2013年成考高考英语高分必备语法大全.doc

2013年成考高考英语高分必备语法大全强调句是一种修辞，是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感而使用的一种形式。通过各种方式对句子中的某个部分进行强调，从而起到修辞的作用。 英语常用的强调结构是It is (was)+被强调部分(主语、宾语或状语)+who (that).。一般说来,被强调部分指人时,用who;指事物时用that,但that也可以指人。在美国英语中指事物时常用which来代替that。强调句句型我们这里主要讲陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分。e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.他是昨天碰见的李平。特别注意以下几点：1. 构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was ，其余的时态用It is 。2. not until 句型的强调句句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分+ that + 其它部分e.g. 普通句：He didnt go to bed until/ till his wife came back.强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.3. 谓语动词的强调1）It is/ was that 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！2）注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did ，后面的谓语动词用原形。 非谓语动词主要形式有不定式、动名词、分词。非谓语动词虽然不充当谓语，可以分别充当主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。1掌握好非谓语动词形式时态和语态的正确使用。如果非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主要谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时，用一般式，如果非谓语动词表示的动作在主要谓语动词所表示的动作之前，则用完成式。非谓语动词的逻辑主语是动作的发出者还是接受者决定了应当用主动式还是被动式。例：The famous novel is said _ into Chinese.A. to have translated B. to be translateC. to have been translated D. to translate答案为C。2英语中有些动词后跟不定式作宾语，有些动词后面则接动名词作宾语，还有一些动词的后边既可以接不定式，也可以接动名词，有时意义不变，但有时却在意义上大不相同，所以必须牢记有关非谓语形式的基本知识。1）We shall appreciate _ from you soon.A. being heard B. hearingC. to hear D. having been heard答案是B。appreciate 这个词后面只能接动名词，且应该是其一般式。2）The man in the corner confessed to _ a lie to the manager of the company.A. have told B. be toldC. being told D. having told短语动词confess to中的to是介词，不是动词不定式符号，因此选项A和B可以排除。选项C是动名词的被动式，而动名词后边已经有了宾语a lie ,因此动名词不能是被动式，因此正确答案是D。用完成形式的动名词表示这个动作在主要动词之前已经发生。3）We all feel sorry for _ for so long after your arrival.A. keep you waiting B. having kept you waitingC. waiting for you D. keep you wait答案为B。3非谓语动词作宾语补充语时，要弄清哪些动词后面可以跟不定式作宾补，哪些动词后面可以跟分词作宾补。1）we are going to have our office _ to make room for a new engineer.A. to rearrange B. rearrangeC. rearranged D. rearranging答案为C。2）Mr. and Mrs. Smith didnt expect the house _ so well.A. to be decorated B. to decorateC. be decorated D. decoratingdecorate是及物动词，因此可以排除B和D，C项缺了不定式的符号to，因此正确答案为A。3）There was so much noise that the speaker couldnt make himself _.A. hearing B. being heardC. to hear D. heardhear 在本句中是及物动词，据此可以排除A和C，B项选择形式不对，因此D是正确答案。4）The manager has his employees _ a business report every week.A. to write B. writtenC. writing D. write答案为D。have和get后面接宾补时，要用过去分词或无to不定式。4非谓语动词作状语时，尤其是分词作状语时，要注意分词的逻辑主语必须和句子的主语一致。例：Arriving at the bus stop, _ waiting there.A. he found a lot of people B. a lot of people wereC. he found a lot of peoples D. people were found根据上面所述，可以首先排除B和D，C项中的peoples结构不对，正确答案只能是A。练习：1. He was lucky to escape _ to prison.A. sending B. being sent C. to be sent D. sent2. It is no good _ to come now. He is busy.A. if you ask him B. to ask him C. asking him D. that you ask him3. The bedroom needs _.A. clean B. to clean C. cleaned D. cleaning4. His parents _ last week, the child has no one to look after him.A. having died B. died C. dead D. having dead5. _ a teacher in the university, it is necessary to have at least masters degree.A. Become B. To become C. One becomes D. Becoming6. There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _ trouble.A. making B. to make C. to have made D. having made7. I have heard both teachers and students _ well of him.A. to speak B. spoken C. to have spoken D. speak8. Mrs. Brown is supposed _ for Italy last week.A. to have been left B. to be leaving C. to leave D. to have left9. You will see this product _ wherever you go.A. to be advertised B. advertise C. advertised D. advertising10. When _the education systems of China and Britain, the professor gave no comment.A. being asked to compare B. asked him to compareC. asking him to compare D. asked to compare答案：BADAB BDDCA 1虚拟条件句中虚拟语气的运用：虚拟条件句从时间上又分为与现在事实相反，与过去事实相反，与将来事实可能相反三种情况。表示与现在事实相反的，if从句用过去式，主句用would（或could, should, might）加原形动词。与过去事实相反的，if从句用过去完成时，主句用would（或could, should, might）+have done结构。与将来事实可能相反的，if 从句用should (或were to)加动词原形，主句用would加动词原形。1）Had the weather been good, the children _ out for a walk.A. had gone B. could have goneC. would go D. went答案为B。与过去的事实相反。当if从句中含有were, had, should这三个词时，if可以省略，主谓倒装。2）If a better material _, the strength of the part would have been increased.A. had been used B. had been usingC. being used D. using根据前面的讲解，正确答案为A。2某些动词后的宾语从句以及某些名词后的表语或同位语从句中虚拟语气的运用，这些动词或名词包括：suggest(suggestion),propose(proposal),advise (advice),demand, insist, order, request, require, recommend, desire, ask, decide等表示建议、命令或要求的词。在这些从句中，谓语形式为should加动词原形，should可以省略。例：The generals command was that the soldiers _ their fort and carry out more important task.A. would leave B. leaveC. left D. have left答案为B。3在It is desired(或desirable), It is important等结构后面的主语从句中，动词用原形或should+原形动词。这些结构有：It is suggested, It is requested, It was ordered, It is necessary, It is essential. It is vital, It is urgent, It is impossible, It is preferable, It is advisable, It was proposed等。例：Its desired that she _ to teach us at least twice a week,A. comes B. will comeC. come D. may come答案为C。4在It is (high) time后边的that从句中，动词用过去式，表示该做某事了。例：Dont you think it is time you _ smoking?A. give up B. gave upC. would give up D. should give up5在would rather, as if/though以及wish后边that从句中虚拟语气的运用。1）I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _ next month for a dinner.A. come B. would comeC. came D. have come答案为C。would rather后面的从句中，动词形式用过去式。2）You look as if you had seen a ghost.此句中as if 后边是说话人想象中的过去的动作，所以用过去完成时。3）I wish I knew his address.在wish后边的从句中，如果指现在或将来的愿望，动词用过去式。这句话告诉我们说话人并不知道他的地址。4）Peter wishes that he _ law instead of literature when he was in college.Acould study B. studiedC. had studied D. would study答案为C。在wish后边的从句中，如果表示过去没有实现的愿望，动词用过去完成时。答案为B。5）He talks as if he _ everything in the world.A. knows B. knewC. had known D. would have know正确答案为B。在as if/though后边的方式状语从句中，表示与现在事实相反或对现在的情况有所怀疑，动词用过去式；如果表示的是想象中的过去的动作，用过去完成时。本句表示对现在的情况有所怀疑。练习：1. It was proposed that the matter _ discussed at the next meeting.A. will be B. was C. could be D. be2. We desire that the tour leader _us immediately of any change in plans.A. inform B. informs C. informed D. has informed3. The young driver looked over the engine carefully lest it _on the way.A. goes wrong B. should go wrong C. went wrong D. would go wrong4. It is essential that these application forms _ back before the deadline.A. must be sent B. will be sent C. are sent D. be sent5. Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think its about time _?A. we are going home B. we go homeC. we went home D. we can go home6. Id rather you _ make any comment on the issue for the time being.A. didnt B. wouldnt C. dont D. shouldnt7. That tree looked as if it _ for a long time.A. hasnt been watered B. didnt waterC. hadnt been watered D. wasnt watered8. She didnt go to the party, but she does wish she _ there.A. has been B. had been C. would have been D. would be9. The traffic was very heavy; otherwise I _here 30 minutes sooner.A. could have been B. would be C. should be D. had been10. _ the whole situation, I wouldnt have said it.A. If I should know B. Had I knownC. If I knew D. Were to know答案：DABDCACBAB 1. 数词和表示时间、度、量、温度、钱额等名词作主语表示一定的量或总和时，谓语动词多半用单数形式。如：Three hours is enough for us to perform this experiment.我们做这个实验有三个小时就足够了。That five thousand dollars is yours.那五千美金是你的。2. 集合名词作主语时如表示整体概念，谓语动词须用单数；如表示成员，谓语动词须用复数。例如：The family were watching TV. 全家人在看电视。My family is a big one. 我家人口多。常见的这类名词还有army, audience, class, club, crew, crowd, committee, company, couple, group, government, party, staff, school, team, union, public等。有些集合名词（如people, police, youth 等）谓语动词须用复数。如：The police were tracking the murderer. 警察正在追踪凶手。3. 在“one of + 复数名词+定语从句”的结构中，定语从句一般修饰复数名词，所以该从句的谓语动词要用复数。如：This is one of the longest rivers that have ever been seen.这是曾见过的最长的河流之一。He is one of my friends who are lawyers.我是我当律师的朋友中的一个。4. 某些连词连接的名词或代词作主语：根据毗邻一致的原则，与邻近的主语一致。这类连词包括or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also等。如：Neither I nor she was awarded the prize.我和她都没有获奖。在there be 存在句中，多数情况下也可根据毗邻一致的原则来决定谓语动词用单数还是复数。如：There are three patients in the waiting room.候诊室里有三个病人。There is a doctor and two nurses in the clinic.诊所里有一个医生和两个护士。5. 由合成代词some (any, no, every) + thing (body, one) 作主语，由代词each, every one, no one, either, neither, another, the other 作主语，以及由限定词either, neither, each, every, many a, more than one 等+名词作主语时，谓语动词均用单数形式。如：Noboday knows how many stars there are in the sky.谁都不知道天上有多少星星。Neither answer is correct.两个答案都不对。 学位英语考试中重点语法知识主要包括：时态、语态、情态动词、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、从句、倒装句、强调句、主谓一致等。现在我们主要学习有关倒装句的知识点。1. Onlyadv. 句子要倒装。1）Only under such a condition will he make steady progress.只有在这样的条件下，他才会取得扎实的进步。2. 否定词放置句首时, 助动词或be 动词要放置主语的前面进行倒装. 常用的否定词有：not, scarcely, barely, seldom, not until, little, (in)under no circumstance, by no means, no soonerthan)。Not until I reminded him for the third time _ working and looked up.A. that he stopped B. does he stoppedC. did he stop D. that he stopped答案为C。3. 虚拟条件句中省略if时要倒装。_ you were busy, I wouldnt have bothered you with my questions.A. If I realized B. Had I realizedC. Did I have realized that D. As I realized4. nor, neither, so 用于句首时, 句子要倒装。So little _ about stock exchange that the lecture was completely beyond me.A. did I know B. I had knownC. I knew D. was I know 学位英语考试中重点语法知识主要包括：时态、语态、情态动词、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、从句、倒装句、强调句、主谓一致等。现在我们主要学习有关从句的语法知识点。学位英语从句主要考状语从句、定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句。1状语从句状语从句有很多种，让步状语从句是个难点。让步状语从句主要由以下一些词或词组引导：though, although, even if, even though, whetheror, no matter wh-(或how), whatever(whoever, whichever等)。1）Young _ he is, he knows what is a right thing to do.A. that B. asC. although D. however正确答案是B。as也可以引导让步状语从句，但通常把被强调的形容词或副词等放在句首。2）_，you must show your ticket to go into the cinema.A. No matter whomever you are B. In whomever you areC. Whoever you are D. No matter who are you四个选择项中，A中的Whomever多了ever，B项中in whomever部分格式不对，D项的语序不对，只有C是正确的。2定语从句定语从句又分限制性和非限制性定语从句。考生要特别注意非限制定语从句的用法。从形式上看，限制性定语从句由who ,whom ,whose ,which ,that 等关系代词或when ,why, where等关系副词引导，不用逗号把主句和从句分开。而非限制性定语从句中不会出现that，而且要用逗号把主句和从句分开。1）The United States is composed of fifty states, two of _ are separated from the others by land or water.A. them B. thatC. which D. those正确答案为C。在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词前面可能会有介词，在介词前面还可能有其它限定词，这就更复杂一些，需特别注意。2）An old friend from abroad, _ I was expecting to stay with，telephoned me from the airport .A. that B. whomC. who D. Which这是一个非限制性定语从句，正确答案是B，因为此处的whom 是stay with 的逻辑宾语。3主语从句主语从句在主从复合句中充当主语，可以引导主语从句的词有what, that以及who, why, where, when等连接代词或连接副词。为避免头重脚轻，特别是在口语中，通常设it为形式主语，与下边这些结构连用。It is a pity that It is an honor that It is a shame that It is a good thing that It is a fact that It is a surprise that 以及It is strange that It is surprising that It is true that It is fortunate that It is necessary that It is possible(impossible)that 1）_ I saw was two men crossing the street.A. What B. WhomC. Who D. That答案为A。2）It is desirable that he _.Agives up trying B. give up tryingC. would give up trying D. is going to give up trying答案B。本句也是一种虚拟语气句。4宾语从句宾语从句比较简单，它在主从复合句中充当宾语成份，通常可以由that，if, whether及what引导。使用宾语从句时应注意的是，有时可以设it为形式宾语，真正宾语是后边的从句。例：I always take it for granted that I am far more intelligent than he is.句子的it指代的是后边that从句的内容。练习：1. _ makes mistakes must correct them.A. What B. That C. Whoever D. Whatever2. He works too hard. That is _ is wrong with him.A. that which B. that what C. what D. the thing what3. He asked her _ she thought she could manage to come the Wednesday of the following week.A. what B. that C. if D. as4. Jack could ask for leave on condition _ he was really ill.A. for that B. that C. of which D. in which5. He spoke confidently, _impressed me most.A. so that B. that C. it D. which6. People are still talking about the historic event of years ago, _ man walked in space for the first time.A. when B. how C. because D. while7. It wasnt such a good dinner _ she had promised us.A. that B. which C. as D. what8. _ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.A. That B. Which C. As D. It9. Ill accept any job _ I dont have to get up early.A. lest B. as long as C. in case D. though10. They decided to chase the cow away _ it did more damage.A. unless B. until C. before D. after答案：CCCBDACCBC 学位英语考试中重点语法知识主要包括：时态、语态、情态动词、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、从句、倒装句、强调句、主谓一致等。今天主要学习有关情态动词的语法知识点。情态动词没有人称的变化。除了ought后接to do，其它的情态动词一般和动词原形一起构成谓语。1must现在完成时结构：这一结构表示对过去一个动作比较有把握的猜测。例：I believe he _ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.A. would have had B. could have hadC. should have had D. must have had答案为D。2情态动词无人称变化，在句子中和动词原形一起组成谓语。只有ought后面接to do。情态动词后接完成时的用法:情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、必须、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。3could现在完成时，表示本来能做的事情而没有做。例：Mary _ that coat, but she chose to lend the money to a needy neighbour.A. could have bought B. must have boughtC. can buy D. could buy答案为A。玛丽本来可以买那件大衣的，但是她把钱借给一个更急需的邻居了。4should (ought to )have done用来表示本来应该做却没有做的事情。例：Im sorry I couldnt get in touch with him before he left, I _ him earlier.A. had a telephone B. have phonedC. should have phoned D. should be phoned答案是C。中文意思是“我很抱歉我没能在他走之前和他联系上，我本应早点儿给他打电话的。” 语态主要包括主动语态和被动语态。语态主要表达主语和谓语之间关系。大家要特别注意被动语态与时态结合的题目，因为这是考试的重点。一般现在时可以代替将来时，用于时间和条件状语从句中。除了注意它的一般时态之外，还要注意它进行时态及完成时态的变化。如：He told me that a highway was being built here.他告诉.另外还需注意有些动词，其形式虽是主动，但具有被动的含义。1）还有一些及物动词作不及物动词时，也可以表示被动含义，如：This pen doesnt write well.这支笔不好使。此类动词不多，常见的有cut, lock, open, peel, read, sell, shut, wash, wear, write 等。2）当感官动词作系动词时,例如：Good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口。This material feels very soft.这种衣料摸起来非常柔软。练习：1. While I _ my spectacles, I _ a pen.A. was looking for found B. was looking for looked forC. was finding found D. was finding looked for2. If she doesnt tell him the truth now, hell simply keep on asking her until she _.A. does B. has done C. will do D. would do3. Last night, on his way home, he was _ on the head by something hard.A. striked B. stroke C. struck D. striken4. “Did you say that our neighbor _ in the accident?”A. badly hurt B. was badly hurted C. was badly hurt D. had badly hurted5. While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television _ the newspaper completely.A. replaced B. have replaced C. replace D. will replace6. She ought to stop work. She has a headache because she _ too long.A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. read7. By the end of this month, we surely _ a satisfactory solution to the problem.A. will have found B. have found C. will be finding D. are finding8. We _our breakfast when an old man came to the door.A. just have had B. had just had C. just had D. have just had9. Send for a doctor quickly. The old man _.A. will die B. is dying C. dies D. died10. Our school _for the summer at the end of June.A. to be closed B. closing C. closes D. to close答案：CCAADAABCB学位英语考试中重点语法知识主要包括：时态、语态、情态动词、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、从句、倒装句、强调句、主谓一致等。现在我们主要学习有关时态的语法知识点。 一般现在时可以代替将来时，用于时间和条件状语从句中。我们需要特别注意以下几种情况和句型结构：1.在“This is the first time”结构中，后面的从句用现在完成时。句子开头也可以用it代替this例：This is the first time that I have met Jane.2.一般现在时可以代替将来时，用于时间和条件状语从句中。例如：1)Return the book immediately to the library as soon as you _ it.A. finish B. are finished C. have finished D. are finishing答案A。2)Please be sure to telephone me the next time you _.A. will come B. would come C. shall come D. come答案D。3.在“It/This is +形容词最高级+名词后面的从句中，用现在完成时。”例：This is one of the best books _ on the subject.A. that have ever been written B. which have ever been writtenC. that has ever been written D. whatever have been written答案为A。4.在“It is/has been时间段since后边用过去时。”例：It has been twenty years since I left my hometown.5.在“no soonerthan”和“hardlywhen”结构中，主句部分用过去完成时，从句部分用过去时。例如：1)I had no sooner returned than he called.2)We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.6.在“It is (high) time后边的从句中用过去时。”例：It is time that we had a rest.7. 时态与时间状语：时态时间状语一般现在时every, sometimes,at, on Sunday等一般过去时yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now等一般将来时next, tomorrow, in+一段时间, before+时间点等现在完成时for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently等过去完成时before, by+过去的时间, until, when, after, once等过去进行时this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening when, while等将来进行时soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening