九年级英语期末词汇复习.doc

九年级英语期末词汇复习一、单元要点【主要词汇与短语】stick, language, communicate, on business, similar, be similar to, conversation, translate, meaning, once in a while, whenever, conference, industry, position, encourage, follow, dialog, autumn, see sb. off, victory, pronounce, ask for, force, cent, accent, worse, sleepy, final, grammar, whom, weak, dare, master, reply, retell, insist, wise, review, aloud, screen, introduction, examination, prove, show, set, doubt, no doubt, as well as, fix, tiny, cancel, connect, exercise, itself, farther, complete, create, servant, might, field, discover, research, basic, proper, risk, storm, beyond, above, below, praise, whatever【交际用语】1谈论世界通用语言英语2谈论符号语言和体态语言3谈论英语在不同国家的差异4谈论电脑的用途5谈论希望和愿望6谈论可能和不可能【语法】1被动语态2现在进行时表将来3宾语补足语二、重难点解析1、Lets talk about your trip to London instead.让我们来谈一谈你的伦敦之行吧！instead在此处指结束刚才的话题，换另一个话题。instead单独使用的时候是副词，常用于句末。如：Weve no coffee. Would you like tea instead？我们没有咖啡了，喝茶行吗？It will take days by car, so lets fly instead.坐汽车得好几天时间，所以我们还是改乘飞机吧！不过，用instead的句子也可以改成instead of。如：She never studies. Instead, she plays tennis all day. =Instead of studying, she plays tennis all days. 她成天打网球，而不是学习。instead of 的意思是“代替”、“而不”，其主动用法如下： (1)作为短语介词，instead of面常跟名词、代词和动名词，偶尔也跟复合结构。如：Instead of lending a hand, he laughed at us.他不仅没有帮我们一把，反而嘲笑我们。They must make up their own minds instead of our making up their minds for them.他们必须自己做出决定，而不是由我们来代替他们作决定。Its me that should ask you instead of you asking me.应该是我问你而不是你问我。(2)instead of后面还可跟形容词、副词、动词、不定式、介词短语和从句，这时相当于连词。如：Taking exercise every day makes him look younger instead of older.每天锻炼身体使他显得更年轻而不是苍老。（连接形容词）I go to bed late instead of early.我很晚才睡而不是很早。（连接副词）That increased instead of decreased our courage.那增加而不是减少了我们的勇气。（连接动词）He proposes to do some work instead of to watch television.他提议做些工作而不是看电视。（连接不定式）A word of encouragement might have made me respect instead of hate him.他若是说一句鼓励的话，那么我或许不会恨他，反而会敬重他。（连接不定式）In warm weather he often reads under a tree instead of in the library.天气暖和的时候，他常常是在树下而不是在图书馆里读书。（连接介词短语）As a result, silver began to flow out of, instead of into, the country.结果，银开始流出而不是流入该国。2、Is there anything else that you will see?还有别的什么东西你要看的吗？else的基本意思是“别的；另外（的）；其他（的）”，可以担当形容词和副词两种角色。（1）else用作形容词 可用在以any-, every-, some-, no-开头或由-body, -thing, -one, -where结尾的合成词之后。如：I have something else to do. 我还有一些别的事情要做。 I have nothing else to say. 我没有别的要说了。 Is there anyone else in the classroom? 教室里还有别人吗？ 也可用在who, what（除了which）等疑问代词之后。如： Who else can you see? 你还能看到谁？What else can you say? 你还能说什么？（2）else用作副词 用在where, why, how等疑问副词之后。如：Where else can you get a ruler?你还能在哪儿搞到一把尺子？When else can we meet?我们还能在别的什么时候见面吗？How else would you do it?你做这件事还有别的办法吗？or else表示“否则；要不然”。如：Run quickly, or else youll be late. 快跑，不然你就迟到了。Give me the money or else!把钱给我，要不然的话，哼！辨析：else，other两者用作形容词时，意思都是“别的”、“其他的”，但用法不同。else一般只用于不定代词（anything, everything, something, nothing, anybody, anyone, everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, nobody, none, no one, somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere等）和疑问句（who, what, where, how, why等）后（一般不用在when, which后）。如：I have nothing else to say.我没有别的要说的。Where else have you been?你还到过别的什么地方？other意为“其他的、别的”，通常用在名词前修饰名词。如：What other things would you like?你喜欢其他什么东西吗？Whats that in his other hand?他另一只手里拿的是什么？3、My parents will probably take me to the British Museum.我父母很有可能带我去英国博物馆。probably ad. 大概,或许,很可能（比可能性大，而且常有一定依据）He will probably refuse the offer.他很可能会拒绝这一提议。辨析：possibly，probably，perhaps，maybe 这几个副词都有“可能”的意思，用法如下：possible“或许；也许”，所指的可能性较小，为加强语气，可与can或could连用；与may连用，表示的可能性更小。如：It may possibly be true也许是真的。Please call me as soon as you possibly can.请尽快给我打电话。Could you possibly tell me the answer?你能告诉我这个答案吗？probably“很有可能；十之八九”，其语义较强，可能性较大。在否定句中，probably不能紧跟在否定词之后。如：It will probably be fine tomorrow明天大概会是晴天。译：她大概不会来这里。 正：Probably she wont come here正：She probably wont come here正：She wont come here probably误：She wont probably come hereperhaps“或许”，含有“可能这样，也可能不这样”之意，其含义和用法与maybe一样，多用于口语。maybe多用于美国英语。在这几个单词中，语义最强的是probably，其次是perhaps和maybe，最弱的是possibly。如：Perhaps we will be late for work或许我们上班会迟到。Perhaps wed better take a bus也许我们最好乘公共汽车。Maybe youll have better luck next time.也许下次你的运气会好一点。4、Maybe one day one of my paintings will be in London, too!也许有一天我的一幅画也会在伦敦。one day在此句中表示“将来某一天”。one day可表示过去或将来某一天，指将来某一天时还可以用some day代替。one day通常在句中作状语。如：One day I went to see her and found her ill. 有一天，我去看她，发现她病了。(指过去某一天)May I go and see the machine one day/some day? 我可以哪一天来看看这种机器吗？(指将来某一天)注：表示以上意思时，不能把one day说成a day。另外，in one day可表示“在一天之中”，这时可以说in a day, 只是用one数量概念较强。如：I cant do so much work in one day. 我一天中干不了这么多事。5、above/below（1）above即可做介词，还可做副词和形容词。介词above 表示位置“在以上”（若表示正中垂直的位置“在以上”则用 over）、“数量大于”或“价值超过”之意。如：This mountain is 2000 feet above the sea. 这座山海拔2000英尺。（表语。不能用over替代，因为山不是位于海平面的垂直方向之上。）This pager weighs above 50 grams.这个寻呼机重50多克。（状语。也可用over代替above。）His lecture is above me (=above my head=above my understanding=beyond me).他的讲座我无法理解。（指“超过我的理解能力”而言。）Above all, we must first clone a panda.最重要的是我们必须首先克隆一只熊猫。（above all也可以用above all things或above ever everything代替。）She is above doing such a thing. 他不至于会做这样的事。（表语。从中可以体会出有“不屑于做某事”的意味。）The sun is slowly rising above the sea. （状语。太阳正在海面上方冉冉升起。）副词 above 作“在上面”或“在上头”讲。如：Our physics laboratory is just above. 我们的物理实验室就在楼上。（不是指正中垂直方向的上方。） What was mentioned above counts for much. 上面提到的内容很有价值。（主语从句）These new types of computers listed above are of great value. 上面所列出的这些新型计算机是很有价值的。注：上述三例中的above不能用over代替。above作形容词用，表示“以上的”、“上述的”之意，不能用over代替。如：The above explanation will help answer this question. 上述解释将帮助回答这个问题。The above three acids are strong acids, not weak acids. 上述三种酸是强酸，不是弱酸。(如果above前面没有the，意思就变为“三种以上的酸”。)What type of error is similar to the above?哪种类型的误差和上面的相似？（形容词above前加the后名词化。）Please look at the production order above.请看上面生产订单。（但句中above为副词作后置定语。）（2）below prep. 在下面；adv. 在下面，在下方The temperature is below zero.温度在零度以下。See the note below.参见下面的注释。辨析：below, underbelow所指的范围较宽，指处于比某物低的位置，不一定是正下方，且有一定距离，其反义词是above；under指在某物体的正下方，所指的范围较窄，其反义词是over。如：The plane is flying below the clouds.飞机在云下飞行。His sister is reading under the tree.他的妹妹正在树下读书。6、So he made up his mind to improve his English.所以他下定决心要提高自己的英语水平。make up ones mind是hesitate(迟疑), be puzzled(迷惑不解)等词的相对说法，表示不再犹豫不决。如： Have you made up your mind how to do it? 你已经拿定主意怎样做这件事了吗？ She made up her mind that she would win. 她决心争取胜利。 辨析：decide，make up ones minddecide和make up ones mind都可表示“决定，决心”，但其含义有所区别。decide指经过考虑的疑难问题、争端等做出决定，含有下定决心的含义。decide后常接动词不定式和从句。如：The boy decided not to become a sailor.那孩子决定将来不当水手。They couldnt decide what to do next.他们决定不了下一步干什么。make up ones mind与“迟疑，动荡，不知所从”等相对，意味着“打定主意，下了决心”。make up ones mind后常接动词不定式，一般不接从句。如：Hes made up his mind to be a doctor.他决心当医生。Ive made up my mind to dismiss Mr. Smith.我已决心解雇史密斯先生。7、At the same time, his close friend, Engels, often wrote to praise him for his hard work in learning English.同时，他最亲密的朋友，恩格斯也经常写信称赞他学英语很刻苦。praise vt赞扬，表扬。如：He was praised for his good works.他因优秀的作品而受到称赞。Our friends praised the concert as the best they had listened to.我们的朋友称赞说，这是他们所听过的最好的一场音乐会。They praised him for risking his life to save his comrade.他们称赞他冒着生命危险去抢救自己的同志。He was praised for finishing his work ahead of time.他由于提前完成工作而受到表扬。注意：praise 还可以用作名词，意为“赞扬；赞扬的话”。如：My books received high praise from general readers.我的书受到了广大读者的高度称赞。The teachers praise has greatly encouraged us.老师的称赞对我们鼓舞很大。8、It句型归纳（1）It is/was 过去分词that从句。 这一句型中常用的过去分词有said，reported， known，thought，believed，suggested等等。通常译为“据说（报道）”。同样，it是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语。如： It is reported that a lot of people lost their jobs in the city last month. 据报道，上个月这个城市的许多人都失业了。 It is known that Taiwan is part of China众所周知，台湾是中国的一部分。 （2）It动词（look，seem，appear，happen） that从句。意为“似乎/看起来/碰巧”。如： It looks that he has been there before看起来他好像以前到过那儿。It seems to me that the maths problem is too easy for her在我看来，这道数学题对她来说太简单。 It happened that I met my old friend in the street yesterday. = I happened to meet my old friend in the street yesterday.昨天我碰巧在街上遇到我的老朋友。（3）It动词that/whether/what/who/when/where/why从句。如：It was not clear what he meant他是什么意思不太清楚。It hasnt been decided whether the project would be given up是否要放弃这项工程还没决定。It was not known who would speak at the meeting谁在大会上发言不清楚。（4）It is（has been）一段时间since clause。意为“自以来已有多长时间了”或“自不以来已有多长时间了”。如：It is eight years since they last met each other他们自从上次相见已有八年的时间了。It is just a week since we arrived in Beijing我们到达北京刚好一星期。It is five years since I last smoked我戒烟已有五年的时间了。It is two months since he was ill他病愈已两个月了。（5）It is/was形容词/名词that从句。其中，it是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语。如：It is quite important that China becomes an official member of WTO中国成为世贸组织的正式成员是十分重要的。It is necessary that you ask your parents for help when you are in trouble. 当你遇到困难时向你父母请教是必要的。It is our duty that we serve the people heart and soul.全心全意为人民服务是我们的职责。（6）It isadj（of/for sb）to do sth这是有关形容词的一个复合结构句型。其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式。当该形容词（通常是necessary，important，difficult，hard，easy，impossible等）表示事物的特点或特征时，用for；当该形容词（通常是 kind，nice，good，bad，wise，clever，silly，foolish，careless，rude，brave，cruel，careful，grateful等）表示人的特征或特点时，须用of。如： It is wise of him to make such a decision他做出那样的决定是明智的。 It is not hard for one to do a good deed一个人做件好事并不难。（7）It/This/That is/was/the best（worst/most）that-clause 该句型意为“这是/那是某人经历过的中最的了”。若主句的谓语动词用is，从句的谓语动词要用现在完成时；若主句的谓语动词用was，从句的谓语动词须用过去完成时。如：It was the best novel that I had read before这是以前我读过的小说中最好的一部了。This is the most tiring talk that I have had for years.这是这些年来我听过的最令人乏味的演讲了。 9、once用法小结（1）作副词用表示“一次；一回”，通常用在句末。如：We have been there once. 我们到过那儿一次。Im going to tell him once. 我将告诉他一回。表示“曾经；一度；从前”，常位于系动词be之后，行为动词之前。若表达过去有过某种经验和经历时，也可放在句首，作状语。如：This film was once very popular, but nobody sees it now. 这部影片一度很受欢迎,可是现在没有人看它了。I once lived in the south of China. 我一度住在中国南方。Once he worked in the factory. 他从前在那个工厂工作过。与not连用，表示“一次也不；完全不”，用于否定句，若位于句首，主谓用倒装语序。如：I couldnt once understand what he meant.我完全不能理解他的意思。Not once did Mr. Wang mention his feeling.王先生从来没有提到过他的感受。表示“一旦”，用于条件状语从句中。如：If you once lose confidence, you can never expect to do your work well.如果你一旦失去信心,就别想做好工作。（2）作名词用表示“一次；一回”，作主语或宾语。如：Once is enough for me.我一次就够了。For once she was telling the truth.她就这一回说了真话。（3）作形容词用表示“曾一度的了；从前的”，作定语。如：This is the once capital of that nation.这是那个国家的旧都。（4）作从属连词用表示“一旦就”，引导时间状语从句，表示时间上的两个动作或两件事彼此紧接着发生，同时带有条件意味。若从句中的主语与主句主语相同，且谓语中含有be时，可以省略从句的主语和be。如：Once you have taken the examination, you will be able to relax.你一旦考完试就可以轻松一下。Once (it is) found, any mistake must be corrected.一旦发现任何错误就必须加以改正。（5）含有once的短语once upon a time表示“从前”，常用于故事的开头。如：Once upon a time there was a giant with two heads. 从前有个两头巨人。all at once表示“突然”。如: All at once, I remembered. 突然我记起来了。at once表示“马上；立刻”。如: You must go to work at once. 你必须马上去上班。once more表示“再一次”，可用once over或once again替代。如：Would you please say it once more?请您再说一遍好吗?once or twice表示“几次”。如：I made the same mistake once or twice.同一错误我犯了好几次。10、whoever，whichever，whatever，whenever，wherever，however这些词具有不同的含义，可以引导关系从句和其他从句。现将其用法归纳如下（1）whoever（代词）和whichever（代词和形容词）的意思可以是“不管是谁”，“不管是哪一个”，“无论是哪一个”。如：Whoever gains the most points wins the competition谁得分最多，谁就赢得比赛。Whichever of them gains the most points wins他们中哪一个得分最多，哪一个就赢。Whichever team gains the most points wins哪个队得分最多，哪个队就赢。Whoever gets home first starts cooking the supper谁先到家，谁就开始做晚饭。Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking我们当中不管谁先到家，就开始做饭。Whoever cleans your windows doesnt make a good job of it不管是谁擦洗你的窗户，他都没干好。（2）whatever（代词和形容词），whenever，whereverYou can eat what/whatever you like（anything you like）你喜欢什么就可以吃什么。When you are older you can watch whatever programme you like等你长大了，你爱看什么节目就可以看什么节目。My roof leaks when/whenever it rains（every time it rains）一下雨（每次下雨），我的房顶就漏。You will see this product advertised everywhere/wherever you go无论你到哪里，都能看到这种产品的广告。Go anywherewherever you like你愿意去哪儿就去哪儿。（3）whoever，whichever，whatever，whenever，wherever，however都可以是no matter who（不论）的意思。如：If I sayheads，I win；tails you lose，I will win whatever happens/whichever way the coin falls.如果我说“头，我赢；尾，你输”，那么无论什么情况（无论硬币落下后哪一面朝上）我都会赢。Whatever happens dont forget to write无论怎样别忘了写信。Ill find him，wherever he has gone无论他到哪里去了，我都要找到他。（不论他去了哪儿）whatever you do经常被置于要求/命令之前或之后以强调其重要性。如：Whatever you do，dont mention my name.无论如何，不要提起我的名字。however是程度副词，常和形容词或另一副词连用。如：Id rather have a room of my own，however small（it is），than share a room.无论房间多么小，我宁愿一个人住一间，而不愿意与别人合住一个房间。However hard I worked，she was never satisfied.无论我多么努力地工作，她从来没满意过。（4）whatever，wherever可以表示说话人不知情或者不关心。如：He lives in Wick，wherever that is.他住在威克，谁知道那地方在哪儿。（我不知道威克在哪里，也不感兴趣。）He says hes a phrenologist，whatever that is.他说他是一个颅相学家，谁知道是干什么的。（我不知道那是干什么的，也不感兴趣。）who ever，when ever，what ever等等也可以分开写成两个字，但意思产生了变化：I lost seven kilos in a month一个月内我体重减轻了七公斤。How ever did you lose so much in such a short time？在这么短的时间里你怎么会瘦那么多呢？Bill（suspiciously）：I know all about you比尔（怀疑地）：我知道你的底细。Tom（indignantly）：What ever do you mean？汤姆（怒气冲冲地）：你到底是什么意思？Where ever did you buy your wonderful carpets？你究竟在什么地方买下这些漂亮的地毯？11、从属连词although, though, as, even though, even if的用法(1)在自然语序的让步状语从句中，although, though, even though的用法相同，均可置于句首或从句首，常与动词连用，只是though比另两者要通俗些。如：Though/Although/Even though its hard work, I enjoy it.尽管这项工作艰难，我却喜欢它。Although/Though/Even though we all tried our best, we lost the game.=We lost the game although/though/even though we tried our best.虽然我们已经尽了最大的力量，但还是输了。注意：上述的句型都不能用as代替though, although或even though。(2)当让步状语从句的动词用一般现在时表示将来的假说或一般的行为习惯时，通常用even though/even if，一般不用though，although和as。如：Even if/Even though I have to walk all the way, Ill go there. 即使我得一路走着去，我也要走到那里。She wont leave the TV set even though/even if suppers on the table. 即使晚饭已摆在桌上，她也不愿意离开电视机。但是，有时though+情态动词+行为动词也可替代even though/even if+动词的一般现在时来表示习惯性的行为。如：Even if/Even though you dont like wine（=though you may not like wine）, try a glass of this. 尽管你不喜欢酒，也要喝一杯这样的酒。(3)当让步状语从句的动词用虚拟式表示与事实相反的假说时，大多数用even though/even if, 而不用though, although和as, 如：It was a sword-thrust, received from twenty to twenty-four hours before, but nothing could have saved him even if/even though he had been tended without delay. 那是一处二十至二十四小时前被剑刺的伤口，但是，即使他当时得到及时的救护，也没法挽救他的命。You are not stupid. Even though/Even if you were slow at study, you shouldnt give up your studies. 你并不傻，即使你学得慢一点，也不应该放弃学习。(4)在倒装语序的让步状语从句中，通常用though或as，不用although, even though。如：Poor though/as I am, I can afford beer. 虽然我穷，我还可以买得起啤酒。Young as/though I am, I already know what career I want to follow. 尽管我还小，但对要从事的职业已经胸有成竹。Strange though it may seem, it is true. 尽管这事似乎很奇怪，可是是真的。Try as he would/might, he couldnt open the door.虽然他试了几次，却仍打不开那门。(5)在省略了主语、be动词或行为动词的让步状语从句中，常常用though/although,而不用as, even though, even if，如：Her appointment was a significant (success), although/though (it was a) temporary success. 她受聘虽然是临时性的，但却是一大成功。He performed the task well, although/though（he performed it）slowly.尽管他做得有些慢，但把任务完成得很好。It is a sunny day, though/although (it is) cold. 今天虽然冷，但阳光充足。(6)though作副词时表示“尽管如此”，一般置于句末，可用however代替，此时不能用although/even though/as等代替。如：We all tried our best. We lost the game, though/however. 我们都已尽了最大的力量，尽管如此，我们还是输了。The task was very hard. He decided to perform it, though/however. 任务很艰巨，尽管如此，他还是决定去执行。注意：当however置于第二句（表示结果）的句首时，不能用though来代替，如上述两句可改为：We all tried our best. However, we lost the game.The task was very hard. However, he decided to perform it.(7)当状语从句用although/though/as/even though时，不能与but连用，但可与yet连用，如：Although/Though/Even though he is old, (yet) he is quite strong. 虽然他老了，但是还是十分强壮。Child as/though he is, (yet) he knows a lot of Chinese characters.尽管他是个小孩，却懂得很多汉字。12、feel like/would likefeel like和would like都表示“想要”，但用法有所不同。（1）feel like中的feel是动词，like是介词，故后接名词或动词-ing形式。如：I feel like seeing a film this evening. 我今晚想去看电影。She feels like a good meal. 她想美美地吃一顿。（2）would like中的would是情态动词，like是实意动词，其后通常有以下三种搭配：would like to do sth. 意为“想要做某事”。Id like to stay at home this evening.今晚我想呆在家中。Would you like to play football with us? 你愿意和我们踢足球吗？Yes，Id love to. 是的，很愿意。would like sth. 意为“想要（吃/喝）”。What would you like? 你想要什么？Id like a bottle of orange. 我想要一瓶桔子汁。would you like sb. to do sth. 意为“想要某人做某事”。Id like you to see the film with me.我想要你同我去看这部电影。Id like you to help me with my homework.我想要你帮助我做家庭作业。注意：feel like doing sth. 和would like to do sth. 在一定情况下可相互转换。He feels like going out for a walk. = Hed like to go out for a walk.他想出门散散步。She feels like watching TV. = She would like to watch TV.她想看电视。13、dare（1）dare用作实义动词，此时其后的动词不定式可带to也可不带to，且dare有人称和数以及时态的变化。如： I dare to jump down from the top of the wall. 我敢从墙头上跳下来。 She doesnt dare (to) meet her teachers eyes. 她不敢与老师对视。 （2）dare用作情态动词，后跟动词原形，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中。如： How dare she do things like that to me? 她怎么敢对我做那种事? Dare you catch the mouse? 你敢去抓那只老鼠吗？ I dare not do that. 我不敢抓。 If you dare say that to our teacher, I would vote for you. 如果你敢向我们的老师说那件事，我就投你一票。 14、insist（1）用作不及物动词，意思是“坚持要求，坚持认为”，常与介词on或upon构成短语，接动词-ing形式的复合结构作宾语，有时也可接名词作宾语。如：I insisted on going there with them.我坚决要求跟他们去那儿。They insisted on my phoning at once.他们建议我马上打电话。They always insist on the boys honesty.他们总是坚持认为这个男孩是诚实的。We insist upon a definite answer.我们一定要得到一个肯定的答复。（2）用作及物动词，接名词性从句。如果表示“坚持做某事”时，从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气（should+动词原形或只用动词原形）来表示。如：They insisted that we (should) carry out the plan.他们坚决要求我们实施这项计划。He insisted that the work (should) be started at once.他坚决主张立刻开始这项工作。如果