初中句子结构与从句.doc

复习要点22.1 英语句子的结构分类根据句子的结构，英语的句子可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句三种。 只包含一个主谓结构，而且句子成分均由单词或短语担任的句子，叫做简单句。例如：He opened the door. 他打开门。I entered the room. 我进入房间。 包含两个或两个以上并列的主谓结构的句子，叫做并列复合句，简称并列句，用并列连词（如and, or, but, so等）或分号（；）连接。例如：He opened the door and I entered the room. 他打开门，我进了房间。 有时，一个句子由关联词1引导，充当另一个句子中的某个成分，这个句子称为从句。例如：I entered the room after he opened the door. 他打开门以后，我进了房间。（状语从句）从句所依附的句子（如上句中的I entered the room）称为主句。含有从句的句子叫做主从复合句，简称复合句。一般说来，一个复合句中只含有一个主句，但是可以含有一个或几个从句。根据从句在主句中所充当的不同成分，从句分为三种： 名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句）； 形容词性从句（定语从句）； 副词性从句（状语从句）。本讲主要介绍名词性从句。22.2 主语从句顾名思义，主语从句充当主句中的主语。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、连接代词、连接副词等。例如：That nobody else will come is certain. 没有别人会来了，这是肯定的。（关联词为从属连词that）What this is made of is being studied. 这是由什么组成的正在研究。（关联词为疑问代词what）What he said is not correct. 他所说的不对。（关联词为连接代词what）Where she is now has nothing to do with me. 她现在哪里与我无关。（关联词为疑问副词where）为了避免句子“头重脚轻”，常常将主语从句放在句末，而在句首使用形式主语it。例如：It is certain that nobody else will come. 肯定没有别人会来了。It was uncertain whether they would make it. 他们是否会成功，这还不能肯定。It is being studied what this is made of. 正在研究这是由什么组成的。22.3 表语从句表语从句充当主句中的表语，引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词基本一样。例如：The problem is when it would happen. 问题是这件事何时会发生。（关联词为疑问副词when）The question is whether we should tell her. 问题是我们是否要告诉她。（关联词为从属连词whether）That was because we didnt know each other. 那是因为我们互相不认识。（关联词为从属连词because）That is where we used to live. 那就是我们以前住过的地方。（关联词为连接副词where）22.4 宾语从句宾语从句充当主句中的宾语，引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词基本一样。宾语从句有三种类型：以从属连词that引导的宾语从句、以wh-词（疑问代词或疑问副词）引导的宾语从句、以从属连词whether或if引导的宾语从句。22.4.1 以that引导的宾语从句（简称“that从句”）that从句原为陈述句，在口语中，that常常省略。例如：I know that he is doing his best, but he says that he is a little weak in Chinese. 我知道他正在努力，但是他说他中文稍差。Do you think (that) it will rain? 你认为天会下雨吗？I dont think (that) there is anything new in todays paper. 我认为今天的报纸上没有新东西。Im sure (that) he wont mind. 我相信他不会介意的。I am afraid (that) you cant take photos here. 不好意思，恐怕你不能在这里照相。22.4.2 以wh-词引导的宾语从句（简称“wh-从句”）wh-从句原为特殊疑问句，变为宾语从句后，语序由原来的倒装语序变成了自然语序。句末的标点要由主句的句式来决定，如果主句为疑问句式，句末就用问号；否则就用句号。例如：We dont know when she will come again. 我们不知道她何时再来。I cant understand why he was so late. 我不明白他为什么来得这么迟。Do you know who all these people are? 你知道这些人都是谁吗？Could you tell me what his name is? 请你告诉我他叫什么名字好吗？22.4.3 以whether或if引导的宾语从句（简称“whether从句”）whether从句原为一般疑问句，变为宾语从句后，它的语序也要由原来的倒装语序变成自然语序，并且还要在前面加上从属连词whether或if。句末标点的处理与以上相同。例如：He asked you whether you wanted to come in. 他问你是否想进来。I wonder whether or not we should tell her. 我不知道我们该不该告诉她。Do you know if hell be there? 你知道他会去哪里吗？一般来说，在宾语从句中，whether和if是可以互换的，口语中多用if；但也有不可互换的情况。请参见本书19.3.2。22.5 直接引语和间接引语2说话人一字不差地直接引述别人的话，叫做直接引语；说话人用自己的话转述别人的话，叫做间接引语。引语在句中实际上就是宾语或宾语从句。引述或转述要由动词来担任，叫做引述动词，常见的引述动词有：say, tell, ask, think, write等。本讲将重点介绍间接引语。22.5.1 直接引语为陈述句的间接引语 直接引语为陈述句时，间接引语由that引导，that在say后可以省略。引述动词（过去式）said单独用不变，如果是said to sb则变为told sb。时态的变化如下表：在直接引语中在间接引语中一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时例如：He said to me, “I like all kinds of birds.” He told me that he liked all kinds of birds.He said to us, “I am writing a letter now.” He told us that he was writing a letter then.They said, “We have finished our work.” They said that they had finished their work.She said, “I learned some English at middle school.” She said that she had learned some English at middle school.He said to us, “We learned this story last week.” He told us that they had learned that story the week before.The teacher said, “Class! A new student will come to our class next week.” The teacher told the class that a new student would go to their class the next week.注意：如果引述动词为一般现在时或一般将来时，间接引语的时态不变。例如：Mary says, “It is too late now.” Mary says that it is too late now.He will say, “I have watered the flowers.” He will say that he has watered the flowers.另外，如果直接引语中的一般过去时与一个具体的过去时间（如日期、年份等）连用，变为间接引语时，时态也不变。例如：The history teacher said, “Columbus discovered America in 1492.” The history teacher said that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 直接引语变为间接引语时，除了时态改变以外，人称、时间状语、某些指示代词、物主代词等也要作相应的改变。请仔细阅读以上例句，有兴趣的考生也可以找一些语法书来阅读。22.5.2 直接引语为疑问句的间接引语直接引语为疑问句变为间接引语时，原来的倒装语序变为自然语序。原为特殊疑问句要变为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句，原为一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句等变为由whether或if引导的宾语从句。例如：He asked me, “Where do you come from?” He asked me where I came from.I asked her, “Did you watch the game yesterday?” I asked her whether she had watched the game the day before.They asked me, “Do you go home by bus or on foot?” They asked me whether I went home by bus or on foot.Father asked him, “You dont have much work to do, do you?” Father asked him if he had much work to do.22.5.3 直接引语为祈使句的间接引语直接引语为祈使句变为间接引语时，间接引语通常变为不定式短语，在句中充当宾语补足语。引述动词said to sb改为asked / told sb (to do sth)。例如：The teacher said to me, “Come earlier tomorrow, please.” The teacher asked me to come / go earlier the next day.The policeman said, “Dont play in the street, boys!” The policeman told the boys not to play in the street. 1 一般认为，关联词有七类：从属连词：that, whether和if（只引导宾语从句），because等；疑问代词：who, whom, whose, what, which；疑问副词：when, where, how, why；连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whichever；连接副词：when, where, why, whether, if；关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that等；关系副词：where, when, why等。2 直接引语和间接引语在初中语法教学中不是主要的内容，本书为了保持体系的相对完整，仍作简单介绍。