八年级英语假期资料.doc

名词一、定义：表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西，也可以是表示抽象的东西。二、分类：专有名词：指某人，某地，某机构等专有的名称，其首字母要大写。如HongKong,China个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如student,book名 普 可数名词 集体名词：表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family, people词 通名 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：cotton,air,tea词 不可数名词 抽象名词：表示抽象概念，如 :work，happiness,news可数：普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的，这类名词叫可数名词。不可数：不可数名词分为物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质，如meat,rice,water,milk,orange等)和抽象名词(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念，如work,homework,time,health,friendship等) 注意：不可数名词没有单复数，一律看作单数。名词的数一、可数名词变复数的变化规则：绝大多数在词尾加s。如：（mapmaps，boyboys，horsehorses，tabletables）以ch,sh,s,x,结尾的名词加es。如：（classclasses,boxboxes,busbuses,dishdishes）3）以o结尾的词有生命加es。如：（heroheroes,negronegroes,tomato,tomatoes，potatopotatoes）无生命加s。如：piano , photo ,radio ,zoo4）以辅音字母y结尾的名词，将y改为i，再加es。如：baby,babies;family,families;以元音字母y结尾的名词，直接加s。如：boy,boys;key,keys 5） 以f或fe结尾的名词，先将f或fe改为v，再加es构成复数形式，如：（shelfshelves,wolfwolves,lifelives,knifeknives）但有些以f结尾的名词，是在f后加s构成复数，常见的有： roof,chief,belief,等。二、名词复数的不规则变化：manmen男人 womanwomen 女人tooth teeth 牙齿 foot feet 脚mouse mice 老鼠 child children 孩子 0Kgoose-geese鹅三、单复同形的名词有： chinese中国人 Japanese 日本人 sheep 绵羊 deer 鹿 fish 鱼 people注意：fish当一条鱼讲时，单复数同形，如three fish.当各种各样的鱼讲时，即强调鱼的种类时，要加es,如：all kindskaindz of fishes .各种各样的鱼 当鱼肉讲时，不可数。四、以下词为常为不可数名词，他们的复数形式就是他们本身。water(水) milk(牛奶) tea(茶) rice(米饭) orange（橙汁）juice（果汁）bread（面包）练习写出下列名词复数leaf_puppy_ box_ knife_ fly_bus_bench_ brush_ kiss_ church_dish_ruler_ peach_ glass_ pencil_boy_ zoo_man_ sheep_ knife_ lady_ key_story_ watch_ bamboo_ city_ family_day_child_tooth_ guy_ hero_ spy_boss_ _monkey_city _ goat_ radio_二、单项选择 ( )1. The _ in our yard are very beautiful. A. clothB. waterC. flowers( )2. Tom is one of the Chinese _ in our school. A. boy B. boys C. boies( )3. A cat has four _ , doesnt it? A. foots B. feet C. feets( )4. There are three _ and five _ in the room. A. American, Japanese B Americans, Japanese C. American, Japanese( )5. Can you see nine _ in the picture? A. fish B. book C. horses( )6. The _ has two_. A. boy; watch B. boy; watches C. boys; watch( )7. The _ are flying back to their country. A. Germany B. Germanys C. Germans( )8. The girl brushes her _ every day before he goes to bed. A. tooths B. teeth C. teeths( )9.I saw many _ in the street.A. peoples B.people C.peoples三、填入所给名词的正确形式1.Ihavetwo_(knife)2.Therearemany_here.(box)3.Therearemany_ontheroad.(bus)4.Afew_aredrawingonthewall.(boy)5.The_areplayingfootballnow.(child)6.Pleasetaketwo_forme.(photo)7.Ilikethered_.(tomato)8.Wouldyoupleasecleanyour_now?(tooth)9.Doyouwantsome_?(milk)10.Ihelpmymotherwash_(dish)inthekitchen.11.Ihavetwo_(pencil-box).12.Therearesome_(bus)inthestreet.13.Peterhaseight_(foot).14.Lindahasthree_(tooth).15.Therearesome_(child)inthegarden.16.Myuncleandfatherare_(man).17.TomandKingare_(boy)名词所有格在英语中有三个格，即主格，宾格，和所有格。其中主格和宾格的形式就是原形。而所有格形式上的特殊变化。一、名词所有格的概念：表示名词的所有关系二、名词所有格的构成：“s”、“”所有格的用法(1) 一般情况(包括单数名词和不带词尾s的复数名词)加 -s： childrens books 儿童图书(2) 带词尾s的复数名词只加省字撇()： girls school 女子学校注：带词尾s的单数名词，通常仍加s： the bosss plan 老板的计划(3) 带词尾s的人名，可加s 或只加省字撇()： Dickens novels 狄更斯的小说 Charless job 查理斯的工作(4) 表示两者共同拥有的人或物（共有）时，只需要后一个名词加s（或）即可。如果表示两者各自的所属关系（各自所有），则每个名词词尾都加上s（或）。例如：Toms and Jims rooms 汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间Tom and Jims rooms 汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间注意：-s 所有格主要用于有生命的东西，但有时也可用于无生命的东西，这主要见于： (1) 用于表时间的名词后： tomorrows weather 明天的天气(2) 用于表国家、城市的名词后： Americas policy 美国的政策the citys population 这个城市的人口 (3) 用于某些集合名词后： the governments policy 政府的政策 (4) 用于组织机构后： the stations waiting-room 车站候车室 the newspapers editorial policy 这家报纸的编辑方针 (5) 用于度量衡及价值名词后： a miles distance 1英里的距离twenty dollars value 20 美元的价值三、of所有格的用法1.of所有格一般用于无生命的东西的名词中。The door of the room2.修饰词较多时也可用of所有格。例如：theverylongandgracefultailoftheblackcat.四、s所有格所修饰的词的省略现象（1）表示诊所、店铺或某人的家等地点名词，其名词所有格后的被修饰语常常省略。例如： I met her at the doctors（ ）（2）名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到过，往往可以省略，以免重复。例如： Whose pen is this？Its Toms五、双重所有格及其用法s所有格和of所有格两种所有格形式结合在一起，构成of所有格形式，即双重的所有格。它通常表示部分观念，即全体中的一部分，在意义上与oneof相似。apictureofXiaoZhangapictureofXiaoZhangs练习一选择填空：1-Hows Joys skirt?-Her skirt is more beautiful than _.A.her sisters and Kate B.her sister and KateC.her sister and Kates D.her sisters and Kates2This is _ room. The twin sisters like it very much.A.Lucys and Lilys B.Lucys and Lily C.Lucy and Lilys3Did you hear the _report?A. policemen B. policemens C. policemens D. policemens4Its about _walk from my home.A. ten minute B. ten minutes C. ten minutes D. ten minutes5This is my dress. That one is _.A. Mary B. Marys C. sister D. mother6Where is _ sweater ? I cant see it.A. Lucy B. Lucys C. Lucys7_ mothers made them have piano lessons.A. Peter and Anne B. Peters and Annes C. Peters and Anne D. Peter and Annes8The room on the right is _.A. her B. she C. Lucys D. Lucy9The market isnt far from here. Its only _ bicycle ride.A. half an hours B. half an hours C. half an hour D. an hour and a half二翻译。1. _(李明的父母)work in a big hospital.2. This is _(我妹妹的语文书)3. _(双胞胎的卧室) are very nice.4. _(王平和王明的父亲) is a hotel manager.5 They are _(Peter 和Sam的老师).6. _(教师节) is on September 10th .7. _(学生们的桌椅) are very new.8. We are very happy on _(儿童节).9. He is in _(老师的办公室) now.10. Please open _(教室的门).三、单选题1.TodayisSeptember10th.Its_Day.A.TeacherB.TeachersC.Teache rsD.Teacher2.ItsJune1st,its_Day.A.ChildrensB.ChildrensC.ChildrensD.Childrenss3.Thisyear,_isonMay9th.A.MymothersbrithdayB.MymothersbrithdayC.MymothersbrithdayD.Mymotherssbirthday4.WhereisMr.Zhang?Heisinthe_.A.teachersreadingroomB.teachersreadingroomC.teacherreadingroomD.teachersreadingroom5.Thisis_.A.MikeandJimsbikeB.MikesandJimbikeC.MikesandJimsbikeD.MikeandJimbike6.Theseare_books.LiLinboughtsomeattheSunBookstoreandJillboughtsomeattheBlueSkyBookstore.A.LiLinsandJillB.LiLinandJillsC.LiLinsandJillD.LiLinsandJills数词一、 基数词：表示数目的词称为基数词。1从110one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten2从1119eleven，twelve，thirteen，fourteen，fifteen，sixteen，seventeen，eighteen，nineteen这里除eleven，twelve，thirteen，fifteen，eighteen为特殊形式外，fourteen，sixteen，seventeen，nineteen都是由其个位数形式后添加后缀-teen构成。3从2199整数几十中除twenty，thirty,forty，fifty，eighty为特殊形式外，sixty，seventy，ninety都是其个位数形式后添加后缀-ty构成。表示几十几时，在几十和个位基数词形式之间添加连字符“-”21twenty-one76seventy-six4、百位数、个数基数词形式加“hundred”，表示几百，在几十几与百位间加上and101 ahundredandone 320 threehundredandtwenty648 sixhundredandforty-eight5、千位数以上从数字的右端向左端数起，每三位数加一个逗号“，”。从右开始，第一个“，”前的数字后添加thousand，第二个“，”前面的数字后添加million，第三个“，”前的数字后添加billion。然后一节一节分别表示，两个逗号之间最大的数为百位数形式。2,648twothousandsixhundredandforty-eight16,250,064sixteenmilliontwohundredandfiftythousandsixty-four6、基数词在表示确切的数字时，不能使用百、千、百万、十亿的复数形式；但是，当基数词表示不确切数字，如成百、成千上万，三三两两时，基数词则以复数形式出现。Therearehundredsofpeopleinthehall大厅里有数以百计的人。ThousandsandthousandsofpeoplecometovisittheMuseumofQinTerra-CottaWarriorsandHorseseveryday每天有成千上万的人来参观秦兵马俑博物馆。有时两个复数形式的基数词连用可写为：hundredsofthousandsof,tensofhundredsof等等。Theywenttothetheatreintwosandthrees他们三三两两地来到了剧院。7、表示人的不确切岁数或年代，用几十的复数形式表示。Hebecameaprofessorinhisthirties他三十多岁时成为了教授。Shediedoflungcancerinforties她四十来岁时死于肺癌。Itwasinthe1960s那是在二十世纪六十年代二、序数词下面把199的序数词也分为四个类。1、第一类first (1st) 第一second (2nd) 第二third (3rd) 第三（在括号里的是缩写形式，均在阿拉伯数字后面加上相应序数词的最后两个字母构成，以下各类与此相同。）这类序数词只有三个，在整个序数词里面是特殊的，就和第一类基数词一样，需要逐个地硬记下来。2、第二类：fourth (4th) 第四fifth (5th) 第五sixth (6th) 第六seventh (7th) 第七eighth (8th) 第八ninth (9th) 第九tenth (10th) 第十eleventh (11th) 第十一twelfth (12th) 第十二thirteenth (13th) 第十三fourteenth (14th) 第十四fifteenth (15th) 第十五sixteenth (16th) 第十六seventeenth (17th) 第十七eighteenth (18th) 第十八nineteenth (19th) 第十九这一类序数词共有十六个。均在相应的基数词后面加上后缀th构成。要注意其中fifth、eighth、ninth、twelth四个词的拼法。3、第三类：twentieth (20th)第二十thirtieth (30th) 第三十fortieth (40th) 第四十fiftieth (50th) 第五十sixtieth (60th) 第六十seventieth (70th) 第七十eightieth (80th) 第八十ninetieth (90th) 第九十这一类全是十位整数的序数词，共八个。它们的构成方法是：先将相应的十位整数的基数词词尾ty中的y改成i，然后在加上后缀eth。4、第四类：thirty-first (31th) 第三十一sixty-second (62nd) 第六十二eighty-seventh (87th) 第八十七ninety-eighth (98th) 第九十八这类表示“第几十几”的序数词，跟表示“几十几”的基数词一样简单。在构成方法上均由基数词“几十几”变化而来，十位数不变，仅把个位上的基数词变成序数词就行了。口诀：基变续，有规律，词尾加上th;一二三，特殊记，词尾字母t,d,d(first,second,third);八减t(eighth),九去e(ninth)，f来把ve替(five-fifth,twelve-twelfth);单词ty作结尾，ty变成tie(twenty-twentieth);若是碰到几十几，只变个位就可以(twenty-one-twenty-first).序数词表顺序，一般需用定冠词。数词专项练习一英汉互译 第六课 _ 20个鸡蛋_ 6月2日_ on March 20,2004 _ at half past seven _ No. 5 Primary School _ 6：40 _ four times _ 三张纸 _ 一千万 _ 96把椅子 _ 二、写出下列序数词。 1. 第十二_ 2. 第六十九_ 3. 第二十五_ 4. 第210_ 5. 第二十四 _ 6. 第三十_ 7. 第五十七_ 8. 第四 _ 三、选择题 1. We are going to learn _ this term. A. book six B. six book C. the book six D. Book Six 2. He was doing some washing _. A. at eight yesterday morning B. yesterday morning eight C. yesterday morning at eight D. by eight yesterday morning 3. Jenny was born (出生) _. A. on July 10, 1987 B. in July 10, 1987 C. in 1987, July 10 D. on 1987 4. Autumn is _ season in a year. A. the fourth B. the third C. a third D. the threeth 5. There are _ days in a year. A. three hundreds sixty-five B. three hundreds and sixty-five C. three hundred and sixty-five D. three hundred and sixty five 6. There are _students in this school. A. eight hundreds and forty-six B. eight hundred and forty-six C. eight hundred and forty-six D. eight hundred forty-six 7. Every year _ watch NBA on TV. A. million people B. millions of people C. millions peopleD. million of people8. Look! There are _in the sky. A. thousand stars B. thousand of stars C. thousands of stars D. thousands of star 9. My brother is in_. A. Three Class, One Grade B. Class Three, Grade One C. Grade One, Class Three D. class three, grade one 10. Please turn to _ . Lets read the text aloud. A. Page Two B. the page two C. second page D. page second 四、根据句意和有关常识，用英文数词填空。 1. Fifty-one plus thirty-eight is _. 2. There are _ days in a week（星期）。 3. W is _ letter in the alphabet(字母表). 4. There are _minority nationalities（少数民族） China. 5.Hong Kong returned（回）to the motherland on _. 6. How much is thirty divided by（除以）five? _ 7. The Olympic Games are held（举行）every _ years.代词人称代词：人称代词是表示“我”“你”“他”“她”“它”“我们”“你们”“他们”“它们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见表：人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称HehimtheythemSheherItit1、 两个或两个以上的人称代词并列作主语时，排列顺序为：单数人称二、三、一，复数人称一、二、三。例如：You,sheandIaregoodfriends.我，你和她都是好朋友。We,youandtheyalllikemusic.我们，你们和他们都喜欢音乐。2、 当叙述的是不好的事情，或为做错的时道歉时，通常把第一人称放在最前面。如：I，you and she made the teacher angry. Lets do it again. 你、我和她让老师生气了，我们重新做吧物主代词定义：物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，也就是指某物或者某人属于谁的关系，又可叫做代词所有格及属格。数单数复数人称类别第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs形容词性物主代词(my/your/his/her/its/our/their)+名词（用于修饰名词）名词性物主代词(mine/yours/his/hers/its/ours/theirs则相当于形容词性物主代词+名词。即：名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词如：Is this your book? No,，it isnt， its hers(her book) (Jims ， Toms， Marias )人称代词物主代词练习题一、用适当的人称代词填空：1._ismyaunt.Weoftenvisit_.(she)2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry._isintheeastofAsia.(its)3.Whatdayis_today?_isThursday.(its)5.Iownabluebike.Theredoneisnt_.(I)6.Thesenewhousesaresonice._areveryexpensive.(them)7.Thefishermencaughtalotoffish,didnt_?(them)8.LingLingisagirl._studiesinaprimaryschool._brotherliveswith_andhelps_with_lessons.(she)9.Mikeismyclassmate._isgoodatEngliush.(his)10.Katewantsaglassofmilk.Willyoupassitto_?(she)11.Whatstheweatherliketoday?_iscloudy.(its)二、从括号内选择正确的代词填空1.Yourfootballclothesareonthedesk.Pleaseput_(they，them，their，theirs)away.1. (We，Us，Our，Ours)_EnglishteacherisMrs.Green.Wealllike_(she，her，hers).2. (I，Me，My，Mine)_cantgetmykite.Couldyouhelp_(I，me，my，mine)?4.Tomcantgetdownfromthetree.Canyouhelp_(he，him，his)?5.Wecantfindourbikes.Canyouhelp_(we，us，our，ours)?6.Theseare_(he，him，his)planes.Thewhiteonesare_(I，me，mine).三、选择填空1.Whossingingoverthere?_isSandyssister.A.ThatB.ItC.SheD.This2._willspendthesummerholidayinHawaii.A.She,youandIB.You,sheandIC.I,youandsheD.Her,meandyou3.Betweenyouand_,heisnotarealfriend.A.meB.IC.heD.his4.Myuncleboughtanewbikefor_.A.theirsB.theyC.meD.I1herhers2them3youyour4your5them6him7his8itmeyou9hehishim10hershe11her12ourour13they14your1yourours2mine3them4my5her6theirtheirsours1sheher2we3they4mine5her6them7yourmine1B2D3A4C6B8D9B10C方位介词方位介词第一组：over,above和on的用法1）over指在的正上方，表示垂直在上2)above指在上方，属于斜上方3)on指在上面，表示两物体接触1) The moon rose _ the hill.2) There is a bridge _ the river.3) There is a book _ the desk.第二组：under/below的用法：1) under在下面/正下方2) below在斜下方()1Theboatispassing_thebridge.A.throughB.belowC.underD.across()2Twoplanesareflying_thecity.A.throughB.over,C.on,D,below()3Wecanseeariverrunningtotheeast_thehill.A.underB.belowC.overD.on第三组：in和on表示“在上”1、门一类镶嵌在墙里的，用in字画一类挂在墙面上的，用on()1Heputupamap_thebackwallbecausetherewasahole_it.A.on;onB.at;inC.on;inD.on;at()2Thereisadoor_thewall.A.onB.toC.ofD.in()3Anyman_eyes_hisheadcanseethathesexactlylikearope.A.with;onB.with;inC.on;withD.in;with2、鸟一类落在树上的，用in；苹果一类长在树上的，用on()1Therearesomebirdssinging_thetrees.A.inB.onC.atD.from()2Therearesomanyapples_thattree.A.inB,onC.atD.from第四组：in/on/to表示“接壤” in(范围内)；on(范围外且接壤)；to(范围外但不接壤)。可表示为下图的位置关系eg.1)Taiwan is ( )the southeast of China. 2)Hubei is ( ) the north of Hunan. 3)Japan is ( ) the east of China.第五组：infrontof和inthefrontof1) infrontof表示“在之前”（范围外）。2) inthefrontof表示“在的前部”（范围内）如：1、Therearesometrees（ ）theclassroom.2、Thereisablackboard（ ）classroom.第六组： at和in表地方at 指在某处，具体范围内或在较小的地方。in 指在较大的地方。例如：at school在学校，at home在家，at the door在门口。 in Hong Kong 第七组：between和amongbetween指在两者之间。among指在三者或三者以上的之间。例如：between the post office and the marketamong the classmates第八组：across和throughacross: （表面）跨过through: （内部）穿过，贯穿 介词eg. 1)Can you swim _ the river?3) The road runs _ the forest.练习1：()1Tomsits_theclassroomwhileJohnsits_theroom.A.infrontof;atbackofB.inthefrontof;atthebackofC.infrontof;atthebackofD.inthefrontof;atbackof()2Lucysits_thethirdrow,_Jimsleft.A.on;onB.in;atC.at;inD.in;on()3Jiangsuis_theeastofChina,butJapanis_theeastofChina.A.to;inB.in;to.C.on;toD.to;on()4Dontread_thesun.Itsbad_youreyes.A.in;toB.under;forC.with;toD.in;on()5Thewoman_abluedressismyteacher.A.inB.onC.ofD.at()6_research_theuniversescientistshaveputalotofinformation_computers.A.With;over;atB.On;at;toC.In;about;intoD.For;with;through()7Whenapieceoficeistaken_awarmroom,itgetssmallerandsmalleruntil_theenditdisappearscompletely.A.in;inB.outof;atC.into;inD.to;by()8Awomanfell_theboat_thewater.A.off;intoB.at;belowC.down;underD.away;in练习2：1.WetraveledovernighttoParisandarrived_5oclock_themorning.A.on;inB.at;inC.at;onD.in;on2.JackhasstudiedChineseinthisschool_theyearof2000.A.sinceB.inC.onD.by3.HongKongis_thesouthofChina,andMacaois_thewestofHongKong.A.in;toB.to;toC.to;inD.in;in4.Japanlies_theeastofChina.A.toB.inC.aboutD.at5.Iwontbelievethatthefive-year-oldboycanreadfivethousandwords_Ihavetestedhimmyself.A.afterB.whenC.ifD.until6.Thebookwassointerestingthathehadreaditforthreehours_herealizedit.A.whenB.untilC.afterD.before7.LookthemapChinathewall,please.Aafter,of,inBat,of,inCafter,in,onDat,of,on8.-Pleaseremembertocometomybirthdayparty.-Isee.IllcomeSaturdayevening.AinBatConDfor9.TheywillhaveamathstesttwodaysAforBatCinDaft