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学科教师辅导讲义 学员姓名： 年 级： 授课时间： 课时数：2 辅导科目： 英语 学科教师： 学科组长签名组长备注课题名词教学目标掌握名词章节的重点重点 1. 名词的单复数2. 名词的所有格3. 名词在句中的作用难点名词的单复数、所有格及其特殊情况考点1.名词的单复数2.名词的所有格3.特殊情况【知识精要】I. 名词的种类名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词指特定的人、地方、机构等专有的名称。注意专有名词开头要大写，并且其前面不用冠词。如：New York 纽约，John 约翰，French 法语，Congress 议会等。普通名词是指一般的人、事物或是一个抽象概念的名称。如：doctor 医生，school 学校，team 队，ink 墨水，peace 和平等。普通名词之前可以用冠词a、 an和the。普通名词又可以分为：1.个体名词：表示某类人或事物之中的某一个体。如：teacher 教师；hospital 医院；ca r小汽车；daughter 女儿。2.集体名词：表示相关的人或事物所构成的集合体。如：class 班级；team 队；police 警察 ；government 政府。3.物质名词：表示无法分为个体的，不具备确定的形状和大小的物质。如：tea 茶；air 空气 ；cotton 棉花；fire 火；butter 奶油。4.抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念的词汇。如：hate 恨；beauty 美人； health健康，experience 经验；advice 劝告；business 生意。II. 名词的数1.可数名词与不可数名词可数名词：表示能够以数计算的事物的名词。通常个体名词和集体名词都属于可数名词。 可数名词有单数和复数的区别，表示一个时用单数，多于一个用复数。如：a cat 一只猫 ；a pupil 一个学生；an apple 一个苹果；an envelope 一个信封；two birds 两只鸟；many people 许多人。不可数名词：不能以数计算而必须通过用容器的量来表示的名词，叫作不可数名词。物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词。其通常的使用形式是：容器单位+of+物质名词，如a glas s of milk 一杯牛奶；two bottles of orange 二瓶桔子水；three boxes of chalk 三盒粉笔；four bowls of rice 四碗米饭。注意！当不可数名词作主语的时候，该句的谓语动词一定要用单数形式。如：There is no milk in the bottle.瓶子里没有牛奶了。注意！当一些用来指数量或数额的复数名词作主语时，该句子的谓语动词仍然用单数形式。A thousand kilometers isnt a long distance for the plane.对这架飞机来说，一千公里并不是一个很远的距离。A million dollars is a big sum of money for the man in the street.对普通人来说，一百万美元是一大笔钱。Ten days is not enough for him to prepare for such an important exam.十天还不够他准备如此重要的一场考试。普通名词之中，有一些词既可以作可数名词，又可以作不可数名词，但在意义上有一些区别a fish 一条鱼(可数名词) fish 鱼肉(不可数名词)a paper 报纸(可数名词) paper 纸(不可数名词)a power 大国(可数名词) power 威力(不可数名词)a dress 一件女服(可数名词) dress 女服(统称)(不可数名词)2.名词的数单数表示“一个”，“一本”，“一只”，“一座”等概念时，应该使用可数名词的单数形式 。其方法是在该名词之前加a或an。注意！以辅音开头的名词之前，加 a。如：a man 一个男人，a bank 一家银行以元音开头的名词之前，加 an。如：an orange 一个桔子，an egg 一个鸡蛋复数表示两个或两个以上的概念时，应该使用名词的复数形式。名词复数的变化分为规则与不规则两种形式。名词复数的规则变化一般情况下在名词词尾加-s：pencilpencils铅笔，workerworkers工人，lamplapms灯，doctordoctors医生。以s，sh，ch，x结尾的词，加-es：classclasses 班级，课dishdishes 碟子watchwatches 手表brushbrushes 刷子boxboxes 盒子以f或fe结尾的词，去掉f或fe，变成v再加- es：knifeknives 刀子，lifelives 生命；thiefthieves 小偷，leafleaves 叶子，shelfshelves 书架，wolfwolves 狼,wifewives 妻子,halfhavles半数,selfselves以下几个名词例外，要直接加-schiefchiefs 头领 roofroofs 屋顶handkerchiefhandkerchiefs 手帕以辅音字母加y结尾的词，要把 y 改成 i 再加-esfamilyfamilies 家庭，citycities 城市，dutyduties 责任，universityuniversities大学。元音字母加y结尾的名词，变成复数时要直接加-sboyboys 男孩，toytoys 玩具，monkeymonkeys 猴子以辅音字母加o结尾的名词，一般情况下在后面加-sphotophotos 照片，pianopianos 钢琴，radioradios 收音机，zoozoos 动物园，studiostudios 工作室，制片厂。tomatotomatoes 西红柿，heroheroes 英雄，potatopotatoes 土豆。名词复数的不规则变化单数名词中的元音字母发生变化footfeet 脚gooseg eese 鹅toothteeth 牙齿manmen 男人womanwomen 女人mousemice 老鼠词尾发生变化childchildren 孩子crisiscrises 危机basisbases 基础oxoxen 牛单复数同形a fisha few fish 鱼a deerfour deer 鹿a sheepsome sheep 羊a Chinesetwo Chinese 中国人a Japanesethree Japanese 日本人只有复数形式clothes 衣服 trousers裤子 glasses眼镜有些单数形式的名词具有复数含义people 人们，人民 police警察 public 公众组合名词的复数在组合名词的主体部分之后加 sbrother(s)-in-law 姐夫，妹夫passer(s)-by 路人 looker(s)-on 旁观者step-mother(s) 继母 如果组合名词之中没有主体部分，就在最后一个词之后加sGrown-up(s) 成年人Talk-back(s) 专线电话Go-between(s) 中间人将构成组合名词的每个部分都变成复数man teachermen teachers 男老师woman judgewomen judges 女法官将构成组合名词的后一部分变成复数a boy student boy students 男生a mother tiger mother tigers 母老虎单复数名词词义的转换不可数名词本来没有复数形式，但有一些不可数名词变为复数后，其含义发生变化。如：fish 鱼肉fishes 不同种类的鱼fruit 水果fruits 不同种类的水果iron 铁irons 熨斗steel 钢steels 各种钢force 力量forces 军队paper 纸papers 报纸，文件time 时间times 时代，次数，倍数drink 喝drinks 饮料work 工作works 著作good 好goods 货物water 水waters 各种水hair 毛发hairs (几根)头发manner 样式manners 风度glass 玻璃glasses 眼镜rice 米饭rices 各种稻米III. 名词的所有格形式名词的所有格是表示名词中所属关系的形式。名词所有格的构成有两种形式：1.名词+s 在单数名词的词尾加sthe girls doll 这个小姑娘的布娃娃the teachers book 那位老师的书Marys room 玛丽的房间My fathers office 我父亲的办公室复数名词词尾如果没有s，也要直接加s。the childrens game 孩子们的游戏womens room 女洗手间如果名词已经有复数的词尾 -s或 -es，则只需要在词尾加“”。如：the students classroom 学生们的教室the masses movement 群众运动the patients opinion 病人们的意见passengers lounge 旅客休息室姓氏中以 s 结尾的情况：Mr. Jones office 琼斯先生的办公室Mr. Hawkins works 霍金斯先生的著作表示两个或两个以上的人共有一件东西，则在最后一个名词之后加 s；如果不是共有的，则需要在每一个名字之后加 sThis is Mary and Susans English teacher.这是玛丽和苏姗的英语老师。Thats Tom and Peters school.那是汤姆和彼德的学校。Toms and Peters fathers are in the teachers office.汤姆的父亲和彼德的父亲在老师的办公室里。注意！名词所有格修饰的词在一些情况下可以省略。1.表示店铺或某人的家的名词：at the butchers (shop)在肉店at the barbers (shop)在理发店at Mr. Whites (house)在怀特先生家2.被修饰的名词在句中或前文出现过：Mikes opinion is better than Peters (opinion).麦克的主意比彼德的(主意)好。This is not my bike. Its Susans (bike).这不是我的自行车。是苏姗的(车)。Whose car is that? Its her fathers (car).那是谁的轿车?是他父亲的(车)。2.名词+of+名词表示所有格有生命的名词，一般使用 s结构表示该名词的所有格。而无生命的名词，一般用名词 + of + 名词的结构表示该名词的所有格。the gate of the school 学校的大门the title of the article 文章的标题the drawer of the desk 写字台的抽屉the corridor of the house 房子的走廊注意：上述情况也有例外：1）. s结构有时可以转换成of结构。例如：My mothers handbagthe handbag of my mother我母亲的提包the womans namethe name of the woman那个女人的名字Lu Xuns worksthe works of Lu Xun鲁迅的著作Chalplins filmsthe films of Chalplin卓别林的电影2）.一些用于表示距离、时间、国家或者城镇等等无生命的名词，也可以使用 s 表 示所有格。例如：today weather 今天的天气China culture 中国的文化ten minutes drive 十分钟的车程Guilins scenery 桂林风景3）.关于双重所有格形式双重所有格就是将 of 结构与 s 结构结合在一起使用的形式。例如：a painting of Xu Beihongs徐悲鸿的一幅作品(众多作品中的一幅)比较：a painting of Xu Beihong徐悲鸿的画(仅指一张画)a friend of my daughters我女儿的一个朋友(很多朋友中的一个)比较：a friend of my daughter我女儿的一个朋友(仅指这一个朋友)an invention of Edisons爱迪生的一项发明(指许多发明之一)比较：an invention of Edison爱迪生的发明(仅指这一项发明)VI. 名词在句子中的作用以及应该注意的问题1.名词在句子中的作用作主语The girl is good at playing the piano.这个姑娘钢琴弹得非常好。The Summer Palace is famous for its scenery.颐和园以它的风景而著名。作表语His father is a lawyer.他的父亲是一位律师。The young man is a hair-dresser in CCTV.这个小伙子是中央电视台的一位发型师。作宾语They are having a French lesson.他们正在上法语课。Do you enjoy this dish?你喜欢吃这道菜吗?作宾语补足语They called her Xiao Li.他们都叫她小李。Most of them made Bush their President.他们大多数人选了布什当总统。作定语This is one of the best paintings of Qi Baishi.这是齐白石最出色的作品之一。They have several school buses for boys and girls.他们有几辆接送孩子们的学校班车。2.名词作主语要注意的问题(1)hundred, thousand, million, dozen在表达具体的数目时，其后不能加s；但在表达笼统的数目时，其后要加s，并与of连用。例如：There are two hundred and seventy boy students and about three hundred girl students in our school.我们学校有275个男生和大约300个女生。Thousands of people were watching the football game in the Beijing workers stadium at that time.那时，有成千上万的人正在北京工人体育场观看那场足球赛。(2)由“the+形容词”构成的名词的用法。表示人，其谓语一般用复数形式；表示物(包括想法，概念等)，其谓语常用单数形式。例如 ：The young are always regarded as a symbol of hope.年轻人永远被看作是希望的象征。The foolish always do something like lifting a rock only to drop it on their own feet.蠢人总是做那些搬起石头砸自己的脚的事。All the beautiful is always pursued by the girls.一切美的事物都总是姑娘们追求的目标。【巩固练习】Choose the best answer.1. - Why are you still waiting in line? - I have missed my _.A. place B.order C.turn D.time2. Im not sure about the meaning of the word. Youd better look it up in a _.A. letter B.dictionary C.postcard D.notice3. -Could you tell me something about the girl who helped you just now? - Sorry, I know nothing about her. We are _.A. friends B.neighbours C.strangers D.classmates4. -How soon shall we start the bicycle trip? - _.A. In five days time. B. In five days time.C. In five days time. D. For five days.5. There are three _ and seven _ in the picture.A. deers, sheeps B.deers, sheep C.deer, sheep D.deer, sheeps6. -Whose room is this? - Its _.A. my B. Kims and Johns C. Kim and Johns D.our7. These foreign friends are _.A. German B. Germen C. Germany D. Germans8. There isnt _ paper in the box. Would you go and get _ for me?A,any, some B.any, any C.some, some D.some, any9. -What would you like, Ann? - Id like two _A. glass of milk B.glasses of milk C.glass of milks D.glasses of milks10. My school is about twenty _ walk from here.A. minute B.minutes C.minutes D.minutes11. -Where is your sister? -At_.A. Mr. Taylors B. Taylors C.the Mr. Taylors D.the Taylors12. At the age of eight, Chaplin joined a group of _.A. children dancers B.child dancers C.child dancer D.children dancers13. Class 6 will visit the new _ factory on Friday afternoon.A. toy B.toys C.toys D.toys14. -What can I do for you? - I want to buy some _ clothes.A. mans B.man C.men D.mens15. The street is _ one.A. an 18-meters-wide B.an 18-meter-wide C.a 18-meters-wide D.a 18-meter-wide16. Children should make _ for old people in a bus.A. room B.a room C.rooms D.the room17. A group of _ will visit the museum tomorrow.A. German B. Australian C. Japanese D. American18. What big _ the elephant has!A. tooth B.teeth C.tooths D.toothes19. John bought _ for himself yesterday.A. two pairs of shoes B.two pair of shoe C.two pair of shoes D.two pairs shoes20. Everyone knows that _ are made of _.A. glass, glass B.glasses, glasses C.glasses, glass D.glass, glasses21. September 10th is _ in China.A. Teachers Day B. Teachers Day C. Teacher Day D. Teachers Day22. I wonder why _ are so interested in action films.A. people B.peoples C.the people D.the peoples23. There is only one _ doctor and several _ nurses in this hospital.A. man, woman B.man, women C.men, woman D.men, women24. Seth has a beautiful _. Listen! She is singing very well.A. voice B.look C.sound D.smell25. We have a lot of _ to do.A. works B.work C.the work D.workers26. Politics _ not easy for him.A. are B.is C.does D.didKeys: CBCBC CDABB DBACB ACBAC BABABB【综合练习】Fill in the blanks with proper form.1. John looks _ (sad) because he lost his bike.2. The students got poor marks this time, so their teacher told them to be _ (care) next time.3. Do you know who _ (inventor) the electric light?4. Thank you very much for your _ (kind).5. The _ (young) of the two ladies is our English teacher.6. We hope that the New Year will bring us _ (health).7. The old woman looks much _ (happy) now.8. Chaplin was one of _ (famous) _ (act) in the world.9. Mary used to be a _ (wait) of this restaurant.10. Jacks _ (recite) was the best at yesterdays party.Keys: sadly, careful, invented, kindness, youngest, health, happier, most famous actors, waitress, recitation Rewrite the sentences.1. All of us want him to rest.（改为完全否定句） _ of us _ him to rest. 2. I think you are right.（改为否定句） I _ think you _ right. 3. Tom is sitting on the desk.(改为否定祈使句)_ _ on the desk, Tom! 4. The children are singing and dancing happily. （改为感叹句）_ _ the children are singing and dancing! 5. The film is very interesting. （改为感叹句） _ _ the film is! 6. Lisa used to eat candy all the time. (对画线部分提问)_ _ Lisa use to do all the time?7. I study for a test by listening to the radio. (对划线部分提问) _ _ you _ for a test?Keys: None wants, dont are, Dont sit, How happily, How interesting, What did, How do study, Reading1The British are known as people who love to stand in line, but a new research shoes that the British are only about average at waiting politely in a queue. The French are the best. Its the Germans who dont have a good habit of standing in line. They cant stand to wait for anything. They begin to shout loudly and noisily if the line doesnt seem to be moving fast enough. Sadly it never moves fast enough for them.The experts studied 940 people across Europe. They watched secretly as they waited in line- to get tickets, to order fast food and to wait for the bus. They found people who are good at forming queues feel that they move along faster. For example, in Britain, the average waiting at a queue needs about three and a half minutes. In Germany, or Sweden people hate waiting in line. In facet, people spend double the time as the British in queues. They get to the front of the queue without thinking about others, so they waste others time.The expert who did the research had asked a person to break into a queue to see what people would do. In Britain, people shouted loudly at him, but when he said, Im terribly sorry. I didnt realize there was a queue. Do go before me. People smiled and said, Oh, thats all right, one more wont matter much. It was also found in France, where 80% of the people didnt mind standing in line, only if they were treated politely. While in Germany everyone was angry and wore an unhappy face. The expert said, If only they could learn from the British and the French to think of queuing as an exercise in making the best of an unhappy thing, they might find that the queue then moves faster.1. The research shows that the people in _are the most polite in standing in line.A. Sweden B. Britain C. France D. Germany2. The Germans spend more time than British in queues because they _.A. always talk a lot with others B.like waiting in lineC.dont follow the rule of queuing D.dont know the rule of queuing3. According to the research, which of the following is true?A. The British didnt care about the queue jumper.B. The Germans were angry with the queue jumper.C. The French treated the queue jumper badly.D. The Sweden enjoyed themselves while queuing.4. From the last sentence we know the expert wished the Germnas could _.A. have a good habit of standing in line B.save others time while queuingC.move quickly when queuing D.take exercise in queues5. The result of the research shows that _.A. people in Europe hate waiting in line B.standing in line is a kind of exerciseC.there are always queue jumpers all over the world D.people good at standing in line think they move along fasterKey: CCBAD2Cell phones are all around us. We use cell phones to call our friends, send text messages, play games and even take photos. Now imagine using your cell phone to call your air conditioner. If this were possible you could tell your air conditioner to turn on before you got home. Does this sound impossible to you? Well, it could become possible sooner than you think. In the near future, we might use cell phones as remote controls for the electrical devices in our homes. People are already working to develop different ways to communicate wirelessly(无线地) with devices we use every day. For example, it is already possible for cell phones to communicate with laptop computers. Business people using laptops during meetings can use their cell phones as remote controls. They can use their cell phones to send instructions to computers to turn on, change pictures and turn off.With the same technology, people can use their cell phones to control other devices. You can call your stereo(立体声音响) to play music automatically. You can call your lights to turn on when you enter a room. Maybe even by next summer you will be able to call your air conditioner!1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. In the future we will all need air conditioner.B. Business people need to use computers.C. Some people like to make phone calls to machines.D. We will use cell phones as remote controls in the future.2. Cell phones can be used to turn on and off _ in the future.A. a special computer B.different kinds of devicesC.cell phone companies D.remote controls3. Which probably could NOT be controlled by a cell phone?A. An air conditioner or heater B. A computer or printer.C. A table or a basket D. A CD player or MP3 player4. The underlined words laptop computers mean _.A. 台式计算机 B.大型计算机C. 便携式计算机 D.计算机控制中心5. Which instructions can be sent to a laptop according to the passage?A. Play sound and music. B. Start and shut down.C. Call again and hang up. D. Go faster and go slower.Keys: DBCCB3In some parts of the world there are large deserts. There are no trees and _1_ water there. Travelers must take food and _2_ with them.The _3_ animal that can walk through the desert is the camel. _4_ can go without food and water for a long time. And besides he can carry heavy loads. People call the _5_ the ship of the desert.The camel is very big. He has one or two humps(驼峰) on his back, short ears and a long _6_.The camels humps hold fat, and his stomach holds water in twelve deep pockets. _7_ pocket has a mouth which closes, and the food does not mix the water. When the camel _8_ some water, he can get it out of the _9_. The camels food is _10_ and leaves of trees.1. A.no B.any C.not D./2. A.milk B.water C.meat D.grass3. A.just B.other C.only D.another4. A. He B. They C. She D. It5. A.camel B.elephant C.cow D.horse6. A.mouth B.neck C.leg D.nose7. A. Either B. Each C. All D. Both8. A.was wanting B.wants C.is wanting D.wanted 9. A.nose B.pockets C.mouth D.bags10. A.grass B.meat C.bread D.cakeKeys:ABCAA BBBBA4For several years, Americans have enjoyed teleshopping, watching TV and buying things by phone. New teleshopping in starting in Europe. In some European countries, people can turn on their TVs and shop for clothes, food, toys and many other things.Teleshopping is becoming p_ in Sweden. For example, the biggest Swedish company sells different kinds of things on TV in fifteen European countries, and in one year, it makes $10 million. In France there are two teleshopping channels, and the French spend about $20 million a year in buying things t_ those channels. In Germany, until last year teleshopping was only possible on one channel for one hour every day. Then the government allowed more teleshopping. Other channels can open for telebusiness, i_ the largest American company and a 24-hour teleshopping company. German businessmen are hoping these will help them sell more things.Some people like teleshopping b_ it allows them to do their shopping without going out. With all the traffic p_ in cities, going shopping is not an easy thing. But at the time, other Europeans dont like this new way of buying things. They call teleshopping junk in the air. Many Europeans u_ worry about the quality(质量) of the things for sale on TV. They think high quality is the most important thing, and they dont believe they can be sure about the quality of the things on TV.The
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