《介词和介词短语》PPT课件.ppt

介词和介词短语 介词和介词短语 介词短语的结构 介词短语的功能 介词 连接词和副词 简单介词和复杂介词 介词的含义 重点 介词短语结构 前置修饰语 介词 介词补足语onthetablefromwhathesaidbysigningapeacetreatyintermsofmoneyHeworkeddeepintothenightlastnight 介词短语的功能 1 作名词短语的后置修饰语Thepeopleonthebusweresinging 2 状语Thepeopleweresingingonthebus Intheafternoon wewenttoBoston Fromapersonalpointofview Ifindthisagoodsolutiontotheproblem Inallfairness shedidtrytophonethepolice Ontheotherhand hemadenoattempttohelpher 3 作动词和形容词的补足成分Wewerelookingathisawfulpaintings I msorryforhisparents 说明 介词短语有时候可以做主语A Whenarewegoingtohavethenextmeeting B OnTuesdaywillbefine InMarchsuitsme DuringthevacationiswhatwedecidedBetween6and7maybeconvenient 请在此输入您的标题 Theproposalthatwemeet onTuesday Tomeet inMarch Meeting duringthevacation 作补语 表语 用的准形容词功能Thismachineis very outofdate Thisdressseemsoutoffashion 因此可以与形容词短语并列或同位Theyarehappyandingoodhealth anoldandoutofdatetelephone作其他连系动词的补语Theyseemingoodhealth 请在此输入您的标题 在特殊的情形中 主要在固定短语中 副词或形容词可以发挥介词补足语的功能 atlast atleast atonce atworst beforelong byfar inbrief inthere sincewhen untilnow 介词短语本身可以作介词的补足语 所以两个介词可以连续出现Hepickedupthegunfromunderthetable Wedidn tmeetuntilaftertheshow Theweatherhasbeenfineexceptinthenorth Foodhasbeenscarcesincebeforethewar 介词作动词和形容词的补足语时 它和前面的词 如look sorry 的关系比它和后面的补足语关系更密切 介词的选择是由它前面的词决定的 介词 从属连词和副词 1 介词和连词都具有关联或连接功能 比较 thedaywhenshearrivedofherarrival注 辨别两种词类的一个标准是 介词引导的是名词性或名词化补足语 而与之相对的从属连词引导一个从属分句 从句 在某些情况下 同一词项既可以作介词又可以作连词 如after as before since until 请在此输入您的标题 如果是非谓语动词 情况就比较复杂 因为在英语中 ing分句可以用在介词的后面 Onarrivingshetookataxi 思考下列三个词是什么词性 when after by 2 介词和副词Shelookedupthehill 1 Shewalkedacrossthestreet 2 Shelookeduptheword 3 Shewalkedacross 4 在下列句子中 介词和副词的区别并不明显 Heisneartobeingmad Thisseemsnexttoimpossible Closeto200peoplecame Sheisfarfrombeingweak 简单介词near和复杂介词nearto和closeto nearto和closeto与形容词有同源关系 他们是仅有的既有比较级又可加强调成分的介词 Shesatveryneartoquiteclosetomuchnearertome muchclosertonexttoclosestto Sheisaboutforty Sheis about forty Sheisaboutroughlyforty approximately3 注意介词位置 1 Hastheroombeenpaidfor Hewasnotpaidattentionto He simpossibletoworkwith He sworthlisteningto 2 Wh 分句和关系分句 定语从句 Atwhichhousedidyouleavethecar Whichhousedidyouleavethecarat Wheredidyouleavethecar 通常情况 TheoldhouseaboutwhichIwastellingyouis which Iwastellingyouaboutempty 简单介词和复杂介词 1 简单介词 as at but by down for from in like of off on out past per round since than through till to up with about above across after against along among around before below behind beneath beside besides between beyond despite during except inside into onto opposite outside over unlike until upon within without 请在此输入您的标题 2 复杂介词 1 两个词 副词 形容词 连词 介词asfor exceptfor butforapartfrom awayfrom asidefrom asfrom aheadof backof becauseof insteadof outof outsideof regardlessof accordingto asto closeto contraryto dueto near er to nextto onto owingto thanksto upto alongwith togetherwith 2 三个词介词1 名词 介词2inviewoftheelectionIntermsofmoney herbosswassmall TwomenwereinterviewedatthepolicestationinconnectionwithatheftfromanOxfordStreetstore Howmanydelegatesareinfavorofthismotion 比较 inthelightoftheelectionasaresultofin 名词 of inchargeof incaseof in the faceof infrontof inplaceof inneedof infavorof inthelightof inrespectof inspiteof inviewof 请在此输入您的标题 in 名词 with incommonwith incomparisonwith inlinewith incontactwith by 名词 of bymeansof bywayof on 名词 of onaccountof onbehalfof onthegroundsof onthematterof on the topof onthepartof onthestrengthof 其他类型 asfaras attheexpenseof atthehandsof for the sakeof inexchangefor inreturnfor inadditionto inrelationto with inregardof with inrespectto withtheexceptionof 请在此输入您的标题 3 有些以of结尾的复杂介词可用属格形式替代 forthesakeofthepeople forthepeople ssake onbehalfofJim onJim sbehalfattheexpenseofSusan atSusan sexpense 介词的含义 重点 1 表示空间关系的介词 1 空间关系的意义Mycarisatthecottage Ourcottageisontheroad Thereissomeiceonthatroad Thereisanewroofonthecottage Thereareonlytwobedsinthecottage 2 肯定位置和目的地 at to on onto in into A 地点介词短语作状语 将事件或事态与某一场所联系起来 或作后置修饰语 将其物与某一场所联系起来 简单位置和目的地 向某一预定场所移动 这两种概念之间 可以有一种因果关系 目的地位置AnnwenttoOxford AnnwasatOxford Annclimbedontotheroof Annwasontheroof Annjumpedintothewater Annwasinthewater B into和onto常和表示移动的动词 walk slide swim 连用 但是注意比较 Don trunintheschool Don trunintotheschool C 另一方面 下列动词 place stand lay sit 常可以和to onto和into结合 也可以不结合 Sheputthetypewritercaseon to thetopshelfandthekeyin to thedrawer 再举例子点 atthebusstop attheNorthPole attheendofroad 线 ontheRiverThames onthecoast面 onthewall ontheceiling onmyback 面积 intheworld inthevillage inapark 容积 inabox inthebathroom inthedrawer on 面 和in 面积 作一比较 根据上下文 两者可以有各种不同的含义 Thefrostmadepatternsonthewindow Afaceappearedinthewindow mirror Theplayerswerepracticingonthefield Cowsweregazinginthefield Shewassittingonthegrass inthegrass in用于较大的地方 inAsia inChina at和in都可以用在表示城镇 村庄的名词前 但是两者的着眼点不同 HeworksinLondon butlivesinthecountry OurplanerefueledatLondononitswayfromNewYorktoMoscow 比较 She satOxford inOxford Sidworksatapublishinghouse inAnnisatschool inschool intheschool 比较 TheSmithsdrovetoEdinburgh TheydrovetowardsEdinburgh TheydroveasfarasEdinburgh Heislearningagainstthewall Therearestillapplesonthetree hangingfrom 注意 Shearrivedattheshop busstop herarrivalattheshop busstop 3 来源或否定的位置 awayfrom off outof Anndroveawayfromhome Thebookfellofftheshelf Tomgotoutofthewater 4 相对位置 above over ontopof under underneath beneath below aboveXoverXinfrontofXontopofXbehindXXbeforeXunderXafterXbelowXbeneathX 使用频率较底 underneathX 使用频率较底 over和under往往指恰好垂直的关系 或有空间上接近的含义 而above和below可能仅仅表示 高于 或低于 的水平上 的含义 5 空间 by beside with nearto closeto opposite Hewasstandingby besidethedoor atthesideof Hewaskilledbyaninch Ileftthekeyswithmywallet inthesameplace BesideMarytherestoodayoungman atthesideof BesidesMarytherewereseveralotherstudentsinnthehall inadditionto Sheisintelligent Besides sheisgood looking adv inadditionto Shewassittingnear to me closetoShewassittingnearerto nearestto nexttome closerto closesttoHerhouseisopposite to mine facing 6 空间 around round about around和round指围绕的位置或物体的运动 Weweresittingaround roundthecampfire Thespaceshipistravelingaround roundtheglobe about和around 在某一范围里 或 在 里面的不同部位 Theguestswerestandingabout aroundtheroom Thereareveryfewtaxisabout aroundhere 相对位置还可由通常表示 通过 或 路线 的介词表达 Thetreelayacrosstheroad Theroadrunsthroughthetunnel 7 空间 between among between将某一物体的位置与特定的或单一的某组分离物体联系起来 among将非分离的物体联系起来 Thehousestandsbetweentwofarms Thehousestandsamongfarms 8 相对的目的地 over under behind 没有通过的意义 Hethrewablanketoverher Thebushwastheonlyconceivablehidingplace soIdashedbehindit Whenitstartedtorain weallwentunderneaththetrees 9 通过意义 over under behind 这类介词与移动动词连用 既表示目的地等概念 又可表示通过 即向某处移动 然后离开 的概念 Hejumpedoveraditch 渠道 Someoneranbehindthegoalposts 10 通过 across through past onthegrassacrossthegrassinthegrassthroughthegrass 11 定向路线移动 up down along across around towards Wewalkedupthehillanddowntheotherside 但在习惯用法中 up和down也用于指水平轴线 相当于along沿着的意思 Iwalkedupanddowntheplatform Shewalkedup downthestreet along表示 从一端向另一端 fromoneendtowardstheother 或 在一条与 平行的线上 inalineparallelwith Wewalkedalongthestreet justlookingatpeople Itookmydogforawalkalongtheriver along与across在水平轴线上相对立Becarefulwhenyouwalkacrossastreet around表示定向路线有拐角或弧度Theyranaroundthecorner towards表示 朝向 方向 inthedirectionof 的 实际的 或 隐含的 两种意义 12 方位 beyond over past up across beyond主要指方位over past up across和through即表示方位 又和线 面 容积概念相结合Thevillageispastthebusstop throughthewood up down along around在下例中用来指轴线的方位Herofficeisupthestairs downthestairs Welivejustaroundthecorner Helivesup down along acrosstheroadtheroadfromme fromme表示方位点 13 结果含义 from outof over past 已经到达目的地的状态 Thehorsejumpedoverthefence Thehorseareoverthefence 这些词可以和副词already just atlast notyet等连用表示结果 Atlastweareoutoftheforest Whenyou repastthenextobstacle youcanrelax 14 遍及意义 over through withover和through具有遍及的意义 尤其是当他们与all连用时 Thatchildwasrunningallovertheflowerborders throughout的含义是allthrough 唯有这个介词主要表示 遍及 Theepidemic 流行病 hasspreadthroughoutthecountry allalong allaround 也用来表示遍及Therewerecrowdsallalongtheroute Theyputflowersallaroundthecountry with在下列词组中也表示具有遍及的意义Thegroundwascoveredwithsnow Thegardenwasbuzzingwithbees surroundedwith loadedwith pavedwith等 15 over的8种含义 位置 Alamphungoverthedoor 目的地 Theythrewablanketoverher 通过 Theyclimbedoverthewall 方位 Theyliveovertheroad 结果 Atlastwewereoverthecrestofthehill 遍及 静态 Leaveslaythickallovertheground 遍及 移动 Theysplashed 泼 wateroverme 伴随情况 Wediscusseditoveraglassofwine 16 地点介词的比喻用法或抽象用法 难点 重点 inshallowwaterindeepwaterindifficultiesinatoughspotA 位置 状态tobein outofdangertokeepoutoftroubletobein outofofficetobeoutofajobtobeindifficulties B 包含存在 之内 抽象的包含inbooks playsin outofraceinagroup partyC into outof目的地 抽象的情况或环境Hegotintodifficulties trouble debt afight Canyougetmeoutofthismess D in on位置 成员资格 参与inthearmyontheboard committee projectE above below beneath垂直方向 抽象的水平tobeabove belowsomeoneonalistabove below beneath one sincomeSuchbehaviorisbeneath below him He sabove over suchbehaviour abovetheaverageabovesuspicionF under垂直方向 遭受 从属 过程underdiscussionunderordersHehasahundredpeopleworkingunderhim Thebridgeisunderconstruction G up down在垂直轴线上移动 名次或度数 等级上变动位置climbup downthesocialladderH from to出发点 目的地 始发者 接受者aletterfromAtoB I beyond past over结果含义 有形的 抽象的beyondbelief endurance hope recoverypastWeareovertheworst J between among相对位置 参与者之间的抽象关系afight matchbetweenXandYWequarrelagreeamongourselves relationship contrastbetweentwothingsK through通过 坚忍不拔 忍耐Shecamethroughtheordeal 苦难经历 折磨 Weputhimthroughhispaces Wearethroughtheworst 2 表示时间的介词 1 时间位置 at on in by A at用来指时间点 主要指钟点 习惯上有用来指假日时节 也可以表示作时间点考虑的时间段 atteno clock at6 30p m atnoon attheweekend atChristmas指整个圣诞节 而不是只指那一天atthe thattime atbreakfasttime atnight B on用来指当作时间段看待的一天onMonday onthefollowingday onMaythefirst onNewYear sday c in或during表示比一天更长或更短的一段时间intheevening insummer inAugust in2008 inthemonthsthatfollowed d onMondaymorning onSaturdayafternoon onthefollowingevening inthelateafternoon intheearlymorning e 指夜晚的一段时间时 用inIwokeupseveraltimesinthenight Atnight Iusuallyhavethewindowopen duringthenight 2 将来时间的衡量 in注意和副词ago的区分a We llmeetinthreemonths time inthreemonthsfromnow in表示从现在起展望到将来与上述相同的一段时间 这里in的意义 attheendofthreemonthsstartingfromnow b Wemetthreemonthsago 从现在起回溯到过去某一点之间的时间段 c 要从过去某一点时间向前衡量时 只有下面的结构才是正确的 Hefinishedthejobinthreemonths inthespaceofthreemonthsfromwhenhestarted 3 持续 for during over allthrough throughout A A Howdidyoucamp 野营 inScotland B Wecampedthereforthesummer allthrough fromthebeginningtotheendofthesummer forthesummer 整个一个夏天 A WhendidyoucampinScotland B Wecampedthereinthesummer atsometimeduringthesummer B Wemanagedtostayawakeduringthewholemeeting 这里如果没有stay whole这两个词 during指的是持续的时间范围以内的一个时间点或时间段 而不是指持续的时间本身 Shespokeduringthemeeting DuringourstayinJapanwemetseveraloldfriends ourvisittoC Ihavedonethatforyears 内包时间 Ihaven tdonethatforyears 时间之外的动作 D over allthrough throughout具有持续时间的含义 和他们表示地点的遍及含义对应Wecampedthereovertheholiday overtheweekend overnight Wecampedtherethroughoutthesummer 4 持续 from to until upto WecampedtherefromJuneto tillSeptember A 如果没有from 就只可以用until till upto 但是不能仅用to Wecampedthereuntil till upto through to September B to和till可以替换Youcanstayto tilltheendofSeptember Thereareafewdaysto tillSeptember C from upto都表示一段时间的起点和终点 upto通常表明一段较长的时间 其中不包括介词不足语中的那一段时间WeworkeduptoChristmas 不包括Christmas D till until只能与持续动词 即表示一段时间动词连用 by表示终点 只和瞬间动词连用 Mygirlfriendworked arrived theretillChristmas Sheworked arrivedbyChristmas E 在否定语境中 until till不论与持续动词还是瞬间动词连用都成立 Shedidn tarrivedtheretillChristmas F till until与肯定谓体连用 表示时间的终点 与否定的谓体连用 表示时间的起点 Wesleptuntilmidnight Westoppedsleepingthen Wedidn tsleepuntilmidnight Westartedsleepingthen 5 before after since till until既作介词又作连词 他们作介词时 全是指时间的介词 后面接 时间名词短语 afternextweek 无主语 ing分句 sinceleavingschool 或接从动词派生来的名词短语或视为相当于分句的其他的名词短语 sinceelectricity for表示持续的一段时间 before和after表示两个时间或两个事件的关系 这两个词的词义相反 Themeetingwilltakeplaceaftertheceremony Theceremonywilltakeplacebeforethemeeting 6 between and by A between and 表示在由起点和终点指明的一段时间中 但是与from to 不同 它并不表示动词在整个这一段时间的延续We llprobablyarrivesometimebetween5and6o clock I llphoneyoubetweenlunchanddinner B between还用来表示重复出现的相同事物之间的间隔betweenmeals dances acts classesC by表示一件事情出现结果的那一点时间 即表示终点 它在含义上和already still yet和anymore有联系 Yourpapersaretobehandedinbynextweek notlaterthan Bythetimewe dwalkedfivemiles hewasalreadyexhausted 对比 Bythattimehewasalreadyexhausted Untilthenhewasnotexhausted D by短语不与持续动词连用Thetroopsremainedthereuntil by midnight 7 表示时间的短语中 介词的省略 略 3 地点和时间以外的意义范围 原因 目的系列 手段 施动者系列 原因 目的系列原因 Shelostherjobbecauseofherage 理由 Hewasfinedfordrunkendriving 动机 Hediditoutofkindness 目的 Everyoneranforshelter 目的地 I mleavingforBeijing 目标 Thisnovelisaimedatayoungaudience 手段 施动者系列方式 Sheperformedtheoperationwithgreatskill 手段 Theyleftbyplane 工具 Shetriedtoopenthelockwithaknife 施动者 Theywerenoticedbynoone 刺激 I mastonishedatyourreaction 1 原因 目的系列 1 原因 理由 动机 becauseof onaccountof for through from Wehavetodriveslowlybecauseoftheheavyrain Onaccountofhiswideexperience hewasmadechairman Thesurvivorswereweakfromexposureandlackoffood Somesupportcharitiesoutofduty someoutofasenseofguilt Ihidthemoney forfearofwhatmyparentswouldsay Theplanewasdestroyedthroughthepilot scarelessness A onaccountof 表示理由或原因 是becauseof的正式语体中的替代形式 B outof和for主要限于表达动机 心里因素 outofgratitude kindnessC for出现在相对来说数量较小的词组中 forfear love joy sorrowHesetoutforLondon 2 目的 目的地 for toHe lldoanythingformoney inordertogainmoney Everyoneranforshelter inordertoreachshelter A for表示预定目的地时 与run start head leave setout等动词连用 B 用to短语表示假设将会到达的目的地 HewenttoLondon HeleftforLondon IsthisthetraintoLondon IsthisthetrainforLondon 3 接受者 目的 目标for to atA 当for的后面接表示人或动物的名词短语时 多半带有 预定接受者 的意味Helaidatrapforhisenemies Shemadeabeautifuldollforherdaughter Hecookedadinnerforher 这种预定接受者常常相当于一个间接宾语 Shemadeherdaughterabeautifuldoll Hecookedheradinner B to在句子中表示 实际接受者 Shegaveabeautifuldolltoherdaughter Igavethebooktomyfriend Igavemyfriendthebook Ilentthebooktomyfriend Ilentmyfriendthebook C 在aimat shootat kickat短语中 at表示预定目的或目标Afteraimingcarefullyatthebird hemisseditcompletely Shesmiledatme 注意 Heshotatthebird Heshotthebird 达到目的或完成了某个行动 其他动词如果要强调达到的目的 就必须用to Sheranatme 表示敌意 Sherantome 表示向某一目标的移动 类似的有 pointat to throwat to shoutat to Heshoutedatme 含有敌意 Heshoutedtome 对着我大声说话 不是对着别人大声说话 4 来源 籍贯 from与to反意Billlentthebooktome IborrowedthebookfromBill 2 手段 施动者系列 1 方式 in manner like unlike with Lifeislikeadream Billwritespoetrylikehisbrother inamannerresemblingthatofhisbrother Likehisbrother Billwritespoetry 相似 Billwritespoetry likehisbrother 相似 Shespokelikealawyer inamannerresembling Shespokeasalawyer 以实际的身份和地位 Shespokeasalawyerdoes inthatmanner 2 手段和工具 by with withoutIusuallygotoworkbybus train car boat Someonehadbrokenthewindowwithastone Hecaughttheballwithhislefthand Someonehadusedastonetobreakthewindow 3 工具和施动 with byMycarhadbeendamagedbythebranchofastone withabranchofatree apicturebyMr WangTheyarerelatedthroughtheirgrandfather through表示媒介 4 刺激因素 at withIwasalarmedat byhisbehavior IwasfuriouswithJohn 5 伴随 with 6 支持和反对 for with against 7 有 of with without 8 让步 inspiteof despite 9 附加和例外exceptfor withtheexceptionof apartfrom asidefrom but 10 否定的条件 butfor Thankyou