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宾语从句 宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。1. 由that引导的宾语从句。that只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。例如： He said （that） he wanted to stay at home. She doesnt know （that）she is seriously ill. I am sure （that） he will succeed.2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如： Do you know who（whom）they are waiting for? He asked whose handwriting was the best. Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is? I dont know why the train is late.3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。例如： I want to know if（whether）he lives there. He asked me whether（if）I could help him.【宾语从句歌诀】宾语从句三姊妹，that，if/whether，wh-/how展风采。展风采有三关，引导词、语序、时态在把关。主从时态要一致，陈述语序永不变。陈述请你选that，疑问需用if/whether连。特殊问句作宾从，原来问词不用换。三关过后莫得意，人称、标点需注意。留意变脸的if/when，从句的简化记心间。【歌诀解码】一、三姊妹宾语从句根据引导词的不同可分为三种类型： 1. 由that引导的宾语从句。如 We knew（that）we should learn from each other. 2. 由if/whether引导的宾语从句。如 Please tell me if/whether you have been to America. 3. 由who，where，how等连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。如： Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office?二、三关1. 引导词关 如果从句是陈述句，引导词用that（that在口语或非正式文体中常省略）；如果从句是一般疑问句，引导词用if/whether；如果从句是特殊疑问句，引导词用由疑问词转换而来的疑问代词/副词。2. 语序关 陈述句变为宾语从句，语序不变，即仍用陈述语序。如： He is an honest boy. The teacher said. The teacher said（that）he was an honest boy. 一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句，语序变为陈述语序。如： Does he work hard? I wonder. I wonder if/whether he works hard. When did he leave? I dont know. I dont know when he left.3. 时态关 如果主句是现在的时态，从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如： I have heard（that）he will come back next week. 如果主句是过去的某种时态，那么从句的时态一定要用过去的某种时态。如： He said（that）there were no classes yesterday.注意：如果宾语从句表述的是客观真理、自然现象等时，不管主句是什么时态，从句都要用一般现在时。如：He said that light travels much faster than sound.三、人称的变化和标点的使用 1. 从句的主语如果是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人称，则与主句的宾语一致；如果是第三人称，不用变化。如： “May I use your knife?” He asked me. He asked me if he might use my knife. “Do you know her telephone number?” He asked me.He asked me if I know her telephone number. 2. 宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。主句是陈述句，用句号；主句是疑问句，用问号。如： Who will give us a talk? I dont know. I dont know who will give us a talk. Do you know? Where does he live? Do you know where he lives?四、两副面孔 if和when既能引导时间状语从句，又能引导宾语从句。因此，遇到它们就要认真分析一下，它们究竟属于“两副面孔”的哪一副。如： If it rains tomorrow, I wont come.（时间状语从句） I dont know if it will rain tomorrow. （宾语从句）五、从句的简化 1. 当主句谓语动词是find，see，watch，hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为“宾语宾补”结构，宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。如： She found that the wallet was lying on the ground. She found the wallet lying on the ground. 2. 当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如： She agreed that she could help me with my maths. She agreed to help me with my maths. 3. 在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词不定式”结构。如： Can you tell me how I can get to the station? Can you tell me how to get to the station?【中考范例】1. Miss Green didnt tell us _ in 2002. A. where does she live B. Where she lives C. where did she live D. where she lived （北京市中考试题）【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。宾语从句应用陈述句的语序和时态，所以应选D。2. Would you please tell me _? （上海市徐汇区中考试题） A. when did he come home B. where he would play football C. if he had seen the film D. why he didnt watch the game 【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。主句用的实际上是现在时，宾语从句在这个句子里应用陈述句的语序和一般过去时。3. I dont know when _. A. will the train leave B. the train will leave C. would the train leave D. the train leave （哈尔滨市中考试题） 【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。只有B在语序和时态上符合要求。4. -We dont know _. -It is said that he was born in Sweden. （常州市中考试题） A. what he is B. if he lives here C. where he comes from D. which country is he from【解析】答案: C。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序。按照他们谈论的话题可知：他们说的是某人是哪里人。A和B可以排除掉。D的语序不对，只有C正确。来练练吧！一、选择填空。（ ）1. What did Mike say? He said _. A. if you are free the next week B. what colour was it C. the weather is fine D. summer comes after spring（ ）2. Tom asked my friend _. A. where was he from B. that the earth is bigger than the moon C. when did he come back D. not to be so angry（ ）3. Let me tell you _. A. how much is the car B. how much does the car cost C. how much did I pay for the car D. how much I spent on the car（ ）4. Peter knew _. A. whether he has finished reading the book B. why the boy had so many questions C. there were 12 months in a year D. when they will leave for Paris（ ）5. Could you tell me _? A. where do you live B. who you are waiting for C. who were you waiting for D. where you live in（ ）6. She told me the sun _ in the east. A. rise B. rose C. rises D. had risen（ ）7. I cant understand _the boy alone. A. why she left B. why did she leaveC. why she had left D. why had she left（ ）8. I dont know _ up so early last Sunday. A. why did he get B. why he gets C. why does he get D. why he got（ ）9. The manager came up to see _. A. what was the matter B. what the matter was C. what the matter is D. whats the matter（ ）10. He asked his father _. A. where it happens B. where did it happen C. how it happened D. how did it happen二、将下面的句子连接成为含有宾语从句的复合句。1. “These flowers are from Guangdong.” Tom said. Tom said _ these flowers _ from Guangdong.2. “Light travels faster than sound.” My teacher told Mark. My teacher told Mark _ light _ faster than sound.3. “There will be a meeting in five days.” Jack didnt know. Jack didnt know _ there _ _ a meeting in five days.4. “Can they speak French?” I want to know. I want to know _ _ _ _ French.5. “Are the children playing games?” Tell me. Tell me _ the children _ _ games.6. “Have you finished your homework yet?” Mr. Guo asked Sun Jia. Mr. Guo asked Sun Jia _ _ _ _ _ homework yet.7. How many people can you see in the picture? Who knows? Who knows _ _ _ _ _ _ in the picture?8. Where did she park her car? Do you know? Do you know _ _ _ her car?9. “What does he often talk about?” Nancy wondered. Nancy wondered _ _ often _ about.10. Who knocked at the door so loudly? I dont know. I don t know _ _ at the door so loudly.三、用合适的连接词填空。1. Jim told me _ he didnt go fishing yesterday afternoon.（how, why）2. Do you know _ else is going to be on duty today? （who, whom）3. She said _ it wouldnt matter much.（that, if）4. He always thinks _ he can do better.（how, who）5. I really dont know _ the bridge will be finished.（how long, how soon）6. They dont know _ to go or wait. （if, whether）7. We are talking about _ well go back tomorrow. （whether, if）8. I was really surprised at _ I saw. （where, what）9. I dont know _ so many people are looking at him. （how, why）10. Do you know _ you are studying for? （why, what）四、句型转换。1. “Do you want to try it?” Toms mother asked him.（同义句） Toms mother asked him _ _ _ to try it.2. I think this is a good idea.（改为否定句） I _ _ this _ a good idea.3. Lucy hasnt decided which trousers to buy.（改为复合句） Lucy hasnt decided _ _ _ _ buy.4. I dont know how I can get to the hospital.（改为简单句） I dont know _ _ _ to the hospital.5. I dont suppose they will come, _ _? （改为反意疑问句）五、用所给动词的正确形式填空。1. We are sure that he _（go）to school tomorrow.2. Do you know who _（be）the first man to walk on the moon?3. Could you tell me where the post office _（is）?4. Our father said that he _（will）buy a new computer.5. I hear that he _（swim）in the sea yesterday.6. The little boy tells us where his father _（work）.7. He said that he _（finish）his work already.8. They thought they could _（hike）to the top of the mountain.9. He was glad that so many people _（help）him.10. She doesnt know whether _（go）or wait.再谈宾语从句之常见用法引导词例句特别提示从属连词thatWe all know（that）he is a lawyer.that在宾语从句中没有实际意义，只是引导从句的作用，可省略。if,whetherDo you know if / whether he will come here on foot tomorrow?She hasnt decided whether to go or not.if和whether意为“是否”，一般情况下可通用；whether可以和or not连用，后可接不定式。连接代词which,what,who,whom,whoseI wonder which shirt I can buy for my father.I cant remember what he said just now.The man who likes swimming is my friend.He asked me whose class I liked best.连接代词一般表示疑问，但what除了表示疑问之外，还可表示陈述。连接副词how,why,where,whenCould you tell me how you go to school every day?I dont know why you were late this morning.I want to know where you are living now.He didnt tell me when he would go to Tokyo.连接代词和副词后的宾语从句要用陈述句语序。宾语从句三注意在本单元的学习中，我们在多处都见到了宾语从句。其实，在以前的课文中，我们也接触过它。那么，在具体使用时，有什么要注意的地方吗？一注意：注意引导词由陈述句转化而来的宾语从句，引导词为that，that在口语或非正式文体中可省略；由一般疑问句转化而来的宾语从句，引导词为if或whether；由特殊疑问句转化而来的宾语从句，引导词为句子本身的特殊疑问词，即what，when，where等。例如：Tom says (that) he will fly to Beijing tomorrow. 汤姆说他明天将要坐飞机去北京。He asked me if / whether I know his name. 他问我是否知道他的名字。I want to know where you went yesterday. 我想知道你昨天去哪儿了。二注意：注意从句语序宾语从句的语序应该为陈述句语序，即“主语+谓语+宾语+其他”。也就是说，将疑问句转化成宾语从句时，一定要将疑问句语序转变成陈述句语序。例如：Can you tell me what he is doing? 你能告诉我他正在做什么吗？ 当疑问句在宾语从句中做主语时，语序不变。例如：Do you know what makes him so angry? 你知道什么事使他如此生气吗？I dont know what is wrong with her. 我不知道她出什么事了。三注意：注意从句时态主句为一般现在时态，则宾语从句根据实际情况用任意的时态；但主句为一般过去时态时，宾语从句则要用过去的相对应的某种时态。例如：She tells me that she will come by train. 她说她将要坐火车来。She told me that she would come by train. 她说她将要坐火车来。 如果宾语从句表示的是客观真理或是科学事实，其谓语动词仍用一般现在时态。例如：Our teacher told us that the sun is much bigger than the moon.老师告诉我们说太阳比月球大得多。练一练：单项选择（ ）1. I didnt understand _, so I raised my hand to ask. A. what my teacher says B. what does my teacher say C. what my teacher said D. what did my teacher say （2007 河北省）（ ）2. Did you Know _ at the bus stop? Maybe their teacher.A. who are they waiting for B. whom they are waiting forC. whom they were waiting fot （2007 山西省）（ ）3. The policeman asked the child so that he could take him home A. where did he live B.where he lived C. how he lived （2007 成都市）（ ）4. Can you guess the MP4 player yesterday ? Sorry, Ive no idea about it.A. how much did he pay for B. how can he getC. how much he paid for D. how he has got （2007 天津市）（ ）5. 一Paul，I hear you have just bought a very expensive MP4. 1 want to know Oh，in Japan A. how much it costs B. where you bought it C. which country is it made in （2007 太原市）参考答案：1. C 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B再谈宾语从句之其他用法例句特别提示否定前移I dont think he is a lawyer.We dont believe he will come here.主语为第一人称（I或we），谓语动词为think，believe，suppose，guess,从句为否定时，前移到主句中。和简单句互换I dont know what I should do next.= I dont know what to do next.主从句主语一致（ ）1. - Do you know _ she came to Shanghai? - Yes, she came by plane. A. what B. why C. when D. how（ ）2. Im afraid that no one knows _. A. when will the match start B. where has our teacher goneC. who will win the match D. how long has he lived here（ ）3. I wanted to know _. A. what is he doing at nine last night B. what he was doing at nine last nightC. what did he do at nine last night D. what was he doing at nine last night（ ）4. - I hear we have a new teacher this term. - Really? Do you know _? A. what subject he teach B. what subject do he teachC. what subject does he teach D. what subject he teaches（ ）5. The teacher asked Nancy _. A. where does she come from B. what did she like bestC. if she could speak Chinese D. when was she born（ ）6. These shoes are neither cheap nor comfortable. I dont understand _ women likebuying them. A. why B. when C. whether D. how（ ）7. You are growing so fast. Can you tell me _ now? A. how fast are you B. how fast you areC. how tall are you D. how tall you are（ ）8. Mr. Wang didnt know _ yesterday evening. A. when does his son come here B. when his son comes hereC. when did his sin come here D. when his son came here（ ）9. Do you know _ over there? A. what happens B. what was happenedC. what is happening D. what did happen（ ）10. Could you tell me _ the nearest hospital is? A. what B. whether C. where D. how宾语从句之攻克秘笈 在本单元的学习中，我们在多处都见到了宾语从句。其实，在以前的课文中，我们也接触过它。那么，宾语从句好学吗？其实，说来很简单的，来看看我为你准备的宾语从句之攻克秘笈吧！秘笈一：引导词宾语从句的引导词常常有以下三种：由陈述句转化而来的宾语从句，引导词为that，that在口语或非正式文体中可省略；由一般疑问句转化而来的宾语从句，引导词为if或whether；由特殊疑问句转化而来的宾语从句，引导词为句子本身的特殊疑问词，即what，when，where等。如：I think（that）he will come here by train. 我认为他会坐火车来这儿的。He asked me if / whether I know his new address. 他问我是否知道他的新地址。I want to know when you got back home yesterday. 我想知道你昨天什么时候到家的。秘笈二：语序宾语从句的语序为陈述句语序，即“主语+谓语+宾语+其他”。也就是说，将疑问句转化成宾语从句时，一定要将疑问句语序转变成陈述句语序。如：Can you tell me what he will do tomorrow? 你能告诉我他明天将要做什么吗？【友情提示】当疑问句在宾语从句中做主语时，语序不变。如：Do you know what makes him so excited? 你知道什么事使他如此兴奋吗？I dont know what is wrong with him. 我不知道他出什么事了。秘笈三：时态主句为一般现在时态，则宾语从句根据实际情况用任意的时态；但主句为一般过去时态时，宾语从句则要用过去的相对应的某种时态。例如：She tells me that she will come by bus. 她说她将要坐公交车来。She told me that she would come by bus. 她说她将要坐公交车来。【友情提示】如果宾语从句表示的是客观真理或是科学事实，其谓语动词仍用一般现在时态。如：Our teacher told us that the sun is much bigger than the moon.老师告诉我们说太阳比月球大得多。练一练：单项选择（ ）1. Please tell me_ _. I have some good news for him.A. where Robert lives B. where does Robert liveC. where Robert lived D. where did Robert live （2008 重庆市）（ ）2. We dont know It is said that he was born in Canada Awhat he is Bwhen he was born Cwhere he comes from Dif he lives here （2008 广东汕头）（ ）3. May I come in? Im sorry I am late.Come in, please. But could you please tell me _?A. why you are late again B. what were you doing thenC. who you talked with D. how do you came to school（2008 河南省）（ ）4. Could you tell me_?A. When will Mary come back B. When Mary comes backC. When Mary will come back （2008 青海省）（ ）5.What did you say just now?I asked _.A. that I could open the door B. could I open the doorC. how could I open the door D. how I could open the door （2008 四川资阳）（ ）6.Do you know _, Mike? On May 12th,2008A. when the earthquake took place in Wen Chuan B. when did the earthquake take place in Wen ChuanC. when the earthquake will take place in Wen Chuan （2008 山西省）参考答案：1. A 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. A
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