If we had been given more time, we could have done it better.3. 高考实例_ time, hell make a first-class tennis player. A. Having givenB. To giveC. GivingD. Given【分析】答案选D。give 与其逻辑主语 he 是动宾关系，用过去分词，故选 D。分词短语 Given time 可转换成条件状语从顺 If he is given time。四、用作让步状语1. 典型例句Although living miles away, he attended the course. 虽然住在几英里以外，他仍去上课。Defeated, he remained a popular boxer. 虽然被击败了，他仍是一个受欢迎的拳击手。2. 理解技巧分词(短语)用作让步状语通常可转换成由从属连词though, although, no matter等引导的让步状语从句，如上面两句也可转换成：Although he lived miles away, he attended the course. Thought he was defeated, he remained a popular boxer. 3. 高考实例No matter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world. A. performed B. performingC. to be performedD. being performed【分析】答案选A。现在分词短语performed在此相当于they are performed。 No matter how frequently they are performed的意思是“无论它们（指贝多芬的作品）被演奏多少次”。五、用作伴随状语1. 典型例句He sat in the chair reading a newspaper. 他坐在椅子上看报。Dont you sit there doing nothing. 别什么也不干坐在那里。He came in, followed by his wife. 他走了进来，后面跟着他的妻子。2. 理解技巧理解“伴随状语”的关键是要理解“伴随”二字。分词(短语)用作伴随状语时，它表示的动作伴随句子谓语动作同时发生，即句子谓语所表示的动作为主要动作，分词短语所表示的动作伴随性的次要动作。3. 高考实例(1) Dont sit there _ nothing. Come and help me with this table. A. do B. to do C. doing D. and doing(2) My cousin came to see me from the country, _ me a full basket of fresh fruits. A. broughtB. bringingC. to bringD. had brought(3) Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always _ the same thing.A. sayingB. saidC. to sayD. having said(4) We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, _ that all children like these things. A. thinkingB. thinkC. to thinkD. thought【分析】以上四题答案分别为CBAA。六、用作方式状语1. 典型例句He earns a living driving a truck. 他靠开卡车谋取生。Im returning you letter as requested. 我按要求给你退信。2. 理解技巧分词(短语)用作方式状语与用作伴随状语的情形比较接近。有时用作方式状语的现在分词可以转换成by doing sth的结构，如上面第一句也可换成：He earns a living by driving a truck. 注：近几年高考对分词用作方式状语的情形考得较少。七、用作结果状语1. 典型例句He fired, killing one of the passers-by. 他开枪了，打死了一个过路人。He died, leaving his wife with five children. 他死了，留下他妻子和五个儿子。It rained and rained, vehicles bogged and bridges washed out. 雨不停地下，车辆陷入泥沼，桥梁被水冲去。2. 理解技巧分词(短语)用作结果状语时，通常可转换成并列句，如上面两句也可转换成：He fired and killed one of the passers-by. He died and left his wife with five children. It rained and rained, and vehicles were bogged and bridges were washed out.3. 高考实例(1) He glanced over at her, _ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together. A. notingB. notedC. to noteD. having noted【分析】答案选A，此句也可换成：He glanced over at her and noted that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together.(2) Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _ a record US$ 57.65 a barrel on April 4. A. have reachedB. reachingC. to reachD. to be reaching【分析】答案选B此句也可换成：Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year and reached a record US$ 57.65 a barrel on April 4. 鉴于以上分词的用法，我们一定要弄清分词的方方面面：一、弄清什么是分词的逻辑主语分词属非谓语动词，即不用作谓语的动词，所以它没有真正的主语。但是，分词作为动词的一种形式，它应有自己理论上或逻辑上的主语，即逻辑主语。如：I often hear him singing this song. 我经常听他唱这首歌。(him 是singing的逻辑语)Hearing the news, he couldnt help crying. 听到这消息，他禁不住哭了。(he是hearing的逻辑主语)若用的是过去分词或现在分词的被动式，则上面提到的逻辑主语实为“逻辑宾语”。如：I often hear this song sung. 我经常听到有人唱这首歌。(this song是sung的逻辑主语，但是sing 的逻辑宾语)I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看见她被送到手术室。(her是being taken 的逻辑主语，但是take 的逻辑宾语)二、弄清分词逻辑主语的易错点分词作状语，它的逻辑主语通常应是句子的主语，否则会出错。请看下题：1. Finding her car stolen, _.A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughlyC. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help此题答案应选D，因为句首用作状语的现在分词短语finding her car stolen 的逻辑主语应是“她”，而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等。在使用分词的逻辑主语时还要注意根据句意判断是主动还是被动。如：2. _ many times, he still didnt understand it.A. Having been told B. Though to be toldC. Having told D. He was told根据句意，he 与 tell 应是被动关系。从时间上看，应该是“被告诉”在先，“没有理解”在后，故选A。比较下题由于句中用了并列连词but，情况有所不同：3. _ many times, but he still didnt understand it.A. Having been told B. Though he was toldC. To have been told D. He was told此题答案选D，句中的并列连词 but 表明整个句子为并列句，同时表明 but 前应是一个独立的句子，而不能是一个非谓语动词短语(所以不能选A或C)。三、弄清分词逻辑主语的特例一般说来，分词作状语，它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，但事实上有少数例外的特殊情况：1. 某些表示说话人态度的一些惯用分词表达，它们在用作状语时其逻辑主语可以与句子主语不一致。如：Generally speaking, women live longer than men. 一般说来，女人比男人活得长。Judging from what you say, he ought to succeed. 从你的话看，他应当能成功。Considering the distance, he arrived very quickly. 考虑到路程，他到达得很快。Taking everything into consideration, you should leave. 考虑到各种因素，你最好离开。2. 当句子含有先行主语it或there时，有时用作状语的分词短语可以与先行主语不一致。如：Having so little time, there was not much that I could do. 由于时间很少，我能做的事很有限。Being French, its surprising that shes such a terrible cook. 她是法国人，但她做饭做得那么糟真是令人感到惊奇。3. 当分词已转化为介词或连词，此时也无需考虑主语一致问题。如：Supposing she doesnt come, what shall we do? 要是她不来我们怎么办?(supposing为连词，意为“假若”)Given their inexperience, theyve done a good job. 考虑到他们没有经验，这工作已做得很不错了。(given为介词，意为“考虑到”)4. 当分词暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的one或you时，也无需考虑主语的一致性问题。如：In doing such work, patience is needed. 做这种工作需要耐心(=When one does such work, patience is needed.)四、弄清分词的独立主格结构在通常情况下，分词作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，若不一致，则应改用其他句型。如：误：Crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 正：Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. 过马路时他被车撞倒了。正：When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 他过马路时车子把他撞倒了。解决状语分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题，也可在分词前加一个名词或代词，使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式，故称分词的独立主格结构。如：The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。The weather being fine, we went swimming. 天气很好，我们就去游泳了。He being absent, nothing couldnt be done. 由于他缺席，什么事也干不成。下面这道题是考查非谓语动词、状语从句还是祈使句？_ your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided. A. Having checkedB. CheckC. If you checkD. To check【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选，尤其可能误选A。【分析】最佳答案选 C。前面一个分句为条件状语从句，后面一个分句为主语。现分析几个干扰项：选项 A 和 D 均为非谓语动词，根据英语语法习惯，非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，而此句的 some spelling mistakes 显然不能用作 having checked 或 to check 的逻辑主语，故不能选为答案；若选 B，则两个句子之间缺少必要的连词，也不对。请做类似试题(答案均选 C)：(1) _ more careful, the work might have been done better.A. BeingB. Having beenC. If you had beenD. To have been(2) _ your diet, it is easy to reduce.A. WatchingB. To be watchingC. If you watch D. To have watched(3) _ a pair of compasses, it is easy to describe a circle.A. Having B. To have hadC. If you have D. if having(4) _ for something, a receipt is given to you.A. Paying B. Having paidC. When you have paidD. To be paying(5) _ the sun rising slowly in the east, the scene is a perfect dream.A. Seeing B. To be seeingC. When you see D. Having seen