考研英语写作技巧.doc

第五部分写作A部分命题的特点和规律2005年研究生入学考试英语考试的变化之一是在写作部分增加了应用文写作，其目的在于考查考生进行一般性应用文写作、运用英语书面语言表达日常交际实际需要的能力。英语应用文指在日常工作和生活中应用的文体，其类型多样，包括信函、备忘录、摘要、报告、通知等。写好应用文，考生关键要掌握其宏观语篇结构与具体语言形式，即既要懂得每一类型应用文的格式与基本框架（先写什么，后写什么），又要得体地运用恰当的语言形式(包括具体的词汇和句型)。由于平时考生对应用文的写作不太关注，另外由于其类型也变化多样，因此考生在复习阶段需全面熟悉常见应用文的基本格式，并多加练习，为应用文写作打下牢固的基础。要写好应用文，应注意：（1）达到题目中的字数要求，研究生入学考试应用文一般字数要求为100字左右，篇幅过长或过短都不宜。（2）内容上在覆盖要求中的所有信息点的同时要注意语言的简炼，写作时可以利用提示语中的关键词，但不能完全照抄照搬原题提示。（3）书写格式要规范，根据不同内容，选择相应的写作格式。（4）尊重交际规则。根据应用文写作的对象和交际目的选择合适的语气和措辞。一、信函型写作总述书信是研究生应用文写作考查的重点。1. 正文的必备结构考研应用文不需要对书信格式进行复习，但需要注意信件正文的结构。信件正文结构要完整，必须包含以下四个方面： 称呼。正文第一行顶格写。称呼即写信人对收信人的称谓，它取决于写信人和收信人之间的关系。公务信函中称呼的一般形式是Dear Mr./Mrs./Ms./Miss +收信人的姓氏。当不知道收信人姓名时可称呼Dear Sir/Madam/Sirs/Mesdames，或To whom it may concern。写给关系密切的人时，用Dear或My dear加上称呼或对方名字。例如：My dear mother，Dear Mary等。也可以根据题目信息，用头衔、职位、职称、学位等再加姓氏或姓氏和名字。例如：Dear Prof. Zhang, Dear Dr. John Smith。常见的头衔（汉英对照）如下：教授Professor;博士Doctor(Dr.,Ph.D.); 医学博士Medical Doctor(M.D.); 总统或校长President;主席或董事长Chairman;副主席或副董事长Vice Chairman;副总统或副校长Vice President;首相Prime Minister; 总理Premier,省长或州长Governor;市长Mayor;参议员Senator;大使Ambassador;秘书长Secretary General;院长Director, Dean; 副院长Vice Director; 系主任Dean, Head, Chair; 馆长Chief Librarian, Curator。正文。正文是一封书信中最重要的部分，也是书信写作考查的重点。它和写短文类似，要分层次进行。正文可由一或多个段落组成，但其内容应包含三个部分：引言、发展和结尾部分。引言部分讲明写信目的（如：求职、申请学校和专业等）和写信背景（如：促使你写信的某件事或某个广告）、发展部分陈述相关要点，这部分相当于一篇文章的主体段落，内容应详实、具体。结尾部分可简要重申中间部分的要点或致谢、敦促收信人早日回信等。考生注意在写作题目要求中往往规定了很多内容要点，因此考生应按照要求逐段表达这些要点，文字要求简明准确、思路要求条理清晰，同时可以把每一点扩充成一段。正文从称呼下一行开始，其格式有缩进式和齐头式两种。采用缩进式的正文每段第一行应往右缩进约四五个字母，第二行起从左面顶格写起。采用齐头式，则每一行都从左面顶格写起。结尾语。信的正文写完以后，应当有表致敬的结束语。结束语是写信人对收信人的一种客套称呼，它需要根据写信人与收信人之间的关系而定，最常见的有：Yours sincerely或Sincerely yours（适用于各种关系）。比较正式的结束语有：(Very )Respectfully yours, Yours (very) respectfully,用于地位高的人或长辈；(Very)Truly yours, Yours (very )truly,用于不大熟悉而彼此间又需要客气的人；(Very )Faithfully yours, Yours (very) faithfully,用于对机关的正式函件。非正式的结束语有：Affectionately yours, Yours affectionately, Lovingly yours,用于最亲密的友人之间；Yours lovingly, Yours loving father用于亲密的家人之间；Lovingly, Devotedly, Your own, All my love用于情人、夫妻之间。结束语只占一行，低于正文一二行，从信纸的中间或偏右的地方开始写。第一个词的首字母要大写，末尾用逗号。签名。在结束语下一二行，从信纸中间偏右的地方开始写。考卷中不要出现自己的真实姓名，一般用Li Ming代替。2语体书信类应用文的写作中主要有正式与非正式的两种语体或者说是书面语体与口语语体。考生可根据书信类型、收信人身份选择合适的语体。如果是私人朋友间的书信就要用非正式体。而像写给上级的辞职信这样的公务信函就应该是正式的、礼貌的。有时，同一类型的书信也可以采用正式与非正式两种语体表达，如：邀请客人参加晚会的书信比较随便、简短；而邀请参加学术会议的书信则很正规。请看下列两封书信：Dear Zhao Xiang,My brother and I are going to have a small dancing party to celebrate the New Year at home. We are going to invite some old friends and hope you can come. The time is next Saturday, February 7, at seven oclock in the evening.I know you have been very busy recently, but I do hope you can manage it. We are looking forward to your coming with great pleasure.Yours affectionately, Li MingDear Professor Zhang: I am pleased to inform you that Beijing QQ Technology Company is organizing a three day seminar entitled “Cruising the Internet Securely” in September 2005 in Beijing, as part of its continuous efforts to provide a platform for experts to meet and exchange expertise. You are cordially invited to participate in this important academic event of the city as our guest. Your round trip air ticket, accommodation and meal expenses will be subsidized. Should you be interested, please let us know at your earliest convenience. Look forward to seeing you in this conference, and to having you as an important part of this event. Sincerely,Li MingManager QQ Technology Co. LtdEncl. Seminar Announcement, Timetable, Member List从以上示例可以看出，正式体和非正式体书信虽然在本质上并没有什么区别，但在形式上是有差异的。正式体的书信不仅在语言文体上比非正式的要正规，而且其表达方式也不一样，往往比较注意文采，更委婉，也更详细具体。3. 审题构思攻略审题构思步骤可以概括为“三个确定，一个注意”。1）根据写作对象确定文章用正式还是非正式的文体；2）根据题目中的关键词，确定主体内容的逻辑顺序；3）根据话题明确需要表达的感情类型，结合交际目的，确定表达方式，可以选用合适的套语。注意：要重点选用自己熟悉的表述方式。4.写作素材准备攻略信函是传达感情交流意见的载体，因此任何信件的都可大致分成以下方面：1 表达感情2描述事件3. 陈述意见，考研信函也不例外。要把信函写的流畅、达到交流的目的，首先需要了解情感的正确表达方式。在书信中经常体现的情感有：感激、愤怒、高兴、哀伤等。平时要留意和积累情感的表达方式（比如：its my pleasure to）。如果在考研作文中能够把情感表达的恰如其分，自然能让文章出彩。另外写好考研作文还需要对事件描述和意见陈述部分有所准备。考研应用文在话题选择方面有其自身的特点。从05年增加应用文考查以来，考查内容都和考生熟悉的生活有着千丝万缕的联系，或以考生日常生活场景为背景（如05年的辞职信、07年针对图书馆的建议信、08年对误拿房东CD的道歉信），或以社会热点问题为切入点（06年捐助贫困儿童的申请信、09年针对限塑令没有达到理想效果的建议信）。因此考生需要准备社会热点问题的相关英语表述，可以与大作文话题准备工作同步进行。另外考生也要留意日常生活的相关英语表达，可以养成在日记中用英语描述日常生活的习惯。二、常见信函的基本类型及内容要点1.信的基本类型英文书信主要分为两大类：私人信函和公务信函。私人信函是指与朋友、家人之间的往来书信，其内容比较自由，只需要包括以下几个部分即可：日期、称呼、正文、落款。公务信函类型多样，应用范围非常广泛，属正式文体，包括求职信、辞职信、拒聘信、询问信、复询信、留学和奖学金申请信、投诉信、答复赔偿信等。此类信件的共同特点是：1.内容明确，不可漫无目标；2.措辞诚恳，坦然，不能感情夸张；3.语言清晰、简洁、有礼。从形式上看应该侧重考查公务信函，因为只有此类信函才需用到书面语的正式语体。2.各类信函的内容要点以下主要针对公务信函，介绍几种常见信函的基本特点。对于其他不同功能的信件，考生可以根据本书的介绍做到举一反三。在备考阶段，考生应熟悉各类信函的书写模式及常用话语并加强练习。（1）求职信（Letters of Applying for a Job）通常包含三个部分：a)引言部分写明写信原因、具体谋求的职位、获得申请信息的来源（如：报纸广告、熟人介绍）等。b)发展部分叙述自己能够胜任该职位所具备的条件，包括教育背景、工作经历、社会实践等。这部分内容要具体，不要空洞游说或者列举，用事实说服会更有力。C)结尾部分再次表达对职位的渴望，争取面试机会。如请求及时回信、希望当面洽谈、提供进一步接触的联系方式或指出附件中有相关的证明文件等。求职信的语言应严谨、规范、得体。其常用套语有：引言：I am writing to apply for the post of. advertised in.In answer to your advertisement in. for the post of. , Iwould like to apply for. Ihave learned from. (sb) of your opening/vacancy for. (job), and am therefore writing to apply for the post.发展：Iam now a senior student in (Department) of (University), and Iexpect to graduate in (date) with a degree in (discipline).Ireceive my (degree) in (subject) from (name of university) in (date).Since graduation, Ihave been working with (name of company/organization) as (job title)Iwas awarded the prize of (title) in (month/year) for (eg. good performance in etc.)Iam confident that my academic training has prepared me to handle the job.结尾：Enclosed are testimonials from my university teacher and my present employer.If these meet your requirements, please grant me an interview.范例：Directions: You come across a want advertisement in 21st Century Talent Report for a store manager of a Panda chain restaurant. Write a letter to apply for the job by providing the following information: 1）your interest in the position, 2）your qualifications, 3）your hope for an interview opportunity.Dear Sir or Madam:Your advertisement in 21st Century Talent Report appealed to me for two reasons. I seek the opportunity to manage a newly opened store and your plan to open up a new branch of Panda restaurants can realize my wish. I am also interested in building my career in the food industry which is just your main business. Therefore, I have decided to submit my resume in application for the position of Store Manager.My relevant experience includes being a chef in a Sichuan restaurant for three years and an assistant store manager of New China restaurant till now in Beijing. I look forward to discussing opportunities at Panda with you. I will call you next week to make sure you have received my resume and to set up a mutually agreeable time for us to speak.Yours truly, Li Ming（2）辞职信（Letters of Resignation）正式的辞职信应具备以下要素： a)受理者恰当的称呼； b)辞职决定及其理由（如：未受公司重用或尊重，健康、家庭或个人原因，另觅一份更适合自己的工作等）； c)缓和气氛的语句，如对原单位所给予工作机会以及提供的工作经历表示感谢，对因自己辞职而给对方带来的不便表示歉意，表达对原单位的良好祝愿等等。需要注意的是：避免负面评论。不论什么原因，不要对你的公司政策、老板、管理人员、同事做任何负面评价。常用套语如下：称呼：Dear Mr. Smith辞职决定和理由： With regret, I am writing to inform you about my decision to resign from my current position.I hereby confirm in writing my resignation from ABC Company because of family reasons.缓和语气的话：I would like to express my sincere gratitude and thanks for all the support that Ihave received over the last few weeks, and for the enjoyable experience of having worked for your company. I hope you will consider my request, and Iapologize for any inconveniences Imight have caused. I wish all of you a prosperous future范例：2005年硕士研究生入学考试作文题（见真题分析）（3）留学和奖学金申请信（Letters of Applying for Admittance and Scholarship）申请者是通过申请信争取继续学习和获得奖学金的机会，而申请学校负责人则是通过该信决定其是否具有这样的机会。因此这封信需要尽可能得表现写信人所具有的优势，比如个人性格优点，学业工作成绩等等。信的内容通常涉及：a) 申请该学校/奖学金的原因; b) 使你对某个专业产生兴趣的学术背景和训练; c) 工作经验; d) 能证明你潜能的研究; e) 未来职业计划。如果对方学校有要求，还应附上“个人简历”、学习成绩、研究成果的摘要等。虽然申请信需要表现自己去争取机会，但其语言不应过于夸张，避免使用像excellent，remarkable，wonderful，great之类的形容词吹捧申请的学校或夸耀自己，而应自然而平实。其常用套语有：I am a student in. , expecting to graduate with a Bachelors degree this summer. I am interested in. and plan to apply for admission for (time).Iam writing in the hope that Imay obtain an opportunity to further my study in. I should be pleased to forward my credentials, such as references, transcripts and photocopies of IELTS scores.范例:Directions: Suppose you are a major in Environmental Engineering of Beijing University. After graduation you decide to pursue study in the graduate school in State University of New York. Write a letter of application for admission, which should include the following points:1) make an application 2) provide your personal information and academic documents 3) express your hope for a reply To Whom It May Concern:I would like to apply for admission to the masters program in environmental science at your graduate school, beginning in fall 2006.As a bachelor of science, I will graduate from Beijing University, Beijing, China in the summer of 2005 where I majored in Environmental Engineering. I have completed all the required undergraduate courses with satisfactory scores. Official copies of my transcript and of my TOEFL and GRE scores are being sent separately from the offices concerned. Three recommendation letters are also being sent by my professors. I do not have the funds to finance my education; therefore I will be applying for an application fee waiver and full financial support from the university to cover tuition and living expenses. I look forward to your early reply. Please do not hesitate to contact me if my supporting documents are not enough for consideration of my application. You can contact me by e-mail at LiMingyahoo.com. Thank you for your kind assistance in this matter.Sincerely, Li Ming（4）询问信（Letters of Inquiry）询问信是请求对方提供需要信息的信件。可分三大部分：引言部分自我介绍并讲明询问目的。发展部分是询问的主要内容，如果包括多个方面，为了让对方一目了然，也便于回答，在内容的安排上应简明扼要，可以用数字列出具体问题，如first, second, third或1、2、3。结尾部分真诚地感谢对方。由于询问有可能给对方带来麻烦，所以措辞要谦虚、诚恳。其常用套语有：引言：As a student at. university, Iam preparing for. Your answers to the questions below would help me. As we are particularly interestedin. , we should be grateful if you would kindly. 发展：Could you please send me the relevant information and application form?结尾：Your answer will contribute to my project. Iwould appreciate receiving your answer by. ( time ).范例1：Directions:You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for:1) detailed information about the books you want, 2) methods of payment, 3) time and way of delivery.Dear Sir/Madam,As a student preparing for TOEFL in the coming May, I am writing to ask if you have Approaches to TOEFL written by Professor Wang Siming and published by University College Press in 2004.If you have the book for sale, Id like to mail order it and please let me know if I can pay for it by money order or MasterCard.Id appreciate it if you could send me the book at your earliest convenience by EMS to the following address:Li MingRoom 239, Student Dormitory No. 11West Campus, Baoshan UniversityBaoshan, 103008Thank you for your consideration. Yours truly, Li Ming范例2：Directions:You are doing a research project on the future of the printing industry. Write a letter to the industry market analyst Mr. Wang to ask for:1)the challenges the industry is facing 2) the role of technologies 3) the trend in the industry Dear Mr. Wang:As a student at Beijing College of printing, I am currently doing a research project on the future of the printing industry. I feel that an inside view of the market situation at this time is necessary for me to have a convincing conclusion so I am eager for your suggestions. Would you please spare a few minutes answering a few questions about the market for printing industry?1In general，what challenges is the printing industry facing at this time, and what types of strategies are being used to meet them?2What types of technologies are important to this industry at present and what technologies do you feel will play an important role in the near future?3Do you think that this industry will experience growth in the future, and, if so, what trends do you expect to see occurring?If you would kindly take the time to answer these questions, Id venture to hope you can reply it before the end of April-the deadline of my report. Thank you in advance for your attention to my request.Sincerely, Li Ming（5）投诉信投投诉信是因为对服务、商品等不满而向诸如商店、厂家、消费者协会等相关负责机构写的信件。写此类信件时候，应注意写信的目的不仅仅是表示不满，更重要的是让对方了解并解决你所遇到的问题。因此投诉信的内容可包括：1)反映问题。比如应具体说明什么质量问题，并提供确切的发票，问题的内容要明确而具体。2)说明由此问题所带来的不便、比如时间或精神上的损失等，内容要实事求是。3)提出解决方案，赔偿方法和方式等，所提出的要求要合理。4)结尾既要提出希望，比如要求对方尽快解决问题，同时又要为对方做出的努力表示感谢，这样对方才可能以积极的态度处理并解决你的问题。投诉信的语气要坚决，但注意礼貌用词，不宜过分尖锐，叙述问题时用过去时态。其常用套语有：引言：I am returning. which Ibought from your store in. (time).Imust complain about. 发展：This has put us to great inconvenience.Therefore, Iam returning. and would greatly appreciate if you could replace it.结尾：We hope that you will understand our expectation of the compensation for our damaged goods.Iwould be grateful if this matter would have your immediate attention.Having been given your excellent reputation, Iam sure you will do everything possible to. 范例：Directions: You bought a pair of tennis bats (item #6542951) from website. When you received them, you found they were used with dirt all over around and a small tear in the handle. Write a letter to the customer service manager of the store to1) tell him about the used bats 2)ask for a refund Dear Sir or Madam: I have recently ordered a new pair of tennis bats (item #6542951) from your website on June 21. I received the order on June 26. Unfortunately, when I opened it I saw that the bats were used. They had dirt all over around and there was a small tear in the handle. My order number is AF26168156. To resolve the problem, I would like you to credit my account for the amount charged for my bats, I have already went out and bought a new pair at my local sporting goods store so sending another would result in me having two pairs of the same bats. Thank you for taking the time to read this letter. I have been a satisfied customer of your company for many years and this is the first time I have encountered a problem. If you need to contact me, you can reach me at (555) 555-5555. Sincerely, Li Ming （6）建议信建议信是写信人希望对解决问题有所帮助而向相关部门或者个人写的信件，其主要目的是提出自己的意见，希望对方能够采纳并采取相应行动。为了达到交际目的，所提建议要合理、可行、容易让对方接受。除此之外还需要注意语气要和善，要与对方拉近距离而不可盛气凌人。建议信的内容一般包括：1）提出亟待解决的问题；2） 分析造成问题的原因；3）提出解决办法。常用套语有：提出问题：It seems that (not have desired effects, not have obtained the full attention; be not satisfactory/ perfect; have harmful/ deadly/ serious/negative effects)I am (deeply/ really/ seriously/ terribly/greatly) concerned / worried / sad / confused about分析原因：Currently, especially ;Therefore, ;This leads to; one of the factors is ;It is understood that ifit will. 提出解决方法：In order to combat the growing problem of , should reduce/ increase/ ensure; I think it would be more beneficial if you could.; I think it would be helpful to. 范例：2007年、2009年硕士研究生入学考试作文题（见真题分析）（7）道歉信道歉信是写信人对未尽之事向收信人表示歉意。所有道歉信都需要注意的是：解释的理由要真实而详细，态度要诚恳、语言要诚挚，从而使收信人理解，并达到最终谅解。道歉信的内容可包括：1）表示歉意并说明道歉的事因；2）解释自己的难处或苦衷；3）请求原谅或提出补救的方法。常用套语有：表达歉意：Theres no excuse for I forgot to .I am indeed very sorry for , but believe I had no intention toHere is my deepest apology for . Please forgive me for 解释苦衷：The fact is that I had / Unfortunately I / I had a small accident / I have some urgent business to deal with My behavior yesterday was inexcusable, and I must tell you how 请求原谅提出补救方法：I want you to know how badly feel about and to assure you that it will not happen again. I realize that particular is irreplaceable, but I hope you will use the enclosed check to purchase a similar one. I hope this situation can be mended to everyones satisfaction. I can only hope you will forgive on my part.范例1Directions: You have received a complaint letter from your customer for the mix-up of order #: 26429782. Write a letter to him to 1) express your apology 2) explain the reason 3) provide the solution and offer the compensation. Dear Mr. Bicman: I apologize for the mix-up of order #: 26429782. We have just implemented a new packaging system that still has a few bugs to be worked out, but we did fix your order and sent it out this morning. For your trouble, we have enclosed a $25 gift certificate which can be used at any of our stores. Once again I would like to apologize for the mix-up in your order and any inconveniences this may have caused you. Sincerely, Li Ming范例2 2008年硕士研究生入学考试作文题（见真题分析）（8）感谢信感谢信的目的是感激对方为自己的付出，感激之情要传达得真挚自然，不要刻意夸大。感谢信所涉及的内容多种多样，比如可以感谢对方替自己做了一件事情，在自己痛苦时安慰了自己，出席了自己的宴会等等。其内容包括：1）表达感激之情2）回顾事情的经过 3）肯定对方帮助的价值以及对自己的影响，表达自己回报的愿望。常用套语有：表达感激之情：Thanks so much for；Abundant thanks to for Im writing to express my heartfelt thanks for On behalf of my whole family, I wish to extend our heartfelt thanks for all the trouble you had taken in I must write to thank you for inviting me to肯定对方帮助的价值及影响：You will never know how much we appreciated your kind and practical help. Your meant more than I can express in words. Nothing can be more precious for me than your表达回报的愿望：I hope I can return the favor someday Do call on me if I can ever return the favor.感谢信中比较特殊是求职者面试后给面试官写的信。此类感谢信的内容不只是感谢，而是一般感谢信和求职信的结合。其主要内容包括：（1）感谢对方给你面谈的机会，并注明你面试的时间和所求的职位；（2）说明你对该公司、该职位的兴趣，强调你的知识与技能符合公司的需要，表示自己能为公司的发展做出贡献。也可以补充说明或澄清在面谈中忽略或没有讲明的问题（3）重申你对该职位的兴趣，主动提供更多的材料，表示期待他们的消息。Directions: You have just attended an interview in Apfel Incorporated for the position of marketing analyst. Write a letter of appreciation to the interviewer Mr. David Wayne. Your letter should include the following points:1） express your appreciation for the interview2) tell about your job-related skills and experienceDear Mr. Wayne，Thank you very much for taking the time from your busy schedule last Friday to interview me for the marketing analyst position at Apfel Incorporated. After our meeting, I am convinced that your company is an excellent place for my career.I am extremely excited about the position and believe that my skills are a good match for the company. As you may remember, I completed a project that is similar in nature to the work I would be doing at your company. I believe that I could make an immediate contribution to Apfel Incorporated.Please let me know if I can provide you with any additional information about my background or goals. My email address is LiMingyahoo.com, and my phone number is 12345678. I look forward to hearing from you soon.YYours sincerely, Li Ming三、其他应用文（一）告示与通知Notice and Announcement告示、通知之类的应用文，写法灵活多样，有正式和非正式等多种形式，其目的均为告诉公众某件事或某项活动。文字要求简洁易懂，表达直截了当。这部分又可分为两类，一类是有关部门就某事发出的通知或张贴的告示，此类文件要求结构严谨，用词确切，通常使用比较正式的文体。另一类是关于会议或活动的简单通知，此类文章至少需要包含以下内容：时间、地点、活动内容。范例：Prince Alfred ParkNOTICEParking of vehicles, playing of golf, walking of dogs and the riding of bicycles is prohibited in this park. Unauthorized vehicles are prohibited in this park.Town ClerkANNOUNCEMENTA TALK ON“ENGLISH TEACHING IN SHENZHEN”will be given byComrade Wu Mingliangon Saturday, May 10at 8:30 a. m.in Room C510