建筑电气外文文献.doc

提高个人的生活质量，通过他们的智能家居 该项目的假设是：可以增加一个人的生活质量的“智能技术”集成到他们的家庭环境。这个假设是非常广泛的，因此，研究人员将调查它考虑到多方面的，潜在的过度研磨，分节的人口。特别是，该项目将重点放在与卫生保健需求的环节，因为它认为，这些子章节将获得最大的受益于这种增强的方法住房。两个研究问题流从这一假说：什么是保健，可以改善通过“智能住宅”的问题，什么是技术问题需要解决，让“智能住宅”建造？虽然存在少量的措施，在加拿大境外，据称这方面的调查，没有这方面的全球视野。工作往往是在小范围内的各个部分是如何有助于实现更大的目标只有有限的想法。这个项目有一个非常强烈的责任感，并认为，如果没有这一全球性的方向，其他措施将失败，以解决各部分的重要问题，而且正确的全局方向的总和的部分会产生更大的回报比的各个组成部分。这个新的领域与业务流程工程领域，有许多相似之处，很多产品失败的原因只考虑一个子集的问题，通常是技术的子集。成功的项目和实施才开始启动，当人们开始认识到，一个全面的方法是至关重要的。这种整体性的要求也适用于领域的“聪明屋”，如果我们真的希望它有利益于社区，而不仅仅是技术的兴趣。话虽如此，下面列出的大部分工作是非常重要的，在其个人的主题包含了大量新奇的。 医疗保健和保障性住房： 至目前为止，很少有人协调，研究如何“聪明屋”的技术可以帮助体弱的老人留在家里，或降低成本所经历的非正式照顾者。因此，建议研究的目的是确定帮助老年人保持自己的独立性和帮助照顾者维持他们的爱心活动中的各种住宅技术的实用性。 整体设计的研究是集中在两个群体的老年人。首先是老人出院急性护理环境的潜在能力下降，保持独立。一个例子是有髋关节置换手术的老年人。本集团可能会受益于技术，这将有助于他们成为适应他们的行动不便。第二个是老年人有慢性健康问题，如老年痴呆症和接受援助的非正式护理员的生活在距离。关心的高级生活的距离是非正式照顾者在照顾者的职业倦怠的高风险。监测的关心，高级健康和安全是通过这样照顾者的重要任务之一。如地面传感器和访问控制来确保安全的入侵者或指示私奔与老年痴呆症的高级设备，可以减少护理员的时间花在上下班的高级监控。 对于这两种样品，试验将包括长时间内的“聪明屋”的居住。急性护理医院出院急性护理的老年人。这些老年人照顾的非正式照顾者的距离可以招募老年痴呆症诊断诊所或通过请求照顾者喘息的机会。 数量有限的临床和医疗服务研究已进行了复杂的健康问题，在老年人中控制的环境中，如为代表的“智能家居”。例如，它被称为夜视老人是可怜的，但很少有有关醒来后照明或夜间活动的最佳水平。跌倒是老年人的一个主要问题，它导致受伤，残疾和额外的医疗费用。对于那些痴呆的疾病，安全的关键问题是在性能日常生活活动（ADL）。至关重要的是，我们能够监控病人会下降，在ADL。患者和照顾者的活动进行监测和数据将被收集在下列情况下。 项目将集中于亚人群，以收集科学数据，其条件和技术的影响，在他们的生活方式。例如： 稳定的慢性中风后的残疾和他们的照顾者的人：研究优化模型，对于此类患者（这些患者可能有疏忽，偏瘫，失语和判断问题）的各种传感器的类型和位置，在行走运动的发展模式研究，使用轮椅或拐杖上各种不同类型的地板材料，研究照顾者支持监测频率和位置的瀑布;智能家电，以评估的价值为中风病人及照顾者对信息进行评估，并通过电子医疗技术;通信技术促进远程家庭护理评估技术接口，用于远程家庭护理的工作人员和客户的各种照明部分的房子，以评估最有效的方法，修改或开发新技术，以提高舒适性和便利性中风患者和照顾者，以评估值的监控系统，协助照顾者。 人与阿尔茨海默氏病和他们的照顾者：通过智能房子陌生的环境的影响，以评估他们的能力，以进行自我保健和没有提示的情况下，评估他们的能力，以使用不熟悉的设备中的智能房子，以评估和监测人与阿尔茨海默氏症的运动方式，评估和监控跌倒或徘徊;评估的类型和型号的传感器，以监测患者的效果进行评估，墙面的颜色为病人和照顾者适当的照明，以评估值。 普适计算技术： 无处不在的计算基础设施被视为在家里的“智能”的骨干。在与无处不在的计算系统，这个系统的主要组成部分是：阵列传感器，通信基础设施和软件控制（基于软件代理）基础设施。同样，它被认为是必要的，从整体上研究这个话题。传感器设计：在这里研究的重点将是发展的（微型）传感器和传感器阵列使用智能材料，如：压电材料，磁致伸缩材料和形状记忆合金（形状记忆合金）。特别是，形状记忆合金是一类智能材料，是有吸引力的用于感测和致动的应用，主要是因为它们的异常高的工作输出/体积比相比，智能材料的形状记忆合金进行适当的机械和热负荷的制度时，经过固固相变，导致在一个宏观的尺寸和形状的变化，这种变化是通过反转的热机械加载收回，并且被称为一个单向形状记忆的效果。由于这种材料的功能，形状记忆合金可以用来作为一个传感器和致动器。一个非常最近的发展是努力，将形状记忆合金在微机电系统（MEMS）等，这些材料可以使用作为微传感器和致动器的组成部分。 MEMS领域的活动，其中一些技术已经足够成熟，可能的商业应用出现。一些例子是微化学分析仪，湿度和压力传感器，MEMS流量控制，合成射流激励器和光学MEMS（下一代互联网）。将形状记忆合金在MEMS研究界是一个相对较新的努力，据我们所知，只有一组（格雷格卡门教授，机械工程，美国加州大学洛杉矶分校）已经成功地演示了动态特性，基于SMA- MEMS。在这里，重点将是利用传感和驱动功能的智能材料设计和制造有用的和经济上可行的微型传感器和执行器。 通讯：“智能屋”的建设和使用提供了广泛的机会，以家庭为基础的无线和有线通信服务来分析和验证。虽然其中一些已经广泛地探讨，许多问题已经得到很少或根本没有注意。建议探讨以下问题：测量的信道统计在住宅环境：室内无线信道统计的知识是至关重要的，使高效率的发射器和接收器的设计，以及确定适当水平的信号功率，数据传输速率，调制技术，差错控制码的的无线链路。干扰，信道失真，频谱限制，产生的结果为残疾人（轮椅的设备，四站，监控设备等）特别感兴趣。 增强室内无线通信天线的设计，分析和验证。室内无线通信的需要结构紧凑，坚固耐用的天线。新的天线设计，优化所需的数据传输速率，工作频率和空间的要求，可以考虑。 最近已经商业化的验证和分析的室内无线网络：无线网络标准，家庭自动化操作。整合这些系统的智能家居中的一个或多个提供的机会，以验证这些系统的操作，检查其局限性，并确定是否过度设计标准，以满足一般的需求。有效的通信线路计划确定为“智能家居”：存在有线和无线基础设施的性能/成本权衡。不同的无线网络配置的测量和分析，以便确定适当的网络设计。代价较大规模的通信系统：室内无线网络的室内通信系统的协调是当地的住所附近。存在更广泛的大规模网络，如蜂窝式电话网络，固定无线网络，和基于卫星的通信网络。保健监测的目的，这些服务之间的相容性的可行性和实用性，老年痴呆症患者的跟踪，等需要考虑。 软件代理和他们的工程：嵌入式代理可以被认为是相当于提供一个友好的专家与产品。嵌入式代理智能建筑带来许多的挑战，无论是在水平的设计方法以及详细的实施。在这方面的项目将包括： 人类居住环境的大型智能体系统的架构：住宅长期护理的环境中成功部署代理技术需要新的架构，这些系统的设计。一个合适的架构应该是简单而灵活地提供实时有效的代理操作。同时，它应该是分层的刚性，以允许执行的规则和限制，确保的居民建筑系统的安全。必须解决这些矛盾的要求，通过设计一个新的架构，将系统中的所有代理共享。 强大的决策和控制结构，学习代理：实现终身学习的能力，代理商需要配备强大的机制，学习和适应。隔离使用一些传统的学习系统是不可能的，因为这些药物的高预期寿命。我们要发展的几个学习和表现方法，在一个新兴的时尚相结合的混合式学习系统。这样的系统会采用不同的方法，根据自己的成熟度和量的变化，以适应新的情况或学习新的行为。为了应付高层次的不确定性从这些来源不可预测的人类用户的互动，强大的行为将被设计和实施能够处理不同类型的不确定性（如概率和模糊不确定性）采用了先进的技术，感觉和数据基于计算智能技术的融合和推理机制。 自动建模现实世界的对象，包括个别住户：这个问题在这里是：“定位和提取”的个性和习惯一个人的代表性是至关重要的信息;系统是“遵循和采用”个人的情绪和行为的发展。基于数据挖掘和进化的技术，解决方案，将利用：（1）聚类方法，分类的树木和关联发现重要的不同属性之间的关系属于个人的各种功能的分类和分区技术，这是一个基本要素在寻找一个人的行为模式，和（2）神经模糊和以规则为基础的系统，用于个人的特性发展模式的学习和适应能力，这是必要的估计和预测的潜在活动和远期规划。 调查的框架普适计算的特点：考虑分布式和基于互联网的系统，这也许是最常见的，无处不在的计算，最大的影响是不特定的软件工程过程，但是从现有的软件框架或工具包“，这让在这些领域的许多系统的快速建设和部署。因此，它提出的“聪明屋”无处不在的计算基础设施的建设也应利用作为一个软件工程的研究。研究人员将首先参观一些真正的无处不在的计算系统中存在的今天，试图建立一个初始图片的功能的框架。 （这种方法有明显的相似之处伽玛的方法，约翰逊和Vlissides部署他们的开创性工作，“设计模式”。不幸的是，在他们的工作相比，这里的样本量将是非常小的，因此，额外的工作将需要可靠的答案。）初步框架，随后将作为智能家居的软件系统的基础上。毫无疑问，这个初步框架将大幅进化的系统建设过程中，无处不在的计算环境的要求展开。它被认为是一个真正有用的和可靠的神器，体系建设等密切参与是一个必要的组成部分。施工阶段的末尾，预计将产生一个稳定的框架，它可以表明，大量的基本特征（或图案）已发现的普适计算。 无处不在的计算问题的确认和验证（VV）：希望调查确认和验证（VV）普适计算的问题，房子会提供一个测试床。房子将被用作评估车辆，以确定哪些VV技术，工具或方法，如果没有，在此环境中是有用的。此外，计划提供给全世界的研究人员使用这种车辆的增加，使这个试验设施。长远来看，预计这种基础设施所提供的设施，将演变成一个国际公认的“标杆”的网站VV活动中无处不在的计算。 其他技术领域： 该项目还计划调查了一些其他领域，如照明系统，安防系统，加热，通风和空调等，例如，能源效率方面，该项目目前预计承担的两项研究： 测定绝缘百叶窗的效果：外部绝缘百叶窗随着时间的推移是无效的，因为密封问题。室内百叶窗是优越的，可以用来帮助减少热量的损失。然而，它们的移动和定位，需要适当的控制，以防止由于热冲击的窗口破损。开启或关闭周期的启动，将测得的外部光线水平的基础上，目前的内部加热水平;当前和预期的使用由现有居民的房子，等等。 替代能源发电的能源使用模式的比较可以很容易地通过检测每个设备监控。天然气和电力的主要能源供应是自然的选择。热空间和温水中的燃料的化学能的转换可以通过常规方法进行，或通过使用的Volvo Penta系统的总能量系统，如：有了这个系统中，燃料被用于功率小的内燃机，这反过来又驱动一台发电机，用于电能生产。从冷却剂和排气的余热被用来加热水供国内使用和空间加热。多余的电力反馈到电网，或储存在蓄电池中。在未来某一日期，计划替代燃料电池的总能量系统允许的直接比较两个先进的系统性能。Increasing an individuals quality of life via their intelligent homeThe hypothesis of this project is: can an individuals quality of life be increased by integrating “intelligent technology” into their home environment. This hypothesis is very broad, and hence the researchers will investigate it with regard to various, potentially over-lapping, sub-sections of the population. In particular, the project will focus on sub-sections with health-care needs, because it is believed that these sub-sections will receive the greatest benefit from this enhanced approach to housing. Two research questions flow from this hypothesis: what are the health-care issues that could be improved via “intelligent housing”, and what are the technological issues needing to be solved to allow “intelligent housing” to be constructed? While a small number of initiatives exist, outside Canada, which claim to investigate this area, none has the global vision of this area. Work tends to be in small areas with only a limited idea of how the individual pieces contribute towards a greater goal. This project has a very strong sense of what it is trying to attempt, and believes that without this global direction the other initiatives will fail to address the large important issues described within various parts of this proposal, and that with the correct global direction the sum of the parts will produce much greater rewards than the individual components. This new field has many parallels with the field of business process engineering, where many products fail due to only considering a sub-set of the issues, typically the technology subset. Successful projects and implementations only started flow when people started to realize that a holistic approach was essential. This holistic requirement also applies to the field of “smart housing”; if we genuinely want it to have benefit to the community rather than just technological interest. Having said this, much of the work outlined below is extremely important and contains a great deal of novelty within their individual topics. Health-Care and Supportive housing：To date, there has been little coordinated research on how “smart house” technologies can assist frail seniors in remaining at home, and/or reduce the costs experienced by their informal caregivers. Thus, the purpose of the proposed research is to determine the usefulness of a variety of residential technologies in helping seniors maintain their independence and in helping caregivers sustain their caring activities.The overall design of the research is to focus on two groups of seniors. The first is seniors who are being discharged from an acute care setting with the potential for reduced ability to remain independent. An example is seniors who have had hip replacement surgery. This group may benefit from technologies that would help them become adapted to their reduced mobility. The second is seniors who have a chronic health problem such as dementia and who are receiving assistance from an informal caregiver living at a distance. Informal caregivers living at a distance from the cared-for senior are at high risk of caregiver burnout. Monitoring the cared-for senior for health and safety is one of the important tasks done by such caregivers. Devices such as floor sensors (to determine whether the senior has fallen) and access controls to ensure safety from intruders or to indicate elopement by a senior with dementia could reduce caregiver time spent commuting to monitor the senior.For both samples, trials would consist of extended periods of residence within the smart house. Samples of seniors being discharged from acute care would be recruited from acute care hospitals. Samples of seniors being cared for by informal caregivers at a distance could be recruited through dementia diagnosis clinics or through request from caregivers for respite. Limited amounts of clinical and health service research has been conducted upon seniors (with complex health problems) in controlled environments such as that represented by the “smart house”. For example, it is known that night vision of the aged is poor but there is very little information regarding the optimum level of lighting after wakening or for night activities. Falling is a major issue for older persons; and it results in injuries, disabilities and additional health care costs. For those with dementing illnesses, safety is the key issue during performance of the activities of daily living (ADL). It is vital for us to be able to monitor where patients would fall during ADL. Patients and caregivers activities would be monitored and data will be collected in the following conditions.Projects would concentrate on sub-populations, with a view to collecting scientific data about their conditions and the impact of technology upon their life styles. For example: -Persons with stable chronic disability following a stroke and their caregivers: to research optimum models, types and location of various sensors for such patients (these patients may have neglect, hemiplegia, aphasia and judgment problems); to research pattern of movements during the ambulation, use of wheel chairs or canes on various type of floor material; to research caregivers support through e-health technology; to monitor frequencies and location of the falls; to evaluate the value of smart appliances for stroke patients and caregivers; to evaluate information and communication technology set up for Tele-homecare; to evaluate technology interface for Tele-homecare staff and clients; to evaluate the most effective way of lighting the various part of the house; to modify or develop new technology to enhance comfort and convenience of stroke patients and caregivers; to evaluate the value of surveillance systems in assisting caregivers.- Persons with Alzheimers disease and their caregivers: to evaluate the effect of smart house (unfamiliar environment) on their ability to conduct self-care with and without prompting; to evaluate their ability to use unfamiliar equipment in the smart house; to evaluate and monitor persons with Alzheimers disease movement pattern; to evaluate and monitor falls or wandering; to evaluate the type and model of sensors to monitor patients; to evaluate the effect of wall color for patients and care givers; to evaluate the value of proper lighting.Technology - Ubiquitous Computing：The ubiquitous computing infrastructure is viewed as the backbone of the “intelligence” within the house. In common with all ubiquitous computing systems, the primary components with this system will be: the array of sensors, the communication infrastructure and the software control (based upon software agents) infrastructure. Again, it is considered essential that this topic is investigated holistically.Sensor design: The focus of research here will be development of (micro)-sensors and sensor arrays using smart materials, e.g. piezoelectric materials, magneto strictive materials and shape memory alloys (SMAs). In particular, SMAs are a class of smart materials that are attractive candidates for sensing and actuating applications primarily because of their extraordinarily high work output/volume ratio compared to other smart materials. SMAs undergo a solid-solid phase transformation when subjected to an appropriate regime of mechanical and thermal load, resulting in a macroscopic change in dimensions and shape; this change is recoverable by reversing the thermo mechanical loading and is known as a one-way shape memory effect. Due to this material feature, SMAs can be used as both a sensor and an actuator. A very recent development is an effort to incorporate SMAs in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) so that these materials can be used as integral parts of micro-sensors and actuators. MEMS are an area of activity where some of the technology is mature enough for possible commercial applications to emerge. Some examples are micro-chemical analyzers, humidity and pressure sensors, MEMS for flow control, synthetic jet actuators and optical MEMS (for the next generation internet). Incorporating SMAs in MEMS is a relatively new effort in the research community; to the best of our knowledge, only one group (Prof. Greg Carman, Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles) has successfully demonstrated the dynamic properties of SMA-based MEMS. Here, the focus will be to harness the sensing and actuation capabilities of smart materials to design and fabricate useful and economically viable micro-sensors and actuators. Communications: Construction and use of an “intelligent house” offers extensive opportunities to analyze and verify the operation of wireless and wired home-based communication services. While some of these are already widely explored, many of the issues have received little or no attention. It is proposed to investigate the following issues: - Measurement of channel statistics in a residential environment: knowledge of the indoor wireless channel statistics is critical for enabling the design of efficient transmitters and receivers, as well as determining appropriate levels of signal power, data transfer rates, modulation techniques, and error control codes for the wireless links. Interference, channel distortion, and spectral limitations that arises as a result of equipment for the disabled (wheelchairs, IV stands, monitoring equipment, etc.) is of particular interest.- Design, analysis, and verification of enhanced antennas for indoor wireless communications. Indoor wireless communications present the need for compact and rugged antennas. New antenna designs, optimized for desired data rates, frequency of operation, and spatial requirements, could be considered.- Verification and analysis of operation of indoor wireless networks: wireless networking standards for home automation have recently been commercialized. Integration of one or more of these systems into the smart house would provide the opportunity to verify the operation of these systems, examine their limitations, and determine whether the standards are over-designed to meet typical requirements.- Determination of effective communications wiring plans for “smart homes.”: there exist performance/cost tradeoffs regarding wired and wireless infrastructure. Measurement and analysis of various wireless network configurations will allow for determination of appropriate network designs.- Consideration of coordinating indoor communication systems with larger-scale communication systems: indoor wireless networks are local to the vicinity of the residence. There exist broader-scale networks, such as the cellular telephone network, fixed wireless networks, and satellite-based communication networks. The viability and usefulness of compatibility between these services for the purposes of health-care monitoring, the tracking of dementia patients, etc needs to be considered.Software Agents and their Engineering: An embedded-agent can be considered the equivalent of supplying a friendly expert with a product. Embedded-agents for Intelligent Buildings pose a number of challenges both at the level of the design methodology as well as the resulting detailed implementation. Projects in this area will include：- Architectures for large-scale agent systems for human inhabited environment: successful deployment of agent technology in residential/extended care environments requires the design of new architectures for these systems. A suitable architecture should be simple and flexible to provide efficient agent operation in real time. At the same time, it should be hierarchical and rigid to allow enforcement of rules and restrictions ensuring safety of the inhabitants of the building system. These contradictory requirements have to be resolved by designing a new architecture that will be shared by all agents in the system. - Robust Decision and Control Structures for Learning Agents: to achieve life-long learning abilities, the agents need to be equipped with powerful mechanisms for learning and adaptation. Isolated use of some traditional learning systems is not possible due to high-expected lifespan of these agents. We intend to develop hybrid learning systems combining several learning and representation techniques in an emergent fashion. Such systems will apply different approaches based on their own maturity and on the amount of change necessary to adapt to a new situation or learn new behaviors. To cope with high levels of non-determinism (from such sources as interaction with unpredictable human users), robust behaviors will be designed and implemented capable of dealing with different types of uncertainty (e.g. probabilistic and fuzzy uncertainty) using advanced techniques for sensory and data fusion, and inference mechanisms based on techniques of computational intelligence. - Automatic modeling of real-world objects, including individual householders: The problems here are: “the locating and extracting” of information essential for representation of personality and habits of an individual; development of systems that “follow and adopt to” individuals mood and behavior. The solutions, based on data mining and evolutionary techniques, will utilize: (1) clustering methods, classification tress and association discovery techniques for the classification and partition of important relationships among different attributes for various features belonging to an individual, this is an essential element in finding behavioral patterns of an individual; and (2) neuro-fuzzy and rule-based systems with learning and adaptation capabilities used to develop models of an individuals characteristics, this is essential for estimation and prediction of potential activities and forward planning.- Investigation of framework characteristics for ubiquitous computing: Consider distributed and internet-based systems, which perhaps have the most in common with ubiquitous computing, here again, the largest impact is not from specific software engineering processes, but is from available software frameworks or toolkits, which allow the rapid construction and deployment of many of the systems in these areas. Hence, it is proposed that the construction of the ubiquitous computing infrastructure for the “smart house” should also be utilized as a software engineering study. Researchers would start by visiting the few genuine ubiquitous computing systems in existence today, to try to build up an initial picture of the functionality of the framework. (This approach has obviously parallels with the approach of Gamma, Helm, Johnson and Vlissides deployed for their groundbreaking work on “design patterns”. Unfortunately, in comparison to their work, the sample size here will be extremely small, and hence, additional work will be required to produce reliable answers.) This initial framework will subsequently be used as the basis of the smart houses software system. Undoubtedly, this initial framework will substantially evolve during the construction of the sy