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Unit 10 Its a nice day, isnt? 重难点详解1. It looks like rain, doesnt it? 看起来要下雨了，是吗？(1)it作代词，在本句中指“天气”，it还可以指“时间，距离”。如：Its a fine day today. 今天天气很好。Its seven o clock. 现在7点了。Its two kilometers away from my home to school. 从我家到学校有两公里远。(2)本句中look作系动词，后可接形容词、名词。如：She looks very sad. 她看上去很伤心。You look very happy today. 今天你看上去很高兴。2. What do you think of the school? 你觉得这所学校怎么样？句中的of可用about替代，同义句式为“How do you like?”。如：What do you think about /of my going to study abroad? 我出国去读书你觉得怎么样？How do you like my new sweater? 你觉得我的新毛衣怎么样？3. This bus is always late, isnt it? 这路公共汽车总是晚点，是不是？附加疑问句中的主语要用代词，如果陈述句的主语是代词，用相应的代词即可，如果陈述句的主语是名词，用相应的代词指代该名词。如：She is your teacher, isnt she? 她是你的老师，是吗？His mother gets up at six in the morning, doesnt she? 他的母亲每天早上6点钟起床，是吗？4. Yes, at least it isnt raining. 是啊，至少天不是在下雨。at least是一个固定的表达方式，意为“至少”，有时也可以变成“at the least”，与“at most”或“at the most”的意思相反。如：We believe we can get at least 50 gold medals in the next Olympics. 我们相信下届奥运会上我们至少可以赢得50枚金牌。语法反意疑问句1. 定义反意疑问句(Tag Question)也叫附加疑问句，是一种常用于口语的疑问句式，主要由“陈述句附加疑问”构成，附加疑问部分的动词一般要与陈述部分的动词相对应，附加一闻部分的主语要与陈述部分的主语相对应，如果陈述部分的主语是名词词组，则附加疑问部分用相应的代词表示。2. 分类反意疑问句主要有两类，即“陈述句反意附加疑问”和“陈述句非反意附加疑问”。这两类又可以分为以下四种形式：a. 肯定的陈述句否定的附加疑问句。如：That clock is slow, isnt it?b. 否定的陈述句肯定的附加疑问句。如：That clock isnt slow, is it?c. 肯定的陈述句肯定的附加疑问句。如：That clock is slow, is it?d. 否定的陈述句肯定的附加疑问句。如：That clock isnt slow, isnt it?前两种形式是主要的，后两种形式使用场合较少。反意疑问句也可由“祈使句附加疑问”构成。如：Carry this box for me, will you?Remember to buy some meat, wont you?3. 对于我们已经学过的七种时态，这里各举两例：一般现在时：Lily likes going shopping, doesnt she?They arent students, are they?现在进行时：Youre going to the cinema, arent you?She isnt waiting for me, is she?现在完成时：They have been to Singapore, havent they?Jack hasnt finished his homework, has he?现在完成进行时：You have been living in Beijing all these years, havent you?Denis hasnt been watching TV, has she?一般过去时：They had a good time at the party last Saturday, didnt they?Fanny didnt go home last night, did she?过去进行时：You were making dinner when I called, werent you?She wasnt sleeping at this time yesterday, was she?一般将来时：We will have wonderful summer holidays, wont we?They wont come back until midnight, will they?4关于反意疑问句的构成，有以下几点值得注意：a. 当陈述部分的主语是everybody, everyone, someone, no one, nobody, somebody等指人的合成词时，反意疑问句的附加部分的主语在正式语体中通常 用he。如：Everybody knows what he has to do, doesnt he?Nobody wants to go there, does he?None of the boys can do it, can he?在非正式语体中则往往用they。如：Nobody phoned while I was out, did they?Everyone enjoyed the party, didnt they?Somebody borrowed my dictionary yesterday, didnt they?但若陈述部分的主语是everything, anything, something, nothing等指物的合成词时，反意疑问句的附加部分的主语只能用it。如：Nothing could stop them, could it?Everything is ready, isnt it?b.当陈述部分是there be句型时，反意疑问句的附加部分的主语也用there。如：Theres no help for it, is there?Theres something strange, isnt there?c. 陈述部分带有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定词或半否定词时，反意疑问句的附加部分的动词用肯定形式。如：Father rarely got drunk, did he?Few people know him, do they?She seldom goes swimming, does she?如果陈述部分的否定词仅带有否定前缀，那么，该陈述部分作肯定句处理，附加疑问部分一般仍用否定形式。如：She was unsuccessful, wasnt she?d. 如果陈述部分的主语是Im结构，反意疑问句的附加部分一般用arent I。如：I am an adult, arent I?e.如果陈述部分以不定代词one作主语，附加疑问部分的主语在正式场合用one，在非正式场合用you。如：One cant be too honest, can one?One cant be too honest, can you?f. 当陈述部分是一个带有that分句作宾语的主从结构时，反意疑问句的附加部分一般应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。如：You think you are humorous, dont you?He thinks he is going to become an actor, doesnt he?She says (that) I did it, doesnt she?但是，当陈述部分的主句是I suppose, I think, I believe, I suspect, I imagine等结构时，反意疑问句的附加部分则往往与that分句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注意否定的转移。如：I suppose (that) hes funny, isnt he?I dont think (that) she likes my clothes, does she?g. 在由“祈使句附加疑问句”构成的反意疑问句中，附加疑问部分一般用will you, wont you, would you。如：Dont close the window, will you?Be quiet, would you?但是，在以lets开头的祈使句之后，附加疑问部分用shall we。如：Lets go out to play soccer, shall we?Lets have a rest, shall we?以let us开头的祈使句，含义是allow us，不包括听话人在内，因此反意疑问句的附加部分用will you。如：Let us stop now, will you?Let us have a look at your book, will you?反意疑问句的回答方式和一般疑问句一致，根据事实来回答。注意当陈述部分是一个否定句时，英文的回答方式和中文的回答方式有差别。如：She is a beautiful girl, isnt she? 她是个漂亮的姑娘，不是吗？Yes, she is. 是的，她是。No, she isnt. 不，她不是。You dont like onions, do you? 你不喜欢洋葱，是吗？Yes, I do. 不，我喜欢。No, I dont. 是的，我不喜欢。5. 陈述句后面的反意问句的用法(1) 反意问句一般由“助动词+人称代词”构成，用在句末，要求对方确认一些我们不敢肯定的事情，或要求对方表示赞同，含有“这是真的吗？”或“你同意吗？”的意思。如：It is very cold today, isnt it?We had much time, hadnt we?There is a little water in the cup, isnt there?There is little water in the cup, is there?(2) 陈述句的动词若是肯定，反意问句的动词要用否定，反之，就用肯定。Mrs. Smith lives in Italy, doesnt she?She can hardly speak German, can she?She has few friends in Germany, has (does) she?There isnt anybody at home, is there?(3) 陈述句与反意问句里的动词时态要相同。She had to go to France every spring, didnt she?There was little water in the cup, was there?(4) 陈述句与反意问句的主语必须指同一人或同一事物。She needs to have it repaired, doesnt she?You had better go alone, hadnt you?(5) 陈述句的主语不论属于何种词类，反意问句的主语一定要用人称代词。Those are your friends, arent they?She hasnt finished her homework, has she?(6) 陈述句的动词为 have, has, had, 但不作”有”解时， 反意问句的主语之前不可用have, has，had, 而改用 do, does, did.You have nothing to say, do you?You have John do the work, dont you?(7) 含有seldom; hardly; few; little; never; rarely等词的句子，被认为是否定句。如：He seldom came here, did he?Few people knew the answer, did they?None of us knew the way, did we?We hadnt much time, had we?Little progress has been made, has it?We could hardly hear what she said, could we?We seldom see them now, do we?One cant be too careful, can one?(8) nobody, none, no one, anybody, anyone, everybody, everyone 等不定代词作主语时，其反意问句通常用they作主语。如： Everybody came, didnt they.6. 祈使句后面的反意问句的用法(1) 由lets引出的祈使句，肯定的用shall we? 否定的用all right? 或OK?如：Lets start early, shall we?Lets not go fishing, all right (O.K.)?Lets go dancing , shall we? All right.(2) 肯定祈使句之后，表示“请求”，用 will you? 表“邀请，劝诱”用wont you?如：Let us have a look, will you?Pass me the dictionary, will you? Yes, with pleasure.Have some coffee, wont you?Be careful when you cross the road, wont you?(3)否定祈使句之后，表示“请求”，则只用will you?如：Dont open the window, will you?7. 反意疑问句中需要注意的一些要点：(1) 陈述部分的主语是I am，疑问部分要用 arent I. 如：Im as tall as Mom，arent I?(2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。如：I wish to have a word with the president, may I?(3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。如：The Swede made no answer, did he / she?Some plants never blossom, do they?(4) 含有ought to的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldnt / oughtnt +主语。如：Jimmy ought to know what to do, oughtnt he? / shouldnt he?(5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用dont +主语(didnt +主语)。We have to finish the task today, dont we?(6) 陈述部分的谓语是used to时，疑问部分用didnt +主语或 usednt +主语。Jacky used to play soccer here, didnt he? / usednt he?(7) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadnt you?Youd better take an umbrella, hadnt you?(8) 陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldnt +主语。He would rather live in an apartment than buy his own house, wouldnt he?(9) 陈述部分有Youd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldnt +主语。Youd like to have your own car, wouldnt you?(10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。He must be a teacher, isnt he?You must have seen him before, havent you?He must have read the book yesterday, didnt he?(11) 感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。What colors, arent they?What a day, isnt it?(12) 陈述部分由neither nor, either or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。如：Neither you nor I am an actress, are we?(13) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。如：Everything is ready, isnt it?(14) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况： a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。Mr. Smith had been to Manhattan for several times, and he should have been in New York now, shouldnt he?b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?He said he wanted to visit Japan, didnt he?c. 上述部分主句谓语是I / we think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。I dont think Ricky is bright, is he?We believe Fanny can do it better, cant she?(15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he(在正式场合中常见)。Everyone knows the answer, dont they? (does he?)Nobody knows why, do they? (does he?)(16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。We need not set off right now, need we?He dare not say so, dare he?当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。She doesnt dare to go home alone, does she?(17) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。Dont do that again, will you?Come with me, will you / wont you ?注意：Lets 开头的祈使句，后用shall we?Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you?Lets go to the movies, shall we?Let us wait for you at the gate, will you ?(18) 陈述部分是“there be”结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。There is something wrong with that clock, isnt there?There will not be any difficulty, will there?(19) 否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。It is impossible, isnt it?Old Sam is not unkind to his neighbors, is he?
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