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爱学社学习交流中心 古之成大事者,不惟有超士之才,亦有坚韧不拔之志。 Every one can be successful,but there are so many different ways.Which one could make it come true,its up to yourself! Just try your best to do it! 第五次课1 主要内容冠词的定义,分类及用法2 知识要点1. 冠词的定义用在名词前,用来说明名词所表示的人或事物。冠词是虚词,是名词的一种标志,它不能脱离名词而独立存在,不能单独做句子的成分。2. 冠词的分类定冠词和不定冠词,the称为定冠词,a/an 称为不定冠词(1) 不定冠词的用法不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是一个的意思,但并不强调数目,只表示名词为不特定者。a用于辅音音素前,一般弱读,在强调时重读为ei,而an则用于元音音素前,一般弱读做n,在强调时重读为n.值得注意的是,元音辅音音素不是字母,有些词虽然是元音(或者辅音)字母开头,但是发音却是辅音(元音)音素,因此要注意区分。请牢记以下的例子:In a university, a Eutopean united a one-eyed man to steal a useful thing,then ran away along a one-way road. This is a usual thing. 在一所大学里,一个欧洲人联合一个独眼龙偷了一件很有用的东西,然后沿着一条单行道逃跑了,这是一件很平常的事情。表示数量“一”意思和one差不多,但是数量概念比one弱。There is a table and four chairs in the room. 房间里有一张桌子和四把椅子。We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow.我们明天有一节英语课。a和one的用法比较:A.a和one有时候可以互换There were nearly a/one hundred people at the meeting.有将近一百人参加了会议。B.但在一些习惯用语中,a和one不可互换。表示人或事物的某一类用于可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一类A child needs love.孩子需要爱。A horse is much smaller than an elephant.马比大象小得多。表示泛指的某个人,某个物A boy is waiting for you at the school gate. 学校门口有个男孩在找你。I am reading an interesting story.我正在读一个有趣的故事。表示单位量词的“每一”用在事物的“单位”,如时间,速度,价格等意义的名词之前,表示“每一”。正式文体中常用each,every代替不定代词。Take three pills a day and youll get better soon. 每天吃三片药,你很快就会好的。We have a music class once a week.我们每周上一次音乐课。用于集体名词,物质名词,抽象名词,专有名词前(1) 用于集体名词前 eg:I was put in a large class this term. 这个学期,我被编入了一个大班。The Erics are a musical family. 埃里克一家是音乐世家。(2)用于物质名词前a tea 一杯茶,a coffee一杯咖啡,a beer一杯啤酒,a glass一个玻璃杯;(3)用于抽象名词前抽象名词表示具体事物时,可用作可数名词,前面可用a/an,也可用复数形式,表示某种人或事。pity 遗憾,pleasure 令人高兴的人或者事,success成功的人或者事,failure 失败的人或者事,surprise 令人感到惊讶的人或者事,worry 令人感到担心的人或者事,beauty 美人或美丽的事物(4) 用于专有名词前Eg:A Dick is asking to see you. 一个叫迪克的人想见你。用于表示某种身份,国籍,职业等的名词前在这种用法中,几乎没有“一”的概念,只是强调一种身份,职业,地位,国籍,译为汉语时常不译出。I want to be an engineer. 我想成为工程师。The duty of a doctor is to try to save peoples lives. 医生的职责就是尽力挽救人们的生命。My English teacher is a Canadian. 我的英语老师是加拿大人。用于序数词前表示“再一”“又一”Eg:you will have to do it a second time. 你得再做一次。I have three books,I want to buy a fourth one.我已经有三本书,我想再买一本。用于习惯用法中a bit of,a few,a little,a lot of,in a hurry,once in a while,a moment ago,half an hour,for a time,once upon a time,twice a week,in a loud voice,with a smile,after a while,take a seat,make a living,make a face,make a mistake,make a speech,go out for a walk,have a good time,make a promise(2) 定冠词的用法1. 表示特指定冠词表示特指,既可特指上文提到过的人或事物,也可特指谈话双方都清楚的人或事物,还可特指受后置定语或定语从句修饰的人或事物。如:Wheres the teacher? 老师在哪儿?There I met a foreigner and the foreigner helped me a great deal. 在那儿我遇到一个老外,这个老外帮了我不少忙。The manager you want to see was here just now. 你要见的那位经理刚刚还在这里。2. 表示类别(1) 概括整个类属:定冠词与单数可数名词连用可以概括整个类属,有时还可以与某些形容词连用表示整个属。如:The computer is a great invention. 计算机是一项伟大的发明。The young should respect the old. 年轻人应该尊敬老年人。The English are famous for liking tea. 英国人以喜欢喝茶出名。(from www.hxen.com)【说明】不定冠词和定冠词均可连用单数可数名词表示类别,但前者通常强调个体,起泛指作用,其用法相当于any;后者既可强调个体(可与不定冠词互换),也可强调整体(不可与不定冠词互换)。如:The monkey is a clever animal. = A monkey is a clever animal. 猴是一种聪明的动物。(句中既可用不定冠词也可用定冠词,因为它表示泛指意义)The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct. 老虎有绝种的危险。(此句用定冠词概括整个类属,不能换成不定冠词)(2) 与某些形容词连用,表示一类人或一类事物。如:the rich 富人 the poor 穷人 the wealthy 富人 the old 老人 the aged 老人 the young 年轻人the sick 病人 the brave 勇敢的人 the weak 弱者the strong 强者 the dead 死者 the blind 盲人the dumb 哑巴 the deaf 聋子 the wounded 伤员 the injured 伤员 the impossible 不可能的事the unknown 未知世界3. 表示世上独一无二的事物这里说的世上独一无二的事物主要指the sun, the moon, the earth, the sky, the universe, the world, the atomosphere(大气层)等东西。如:The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳从东方起,西方落下。【说明】若这类名词前有形容词修饰,表示具有某种特征,则也可能将定冠词改为不定冠词,如 a full moon(满月),a friendly world(友好的世界)等。4. 连用序数词和最高级序数词和形容词最高级前通常要用定冠词,副词最高级前可用定冠词,也可不用。如:It was the best result theyve ever had. 这是他们历来取得的最好成绩。He won the first game and I won the second, so were even. 他赢了第一局的比赛,我赢了第二局,因此我们打平了。【说明】当序数词表示名次时,其前的定冠词通常可以省略。如:Who won (the) first prize? 谁获得了一等奖?另外,当序数词不是表示顺序,而是表示“另一个”时,则在其前用不定冠词。如:I want to read it a second time. 我想再看一次。5. 用于某些专有名词前如用于河流、海洋、山川、海岛、海峡、沙漠等专有名词前,以及用于由普通名词构成(或含有普通名词)的专有名词如国名、地名、团体、机构、党派、报纸、杂志、事件、建筑物等前。如:the Yellow River 黄河 the Red Sea 红海the Indian Ocean 印度洋 the Taiwan Straits 台湾海峡the Sahara (Desert) 撒哈拉大沙漠 the United States 美国the Times 泰晤士报 he Great Wall长城the Great Cultural Revolution 文化大革命注:表示湖泊的专有名词前通常不加定冠词,但对于中国的湖泊则习惯上要加定冠词,如 the Dongting Lake(洞庭湖)。6. 用于乐器名词前当乐器名词表示演奏时,其前通常要用定冠词。如:She likes playing the piano. 她喜欢弹钢琴。The girl practices the violin every day. 这女孩每天练习拉小提琴。注:若乐器名词不是表示演奏,而是表示乐器的实物,则不一定用定冠词。如:These two pianos are very cheap. 这两架钢琴很便宜。(from www.hxen.com)7. 用于姓氏的复数之前定冠词有时可用于表示姓氏的复数前,表示全家人或全家中两个或两个以上的人。如:None of us here like the Smiths. 我们这里没有人喜欢史密斯一家人。The Greens were too poor to send their son to school. 格林夫妇太穷,没钱送他们的儿子上学。8. 用于逢整十数词的复数前定冠词有时可用于逢整十的复数数词前,表示世纪中的年代。如:He moved to the south in the fifties. 他于50年代搬到了南方。The war broke out in the 1980s. 战争爆发于20世纪80年代。9. 用在某些习惯用语中at the same time 同时 by the way 顺便问一句for the present 暂时 go to the cinema 看电影in the end 最后 in the dark 在黑暗中,不知道in the least 一点,丝毫 in the open 在野外in the past 在过去 in the long run从长远来看in the event of 万一 in the morning 在上午in the way 挡道,碍事 on the whole总体上on the other hand 另一方面 on the contrary相反地out of the question不可能的 (3) 不用冠词的情况 名词前有指示代词this,that,these,those时不用冠词。eg.That girl is my friend.名词前有物主代词my,your,his her,their等时不用冠词。eg.Lucy is her sister.名词前有whose,which,SO1ie,any,each,every等代词时不用冠词。eg.Which man is Mr Green?Each student has a beautiful picture.复数名词表示一类人或物时不用冠词。eg.Those young men are teachers,not students.物质名词表示种类时不用冠词。eg.Snow is white.抽象名词表示一般概念时不用冠词。eg.Does she like music?在球类运动和棋类游戏前时不用冠词。eg.play basketballsoccerchess在三餐前不用冠词。eg.have breakfastlunchsupperdinner在人名、地名、节假日、星期、月份前不用。egTina,China,Tiananmen Square,Beijing,University,New Years Day,Tuesday,January在学科和节目名称前不用冠词。eg.My favorite is English.(11)在某些固定搭配中不用冠词。 eg.at noon, at work,at home,by bus, by air,On foot,from morning till night,at night,go to school,go to bed,at last3. 冠词的位置 冠词的通常位置 冠词是帮助说明名词含义的词,在通常情况下,它总是放在名词前,若名词前带有形容词等修饰语,它则放在相应的修饰语前: He is a (famous) poet. 他是(着名)诗人。 冠词的特殊位置 (1) 若修饰名词的形容词受 too, so, as, how, however 等副词的修饰,则通常将不定冠词置于形容词与名词之前: She is as clever a cook as her mother. 她跟妈妈一样做饭。 It is too difficult a book for beginners. 那本书供初学者看太难了。 Its so interesting a film that we all like it. 那部电影很有趣,我们大家都喜欢看。 He didnt know how great a mistake he had made. 他不知道他自己犯了一个好大的错误。 (2) 若单数可数名词前有such, what, many 等词修饰,不定冠词应置于它们之后: What a nice coat! 多漂亮的上衣啊! I have been there many a time. 我去那儿很多次。 Ive never seen such a big apple. 我从未看到那样大的苹果。 注:“many a+单数可数名词”是一种较文的说法,在现代英语的口语或非正式文体中,通常用“many+复数名词”代之。 (3) 不定冠词与副词 quite, rather 连用时,不定冠词通常置于其后,但若其后的名词前有形容词修饰,则不定冠词放在 quite, rather 之前或之后均可以: He is rather a fool. 他是个大傻瓜。( a 必须后置) It is quite a a quite good book. 那是本很好的书。 但不能说:He is a rather fool. (因为名词前无形容词,所以错误) 定冠词与quite 和 rather连用时,情况也是如此(即定冠词后置): Youre going quite the wrong way. 你的路全走错了。 Its quite the most interesting film Ive ever seen. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。 (4) 与 both, all, half, twice等连用时,冠词通常应置于其后: I know both the brothers. 两兄弟我都认识。 All the children have gone home. 所有的孩子都回家了。 Half the workers are women. 一半工人是妇女。 He left half an hour ago. 他是半小时前离开的。 Yours is twice the size of mine. 你的是我的两倍大。 注: both 后的定冠词通常可省略而不影响意思的表达;all 后的定冠词也可省略,但省略后含义稍有变化(用定冠词表示特指,省略定冠词表泛指)。 在美国英语中,half 也可置于不定冠词之后:half an hour=a half hour 半小时。 3 课后习题1._recent report stated that the number of Spanish speakers in the U.S .would be higher than the number of English speaker by_ year 2090.A. A, the B. A, / C. The ,/ D. The, a2.If you go by _train ,you can have quite a comfortable journey ,but make sure you get _fast one.A. /, / B./, a C. the, a D./,/ 3. It is often said that _teachers have _very easy life. A /,/ B. /,a C. the,/ D. the, a 4.I cant remember when exactly the Robinsons left _city ,I only remember it was _ Monday.。A. the , the B. a ,the C. a, a D. the, a5.If you grow up in _large family ,youare more likely to develop _ability to get on well with _others .A. /,an the B. a, the ,/ C. the ,an ,the D. a, the ,the 6.Mrs ,Taylor has _8-year-old daughter who has _gift for painting she has won two national prizes.A. a, a B. an ,the C. an ,a D. th7.Afetr dinner he gave Mr. Richardson _ride to _Capital Airport. A .the, a B. a the C. /, a D. /, the 8.On May 5,2005,at _World Table Tennis Championship ,Kong Ling hui and WangHao won the gold medal in mens with _score of 4:1. A. a ,a B. / the C. a ,/ D. the ,a 9.I knew _John Lennon ,but not _famous one. A. /,a B. a ,the C. /,the D. the, a 10.The book tells _life story of John Smith ,who left _school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16. A. the, the B. a , the C. the./ D. a,/ 11.When you come here for your holiday next time, dont go to _hotel ; I can find you _bed in my flat.A. the ,a B. the,/ C. a ,the D. a,/12.If you buy more than ten, they will knock20pence off_. A. a price B. price C. the price D. prices 13._on-going division between English speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is _major concern of the country.A. The ,/ B. The ,a C. An ,the D. An,/14.When he left _college ,he got a job as _reporter in a newspaper office . A. /, a B /, the C .a the D .the, the15The most important thing about cotton in history is _part that it played in _Industrial Revolution. A. /,/ B. the,/ C. the , the D. a ,the16.While he was investigating ways t improve the telescope Newton made _discovery which completely changed _ mans understanding of color.A. a ,/ B. a ,the C. /, the D. the ,a17.It is _world of wonders, _world where anything can happen. A. a. the B. a, a C. the, a D. /,/18.The Wilsons live in _A-shaped house near the coast . It is _17th century cottage.A. the, / B. an, the C. /, the D. an ,a19.Tom owns _larger collection of _books than any other student in our class.A. the ,/ B. a,/ C. a ,the D. /, the20.For a long time they walked without saying _word .Jim was the first t break _silence. A. the, a B. a ,the C. a ,/ D. the,/21.There was _time _I hated t go to school.A. a ,that B. a ,when C. the ,that D. the ,when 22.When you finish reading the book ,you will have _better understanding of _life., A. a, the B. the .a C. /,the D.a,/23.I earn 10dollars _hours as _supermarket cashier on Saturday.A. a, an B. the ,a C. an ,a D . an ,the24The sign reads “in ease of_fire ,break the glass and push _red button”A. /,a B. /,the C. the ,the D. a ,a 25.I dont like talking on _telephone ; I prefer writing _letter.A. a, the B. the./ C. the ,the D. A ,/26.Jumping out of _airplane at ten thousand feet is quite _exciting experience. A. /, the B. /, an C. an. an D. the, the 27.One way to understand thousands of new words in gain _good knowledge of basic word formation.A. / B the C. a D. one28.The cakes are delicious . Hed like have _third one because _second one is rather too small.A. a, a B. the .the C. a ,the D. the ,a 29.A bullet hit the solider and he was wounded in _leg. A. a B .one C. the D. his30.The warmth of _sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _wool used.A. the, the B. the ,/ C. /, the D. /,/参考答案1A report 可数名词, a recent report 一份近来的报告 ,是泛指;第二个空填the 表特指示2090年。2B. by train 乘火车,by 在接交通工具类的同时,一般不接冠词,如by bike , by ship ; 根据句意第二个空应该是泛指。3B teachers 此处用名词复数表泛指,指一切老师;have a life 相当于live /lead alife 过一种、样的生活4D. leave the city 离开这座城市。a Monday 一个星期一,表泛指。5.B. a large family 一个大家庭; the ability此处表泛指“与别人相处好的能力”; others其他人表泛指。6C. have a gift for 有做、的天赋,相当于have a talent for.7.B. give sb. a ride 让某人搭车,此处ride 是可数名词,表示“搭车”。 8.D. the World Table Tennis Championship是专有名词,由普通名词构成的专有名词,一般前面要加the;with a score of 比分是9.B. a John Lennon 一个叫做John Lennon的人,表泛指。10. C leave school 毕业11A. go to the hotel 去旅店 ;a bed 此处表泛指,“一个地方”12C. the price 此处表特指,“原价”。13B.此句的意思是:在讲英语的加拿大人和讲法语的加拿大人之间的那种逐渐增长的分歧是这个国家一个主要担心的问题。第一个空用the 表特指;第二个空用a表泛指,泛指主要是担心问题中的一个。14.A. leave college 大学毕业15.C.the part 特指在工业革命避所起的作用;the Industrial Revolution工业革命16.A,make a discovery 有了一个发现;mans understanding of color人类对于颜色的理解,在物主代词,名词所有格前,一般不用加冠词,man 用单数形式,前面不加冠词,可以表示“人类”。B. a world of wonders 一个充满奇迹的世界;第二个空a world 是前面的同位语,因此还依然用a表泛指18.D.第一个空填an 表泛指类别。“一个字型的小屋里”根据句意第二个句子应是对上文an shaped house 起同位语的用,进一步解释说明,所以还用a表泛指类别。19.B. a large collection of 一个较大的收集books 用复数此处表泛指。20.B.saying a word ,此处a word 指“一个字”;the silence 表特指此时此刻的“沉默”2.B. a time 表示一段时间,when 引导定语从句修饰a time.22.D.have a better understanding of 对、有一种更好的理解。23.D. an hour 表示“每小时”;后一空中的a表示“一个”24.B.句中fire为不可数名词,前面不用冠词,表示类别;而the red button用于特指,区别于其他的按纽。25.B. on the telephone 为固定用法,而第二个空中的letters 表示类别;26.C. airplane 为可数名词,an airplane 表示泛指,而此处的experience表示“经历”,为可数名词,an exciting experience意为“一次刺激的经历”27. C.当某些不可数抽象名词含义具体化,而被某些修饰词修饰时,前面要加不定冠词。如a betty understanding of the passage , a good knowledge of English.28.C.当序数词表示顺序时前面要回定冠词修饰;当表示“又一;再一”时,前面用不定冠词修饰。29.C本题考查习惯用法,结构为动词sb+介词+the +身体的某个部位。30.B.句意为“一种毛衣的保暖性取决于所用的羊毛的种类”,此处的the sweater 不是表示特指,而是表示种类;而第二个空中的the sort of wool =the wool ,表示特指的某种。
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