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中国文学通论形成性考核册作业1-4答案作业1(先秦部分)一、填空1.诗 305 诗三百 2.15 3.风、雅、颂 4.战国策 5.庄子6.荀子 7.春秋左氏传 8.国策、国事等刘向汉 9.孔门后学语录体 10.天问 11.离骚 12.离骚 13.九歌 4.春秋15.公羊传榖梁传左传左传16.孟子17.荀子18.庄子19.墨子20.庄子二、概念解释风雅颂:诗经的分类。风,又称“国风”,是当时各诸侯国所管辖地域的民歌土乐,类似于我们今天的地方小调。诗经共有15国风,160篇。雅是周天子直接统辖的王畿附近的音乐歌曲,其中有一些民歌,但大多数是贵族文人的创作。雅分大雅和小雅,共105篇。颂是朝廷祭祀祖先和神灵的歌舞,包括周颂、鲁颂、商颂,共40篇。楚辞:是战国时期以屈原为代表的楚国诗人创作的诗歌,它是诗经三百篇之后的一种新诗体,也是先秦文学的新高峰。它的产生,是楚国特定的历史、特殊的地理、独特的文化环境以及具有特出才华的诗人天才创造的产物。神奇绚烂的楚文化是楚辞产生的渊源。历史散文:我们将先秦时期记录历史大事、王朝政治、重要人物的行为、语言、思想、事迹及各诸侯国之间纠纷缠斗的政治、军事、外交诸多事件的著作,称之为历史著作,又因为它们同时具有较高的文学价值,我们又称之为历史散文。诸子散文:春秋后期和战国时期,出现了众多的学术流派自由争鸣的学术气氛,史称“诸子”。这些思想家在传达自己政治主张的时候,留下了一批学术著作,由于它们具有较高的文学价值,我们又称之为诸子散文。春秋笔法:指春秋叙事中潜藏的主观倾向性。春秋以16000多字记载了200多年的各诸侯国大事,用笔简省,叙事中包含了孔子的道德观念和政治评价,其褒贬是暗示而非明指的,所以人们将他的寓评价于叙事中的方式称之为“春秋笔法”。三、简答题1.谈谈诗经氓中的思想内容。提示:诗经氓以一位女子的视角,叙述了自己从自由恋爱结婚,到被遗弃的遭遇。面对无情的男子,刚强的女子虽然满怀怨恨,但是并不一味留恋徘徊。诗歌深刻地反映了当时男女在婚姻上的不平等地位。2.谈谈诗经氓中的艺术手法。提示:塑造了中国文学史上最早的妇女形象。对比的手法。比兴手法恰到好处的运用。3.谈谈论语侍坐章中的孔子为什么要赞同曾皙?提示:孔子不得其用的苦闷心情。孔子性格、修养所决定的他的排遣苦闷的方式的选择。曾皙话语中所传达的境界。四、作品分析题阅读下文,然后回答问题:烛之武退秦师(文略,见教材中国古代文学作品选第12-13页)1.这段说辞可分为几部分?提示:可分为三部分:亡郑不仅无益于秦,而且增强了晋国的势力。不亡郑有益于秦。晋国无信,且不停地扩张势力,对秦形成大的威胁。2.这段说辞论述了几国关系?它们之间的厉害关系如何?提示:论述了三国关系,即秦和郑,秦和晋秦郑关系:亡郑,利于晋;存郑,利于秦。秦晋关系:历史上,晋负秦;未来,晋威胁秦。3.这段说辞从什么角度打动秦伯的?提示:站在秦的立场上考虑。牢牢把握“利害”二字。五、论述题1.试举例说明诗经中的“赋、比、兴”的手法。提示:赋,直接叙写的手法。如氓中的记叙和描写的手法等。比,比喻的手法,如氓中的“桑”与女子青春姣好,人老珠黄之比况。兴,诗歌开头先写其他物象的手法,如蒹葭的开头。2.试举例比较左传、国语、战国策的记叙重点和特点。提示:记叙重点:左传记事,国语记言,战国策记事也记言。记叙特点:左传以编年体的形式记叙历史,虽然语言生动,但偏重于史。国语记言,文学意味较为淡薄,亦偏重于史。战国策虽然记载史实,但更为注重情节,人物和语言的生动性。作业2(两汉魏晋南北朝文学)一、填空1.赋 2.纪传体 3. 5本纪世家列传表书 4.项羽本纪5.廉颇蔺相如列传6.项羽本纪7.项羽本纪 8.项羽本纪 刘邦、项羽、张良、范曾、樊哙 9.子长 10.汉乐府 11.古诗十九首 12.曹操曹丕曹植 13.王粲 14.蔡琰 15.曹丕的燕歌行16.典论论文 17.曹操 18.陶渊明 19.谢灵运20.鲍照21.嵇康二、概念解释史记:西汉司马迁所撰写的一部纪传体通史。记录了从传说中的五帝到汉武帝太初年间的历史。分为12本纪,序帝王;30世家,记诸侯;70列传,志人物;10表,系时事;8书,详制度,共130篇。其纪传体成为我国古代历代历史著作的范式。乐府:本是汉代的一种音乐机关。“乐”就是音乐;“府”就是官府。乐府的职责是将已有的诗歌配上音乐,采集民间的歌诗。到了六朝,乐府由官署名称演变为诗体的名称,人们将汉代乐府演唱的歌诗称之为“乐府”。古诗十九首:古诗十九首最早见于文选。南朝梁太子萧统在编文选时,选取了十九首无主名的五言古诗,题为古诗十九首,此后,古诗十九首就成为了指称这十九首古诗的一个专门的名称。古诗十九首是一组抒情诗,主要表达了宦游失意的士子的悲哀;思妇的伤别念远;对年命短暂的悲哀。建安风骨:指东汉末年建安时期以三曹父子为首的一批诗人的作品的风格。他们深刻地描写和反映了汉末动荡的社会现实以及人民的深重苦难,同时又表现出他们强烈的责任感和作家的社会良心,慷慨悲凉,风格遒劲。后世将他们的作品以及作品呈现出的精神风貌称之为“建安风骨”。田园诗:以农村田园生活作为吟咏题材的诗歌,主要表现农村的景色和农事活动,同时寄寓了一定的隐居的情怀。开创中国文学史上“田园诗”传统的是东晋诗人陶渊明,他的诗歌描写了朴实宁静,充满人间温情的田园,同时也表达了从体制中解脱的愉悦之情。山水诗:以自然山水为吟咏题材的诗歌,通过对自然山水美丽景色的描述,来表达诗人孤清闲适的情怀。通常认为是东晋的谢灵运开始启发了人们用诗歌描写山水的兴趣。到了唐代,山水诗取得了很大的成就。永明体:又称“新体诗”,南朝齐永明年间沈约等人提出“四声八病”说,要求诗歌做到声律和谐,讲究对偶。声律和对偶互助配合,就形成了具有格律的新体诗。因为是永明年间开创的,故称“永明体”。代表诗人是谢朓。三、简答题1.孔雀东南飞反映了什么样的主题?通过刘兰芝和焦仲卿的爱情悲剧,揭露了封建礼教、封建家长制的专横和对善良男女,特别是对于年轻女性在婚姻家庭生活中的奴役和迫害。同时,也描写了焦、刘二人忠于爱情,坚贞不渝的美好品质,热情歌颂了他们宁死不屈的叛逆精神,表达了人们对爱情婚姻自由的的热烈向往。2.曹操短歌行表达了作者怎样的思想?诗歌以充沛的感情、质朴的语言以及雄健的气势,运用比兴手法,形象地表达了时光流逝,功业未成的深沉感慨和求贤若渴以建功立业,平定天下的壮志。3.“古诗十九首”迢迢牵牛星一诗中多用叠字,请分析其艺术效果。诗中连用六个叠字,“迢迢”、“皎皎”、“纤纤”、“札札”、“盈盈”、“脉脉”。不仅增强了节奏的美感和音韵的协调,更多地是自然而贴切地表达了物性与情思。像用“纤纤”来写手,用“盈盈”来写银河,贴切而形象,用“脉脉”来写情,更是含而不露,却又尽得风情。四、作品分析题阅读陌上桑,回答问题。陌上桑(作品见作品选145-146页)1.本诗如何描写罗敷的美?作者写罗敷的美,没有直接描写罗敷的容颜,而是通过对环境美、器物美、服饰美的描写来衬托罗敷的美。另外,诗歌还通过观者的反应,通过美的效果来写罗敷的美,也是一种衬托的手法。同时,这首诗并没有停留在对罗敷外貌美的描写上,而且还写出了她的心灵美、品质美,这就是坚贞、勇敢、机智、不慕权势。外貌的美色和内在的美德完美结合,罗敷的形象因而光彩夺目。2.罗敷为何要“夸夫”?罗敷夸夫一段未必是实情,她虚构出这位杰出的丈夫,是要以其人之道还治其人之身。太守以势压人,她也就以势相抗,显示出了她的机智和勇敢。3.结合全诗,总述罗敷的人物形象。罗敷是一位聪明勤劳,机智勇敢,调皮活泼,既有美色,又有美德的采桑女的形象。五、论述题1.试分析比较陶渊明、谢灵运道德人格与艺术风格的异同。提示:道德人格的比较:同:都不适应当时的社会体制,在价值追求上,都赞成对世俗富贵的超越。对体制的警惕,对个人自由的维护,是他俩共同的价值坚持。异:陶疏淡平和,对世道看得较为通透,个人品质是完善的。谢浮躁猖狂,对世道缺乏更多了解,个人品质有明显的缺陷。艺术风格的比较:同:都能够在田园山水中发现自然的和谐亲近之美。异:陶事、情、景、理的结合完美。圆融无碍,浑然一体。谢事、情、景、理的结合不够自然,诗中的议论拖着玄言的尾巴。2.试述司马迁史记的文学特征及成就。提示:文学特征:以“人”及人之性格、命运作为自己写作的目的和使命,是史记最主要的文学特征。史记杰出的写人手法和无比巨大的写人艺术成就,都由此而来。个人性与抒情性是史记文学特征的又一重要表现。成就:史记写人的基本手法主要是在矛盾冲突中展现人物性格,用人物的语言和行动来表现人物的性格,细节描写,心理描写,对比手法等等。就叙事言,史记选材之精审,详略之妥当,从其“互见法”中可略见一斑。就语言而论,史记的人物语言大都能肖其声口,符合人物的个性,修养,身份。而其叙述语言精洁而爽朗,飘逸又沉着,密丽与疏荡并存,奇气横逸,跌宕多姿,是古典散文的典范。作业3(唐宋部分)一、填空1.陈子昂 2.沈佺期宋之问 3.王维 使至塞上4.苏轼王维 5.燕歌行6.王之涣 7.王之涣登鹳雀楼 8.杜甫登高 9.韩愈 10.白居易元稹 11.韩愈柳宗元 12.柳宗元 13.唐传奇 14.李商隐杜牧 15.李商隐 16.温庭筠17.李煜虞美人(春花秋月) 18.晏殊浣溪沙(一曲新词) 19.张先 20.柳永望海潮(东南形胜) 21.黄庭坚 22.李清照 23.尤袤陆游杨万里范成大24.文天祥过零丁洋25.元好问二、概念解释山水田园诗派:对盛唐一个诗歌流派的称呼。主要作家是王维,孟浩然。另有储光羲、祖咏、裴迪等人。他们以农村田园生活、自然山水作为吟咏题材,表现农村的景色、农事活动和自然山水的美丽景色,以此来表达自己的审美追求和孤清闲适的情怀。边塞诗派:对盛唐一个诗歌流派的称呼。主要作家有高适和岑参。另有王昌龄、王之涣、李颀等人。他们以军中生活和边塞风光为吟咏题材,或描写雄奇的边塞风光和艰苦的军旅生活,或反映军中的矛盾不平和征夫思妇的离愁闺怨。慷慨报国的英雄气概和不畏艰苦的乐观精神是其基本特征。唐宋八大家:对唐宋八位散文家的集体称呼。他们是:韩愈,柳宗元,欧阳修,王安石,苏洵,苏轼,苏辙,曾巩。唐宋八大家的散文写作以古文为主,要求文章文字流畅,气势宏大。书写内容上,都以儒家思想为其主导思想。苏辛:宋词两位豪放派词人的并称。即北宋的苏轼和南宋的辛弃疾。两人的词风相似,都以豪放铿锵的风格为主。初唐四杰:指初唐四位官小而名大,年少而才高的诗人,王勃,杨炯,卢照邻,骆宾王。他们率先表达了对宫廷诗风的不满,并力图以自己的创作加以扭转,从而将诗歌从宫廷引向了市井和边塞。其中,王杨长于五律,卢骆长于七古。他们的诗歌扩大了诗歌表现的题材,呈现出与宫廷诗风迥然不同的风格。古文运动:中唐时期由韩愈、柳宗元领导的反对骈文,提倡散句单行的散文的文学运动,倡导文道合一,革新文体。从文学的意义上讲,它是一次文体革新的运动。主要是革新语言,反对陈陈相因,要求字句稳妥,通顺畅达,同时强调提高作家的个人修养。新乐府运动:中唐时期由白居易和元稹领导的诗歌运动。要求诗歌写时事,写现实生活中的不合理事件,并力主诗歌语言通俗平易。参加者还有李绅、张籍、王建等。他们自觉发扬杜甫的写实精神,从生活中觅取诗材,写下了大量的赋咏新题材,运用新语言,标以新诗题的乐府诗。三、简答题1.简述陈子昂登幽州台歌的思想和艺术。这是一首登临抒怀之作。诗人登台远眺,独立苍茫,仰天长啸,慷慨悲歌,抒发了理想破灭,负剑空叹的郁闷和痛苦。从艺术上讲,这首诗和一般登临之作的不同之处在于,它没有对收入视野的景色进行具体描绘,而把重点放在传达人生有限而宇宙无穷,岁月易逝而功业难就的深沉、强烈的情绪。其次,作者把自我形象放在茫茫时空中,突出了孤独的意味,也突出了人格的力量,具有强烈的感染力。2.简析岑参白雪歌送武判官归京的艺术特色。这首诗的艺术特色在于它的奇异瑰丽。就奇异而言,它写出了寒之奇,雪之奇,情之奇。同时,它的比喻之奇,描摹之奇,都给人留下了很深刻的印象。就瑰丽而言,它运用了强烈的色彩对比,场面的描写也形成了巨大的对比空间。3.简析杜甫登高一诗的艺术成就。诗歌的前四句写景,从不同的视觉方位,由上而下,由远而近,写出了深邃空旷,肃杀萧瑟的大江秋景;后四句写人,从客居异乡到孤独多病,从老迈艰辛到无以解忧,写出了自己落寞无助的悲凉困境。季节的深秋和人生的暮秋互为衬托,形成了沉郁顿挫的风格。4.简述韩愈古文的艺术成就。韩愈的散文雄奇奔放,富于曲折变化。他的散文语言简练准确,刻画形象鲜明生动。他善于创造性地使用古代词语,又善于吸收当代口语创造出新的文学语言,因此他的散文词汇丰富,绝少陈词滥调,句式的结构也灵活多变。他有许多新创的精练语句,有不少已经成为成语。他想象丰富,还善于运用多种譬喻。5.简述柳永词在体制上的突破。柳永词在体制方面的突破主要表现在两个方面。一是大量采用新曲调,二是写作了许多长词慢调。他的乐章集中共有130个词调,绝大多数都是他采用流行曲调填写的。这样,柳永就打破了传统的小令为主的习惯,不但丰富了词的曲调,而且扩大了单首词的容量,使之更富于变化,丰富了词坛,给词坛带来了新气象。6.简述欧阳修散文的艺术特色。他的散文内容充实,形式多样。他的政治议论文义正词严,充满政治激情;为一些友人文集所作的序言,涉笔入妙,语言平易。他的记叙文叙事严谨简洁,文笔老辣,章法结构井然。描写风土人情,细致婉曲,记叙人物细腻逼真,栩栩如生。此外,他还擅长辞赋和四六文,诸体皆通。7.简述陆游关山月的艺术特色。这首诗气势雄浑,语言流畅自然,一气呵成。抒发感情时,通过画面、图景、历史和历史名人来抒情,具体生动。诗歌运用了对比的手法,今与昔的对比,年轻时的壮志与年老时的悲愤对比,诸葛亮与当朝权臣对比等等,收到了强烈的艺术效果。四、作品分析题山居秋瞑王维(作品见作品选250-251页)1.谈谈这首诗中表现出的思想情绪。这首五律诗描绘了秋日傍晚雨后山林的景色,表现了诗人乐于归隐的生活意趣。2.试析其中动静相生,声息与寂静相衬的特点。作者所写的雨后山林,主要是以动衬静,水流声,浣女嬉笑声,渔舟划动声,都在这静中体现出来,以短暂的动来映衬山林中长远的静。3.苏轼曾称赞王维的诗是“诗中有画”,能否结合这首诗谈一谈?王维的这首诗,人物的活动总是和自然和谐地融为一体,动态中显现出自然事物的光和色,表现出极其丰富的色彩和层次感,形成图画,具有深邃的意境。五、论述题1.试述杜甫诗歌的艺术成就。提示:善于对现实生活作高度的艺术概括。雄浑壮阔的艺术境界和细致入微的表现手法。语言上的千锤百炼。(以上可以登高为例分析)众体兼长。2.试述苏轼在词的发展史上的贡献。提示:继柳永之后,对词体进行了全面的改革,以诗为词,直抒胸臆,风格上开启了豪放词。扩大了词境,以词写边塞、山水、田园,将词从单纯的男女之情中解放了出来。对词体的形式上的改造:如小序,词题的运用等。3.试述辛弃疾词作的思想内容。提示:爱国思想和战斗精神是辛词的主要表现内容。以此为主旋律,辛词或表现对抗敌斗争的颂扬,或表现壮志难酬的愤懑与慨叹,或表现对南宋苟安局面的不满,即使是在对田园题材的抒写中,也常常不自觉地流露出对国事的关心,以及无法掩饰的孤苦心境。辛词中的抒情主人公表现了我国古代要求报国而受到挫折的人的共同感受。作业4(元明清部分)一、填空1.杂剧散曲 2.关汉卿 3.关汉卿 白朴 马致远 郑光祖 4.王实甫5.窦娥冤救风尘望江亭单刀会 6.西厢记 7.马致远天净沙秋思 8.张养浩山坡羊潼关怀古 9.三国演义水浒传西游记金瓶梅10.水浒传 11.金瓶梅 12.金瓶梅 13.牡丹亭汤显祖 14.袁宏道 15.湖北公安安徽桐城 16.明代李贽二、概念解释元杂剧:元代以北曲演唱的戏曲形式。金末元初产生于北方,是在金院本和诸宫调的基础上,广泛地吸收了多种词曲和技艺发展而成的。其剧本结构通常为一本四折,通常有一楔子,末尾有题目正名,剧本文本由曲词、宾白、科范组成。元杂剧的代表作家为关汉卿、王实甫、白朴、马致远和郑光祖。神魔小说:我国古代小说类别之一。题材为神话故事或宗教传说,也有部分内容来源于历史。我国第一部神魔小说同时也是这类小说的代表作是西游记。其他有封神演义、四游记及其一系列西游记的续书等。三言二拍:“三言”:冯梦龙编辑刊印,为喻世明言、警世通言和醒世恒言,每集40篇,冯梦龙对所收的作品进行了较大的修改和加工,其中也可能有他自己的创作;“二拍”:凌濛初编著而成,为初刻拍案惊奇和二刻拍案惊奇,共80篇,是作者自己独立创作的话本小说。“三言二拍”代表着我国古代白话短篇小说的最高成就。童心说:明代李贽提出的文学观点。“童心”即是真心,是不受道理闻见即儒家正统教条熏染的心。李贽认为,“童心”不仅是创作的源泉,而且是评价一切作品的首要的价值标准。只要有“童心”,每一种类型、样式的文本都是文学作品。天下最好的文章,没有一篇不是出自于“童心”的。三、简答题1.简述西厢记的故事演变。西厢记的故事源于中唐诗人元稹的传奇莺莺传,其中张生对于崔莺莺始乱而终弃。是一个爱情悲剧。北宋赵令畤采用民间鼓子词的形式,写出了商调蝶恋花会真记,使崔张爱情有了新的发展和提高。金代董解元写出了西厢记诸宫调,为杂剧西厢记奠定了基础。元代王实甫集中前人的创作成果,形成了一部思想和艺术都臻于完美的西厢记。2.谈谈窦娥冤中的窦娥的反抗性格。窦娥的反抗性格主要体现在三个方面。首先是家庭中的抗争,不愿嫁给张驴儿,导致了张驴儿毒死其父的事件发生。其次是在官府衙门的斗争,宁可苦捱毒刑,也不招供。最后是在刑场上的斗争,发下三桩誓愿,表示了她对统治阶级,对天地的完全绝望。3.谈谈马致远天净沙秋思的艺术特色。此篇被后人誉为“秋思之祖”。它的最大特色是十八个字九个名词叠置一起,没有动词,也没有虚词,却极和谐地组成一幅幅秋风晚照图,并由这些写景映衬出羁旅行役思乡盼归的游子心肠。4.谈谈张养浩山坡羊潼关怀古的思想深刻性。这首短曲虽寥寥数语,却高度概括,精警深刻。“兴,百姓苦。亡,百姓苦。”把统治阶级与广大百姓的利益摆在尖锐对立的位置,其深刻性、尖锐性、思想性足抵一篇史论。5.简述三国演义的“尊刘抑曹”倾向及其成因。三国演义带有强烈的“拥刘反曹”的倾向。这主要体现在:对刘备仁慈政治的“仁君”的赞扬和对诸葛亮“贤相”的歌颂。对曹操暴君、奸雄的揭露和批判。对刘备集团成员如关羽、张飞、赵云、黄忠、马超等人的赞颂,以及与之相比较的曹操集团成员的鄙视。这种情况的产生,既有历史的原因,也有民间传说的原因;有人们对于“仁政”渴盼的原因,也有民族矛盾下对于正统的汉人王朝怀想的原因6.简述水浒传的“忠义”问题。所谓“忠”,就是忠于大宋皇帝;所谓“义”。主要指梁山好汉之间的互相帮助以及对梁山事业的忠诚。忠义的思想更多地体现在宋江这个人物身上。总体上,宋江一直将“忠”置于“义”之上。直到招安,到最后被毒死。他对梁山事业的义终于统一于对大宋王朝的忠,义通过对忠的归顺而消解了它们之间的矛盾。7.简述儒林外史的语言特色与结构艺术。儒林外史使用的全部是普通的口语,语言准确,生动,洗炼,富于形象性。书中的一些景物描写颇有我国古代诗歌的韵味。和我国其他长篇小说比较,儒林外史的结构独具特点。全书没有连贯整个小说的主要人物和中心事件,所以有人认为它的布局松懈。实际上,它以“楔子”写王冕,以“尾声”写四个市井奇人,体现了作者对科举的态度。也是作者有意识制造的结构布局的方式。四、作品分析题阅读龚自珍病梅馆记并回答问题。病梅馆记(作品见作品选432-433页)1.文中的“病梅”有何象征意义?“病梅”指的是哪些被封建统治禁锢了思想,扼杀了个性,扭曲了性格的人才。2.全文主题思想的深刻性有哪些方面?一方面,揭露了不合理的病态的社会对于一切“直”、“正”的美的事物的摧残和扼杀。另一方面,要求改变病态社会的这种习俗,疗救被摧残的畸形事物。最后,它通过对“梅”的疗救,表达了改变社会,积极要求个性解放的思想。3.龚自珍“疗梅”的志向表现了他什么样的精神?表达了作者渴望变革社会,解放人才的心情和革命精神。五、论述题1.试述红楼梦的艺术成就。提示:红楼梦以高度的写实精神突破了传统的窠臼,并在生活细节描写方面作出了重要的贡献。塑造了生动而丰富的人物群像。构思奇特、情节完整而结构宏大。语言达到了很高的造诣,标志着古代小说语言的最高成就。2.谈谈西厢记中的人物形象。提示:莺莺的形象:是一个自由爱情的热烈追求者和封建礼教的大胆叛逆者,但又有贵族小姐。张生的形象:对爱情专一,不懈追求的才华出众的风流书生的形象,将爱情看得重于功名甚至重于生命。红娘的形象:机智聪明,热情泼辣,富于同情心和侠义精神的婢女的形象。她最终成为热心媒人的代名,在中国文化中具有深远的影响。老夫人的形象:是戏剧矛盾的另一方,是封建家长的代表,封建礼教的维护者的形象。她个人性格上的矛盾,表明了封建礼教本身在情与理问题上的不可调和的矛盾。请您删除一下内容,O(_)O谢谢!2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全,电大期末考试必备小抄,电大考试必过小抄Shanghais Suzhou Creek has witnessed much of the citys history. Zhou Wenting travels this storied body of water and finds its most fascinating spots. Some lucky cities can boast a great body of water, like London with the river Thames and Paris with the river Seine. Shanghai is privileged enough to have two great bodies of water: Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek.Huangpu River became famous when colonists established clusters of grand buildings on its banks on what became known as the bund. Today, the bund overlooks the breathtaking skyline of Lujiazui financial district. Shanghais other body of water, however, Suzhou Creek, has been somewhat overshadowed. Suzhou Creek links the inland cities of Jiangsu province with Shanghai. When the British colonists, who arrived in the city after it was opened as a commercial port in 1843 found they could reach Suzhou, Jiangsu province, via the creek, they named it Suzhou Creek. Thanks to its location, a large amount of cargo and travelers were transported via the creek before rail links were established. But after a century of being utilized as a waterway to transport goods and labor, the creek grew dark and smelly. Industrial factories were established along the banks. In the 1990s it became a key task of the city government to clean the creek. Suzhou Creek, which snakes 17 km from the iconic Waibaidu Bridge downtown to the outer ring road in west Shanghai, maps the changing periods of the citys history, including the imprints of the concessions, the beginning of industrialization and the improvement in peoples living conditions. Where the Bund began In-between the shopping street of East Nanjing Road and the Bund, are a cluster of streets that give me the illusion that I am no longer in modern Shanghai. The streets are narrow and old and criss-cross each other. Any old residential house may turn out to be a former office of the British, constructed in the 1880s. Pawnshops and hardware stores that are hard to find elsewhere, are plentiful here. This area, at the confluence of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek, is called the Bund Origin. Countless tour buses stop at the site every day and visitors from around the world get off to see this place, the starting point of the concessions in the city. It all started in 1872, when the former British Consulate General was constructed and the Bund began its transformation into an the financial street of the East. Now the site of the former consulate is called “No 1 Waitanyuan”, which translates to “the Bund Origin”, to honor its beginnings. The entire complex of this historical site comprises of five buildings, the former British Consulate General, the official residence of the consul, the former Union Church, the church apartments and the former Shanghai Rowing Club. The size of the courtyard is equivalent to that of four standard soccer fields. The building of the former consulate is a two-storey masonry building on an H-shaped plan in typical English renaissancestyle. The building is designed with a five-arch verandah on the ground floor with a raised terrace facing the garden, while the facade features an entry portico beneath a colonnaded loggia. It has been turned into a caf where dinner and afternoonteaare available. Visitors can choose to sit indoors or outdoors to enjoy the magnificent gardens with nearly 30 ancient trees.Yuanmingyuan Road behind the complex is also a historical site. The road has been revamped as a pedestrian shopping street and high-end brands have seized the best spots. Altogether, 14 old buildings, including those used for offices and residences constructed during 1920s and 1930s, remain. Today, it is a popular location for commercialfashionphoto shoots. New Tianan Church, or Union Church, stands at the intersection of Yuanmingyuan Road and Suzhou Creek. The church, designed in the style of the English countryside, has a capacity of 500 people. It was very popular during the concession period but was converted into factory offices after 1949. The church we see today is a replica, the original burned down in 2007. There used to be an outdoor swimming pool, the first of its kind in Shanghai, beside the church but has been filled-in and is now a small garden. Bridge of romance There is perhaps no other place thats more representative of Shanghai than this bridge, which appears in quite a lot ofmovies about the city. Dozens of couples visit every day to pose for their pre-wedding photos on the bridge where Suzhou Creek begins and interconnects with Huangpu River. This is Waibaidu Bridge, or the Garden Bridge. The soon-to-be-wed couples pose in splendid attire on the bridge, leaning against the railing or sitting on the wooden floor. Some even risk walking into the middle of the road to get the perfect shot.Colorful lights illuminate the bridge throughout the night, making it a picturesque place for pre-wedding portraits and lovers to meet. Constructed in 1873 and designed by a British company, the 106-meter-long bridge was the first-ever major bridge in Shanghai. In 1856, the first large wooden bridge, Wells Bridge, was built over Suzhou Creek but the bridge toll led to complaints from citizens. So 17 years later, another wooden bridge, which did not require tolls, was built. People called it Waibaidu, which means “going across for free”. The bridge was renovated as a steel truss structure in 1907. Because nearly 40 bridges have now been built over Suzhou Creek, the bridge is no longer a traffic artery but is more of an observation deck for tourists. It is a tradition in Shanghai for a grandmother to walk across a bridge with their grandchild when he or she reaches one month. This represents that the newborn has overcome all the twists and turns and its journey will be safe and smooth throughout his or her life. Waibaidu Bridge is always the best option because its the icon of Shanghai. The picture of my daughter when she was a baby held by her grandmother was also taken here. Its like a family tradition, says Wang Xuefen, a Shanghai native who has a newborn grandson. Changning Riverside There is a 5-km stretch of waterfront by Suzhou Creek in Changning district on Changning Road from the intersection of Hami Road to Jiangsu Road. It has become a popular place to take a walk and sunbathe on the lawn. There is an overpass at the intersection of Changning Road and Gubei Road for people to enjoy the view of the creek and a 3-km plastic runway on both sides of Changning Road, which attracts people of all ages, Chinese and expat. Jogging on the two sides gives a different feeling because the north side is next to the creek, and the south side is adjacent to the residential highrises, which is like jogging in the jungle, says Xiao Xu, a 27-year-old woman who lives nearby. The riverside used to be completely different. Dozens of textile mills, chemical plants and machine manufacturing factories were set up along the creek in the 1920s. They brought industrialization but also pollution. From the 1930s the creek could no longer be used as a source for tap water, and no living fish or shrimp could be found. Suzhou Creek in my memory is dark and smelly. I used to go to the riverbank to watch the sewage disposal running out from the chemical plants when I was a little girl. We didnt know it was pollution. We thought it was a red waterfall, says Huang Qi, a 57-year-old Shanghai resident. So the residential houses along the creek were unpopular, and only migrants with low incomes would live in that area, she says. However, things have changed. The plants were closed and turned into riverside parks and the apartments in the new highrises, especially those facing the creek, are much sought after. East China University of Political Science and Law This is the famous former Saint Johns University, Chinas first-ever modern institution of higher education established by missionaries from the United States in 1879. The buildings combine Chinese and Western elements. Address: 1575 Wanhangdu Road, Changning district The old residential area After you leave the university from its east gate you will enter a shabby neighborhood that retains its original look. The alleys are narrow and the houses are overcrowded. Some things have not changed for many generations, such as raising chickens at home. Address: West Guangfu Road Moganshan Road This is anartsy street that has become very popular among artists and fashionistas in recent years. Graffiti covers the walls on the winding street, where you can find a cluster of art galleries and creative industry offices. Sihang Warehouse Four banks jointly funded the construction of this warehouse, so it is named sihang, or four banks. The warehouse, built in 1931, was used for the storage of food, first-aid supplies and ammunition during the years of war. The building, which is also a masterpiece left by the Hungarian architect Laszlo Hudec in the 1930s, has been recently transformed into a center of creative industry workshops. Address: 1 Guangfu Road, Zhabei district
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