初中英语阅读理解的解题技巧.doc

学生姓名李诗敏 年级 初二 授课时间8月11 教师姓名 钟映容 课时 2h阅读理解的解题技巧一、阅读理解是中考英语能力测试的重点项目之一。课程改革后，阅读理解题型变得更多、更广、更新。不仅涉及的面广，其中包括社会、体育、生活、传说、人物、文化、史地、科技、政治、经济等广泛内容，而且题型多样。阅读理解文章的体裁主要有三类：叙述文、说明文和议论文。1）、叙述文叙述文一般以讲述个人生活经历为主，对于经历的陈述通常由一定的时间概念贯穿其中，或顺序或倒序。但是在考试中一般不出现单纯的叙述文，因为单纯的叙述文比较简单、易懂。所以中考中的叙述文大多是夹叙夹议的文章。2）、说明文（描述文）说明文的一般结构模式和叙述文的结构模式有相通之处即：提出问题（或以一个事例引出问题）- 发现直接原因- 分析深层原因-得出结论或找到出路。 3）、议论文议论文模式是主张-反主张模式。在这一模式中，作者首先提出一种普遍认可的观点或某些人认可的主张或观点，然后进行澄清，说明自己的主张或观点，或者说提出反主张或真实情况。 议论文的这种结构特点决定了它的主要题型是作者观点态度题，文章主旨题以及推理判断题。阅读理解的题型主要有主观性题型和客观性题型。前者主要包括主旨型、推理型、作者语气、态度型、结论型等。后者主要包括事实型、推测词义型、指代关系型、常识题、是非题等。二、阅读理解的几种题型及应试对策1.细节理解题。它是针对文章中的细节而设计的，如文章中某一个特定的细节，也可能涉及若干个细节，或者针对文章的主要事实，或利用图表、图形来表示信息等。要求学生根据对短文的理解，直接选择正确答案，一般在通读短文后可直接找出答题依据，难度较小，属浅层理解题。细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种：(1) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?（根据文章信息，下面哪个是不真的？）(2) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?（下面的哪一个在文章中提到了？）(3) What is the example of . . . as described in the passage?（文章中描述的例子是什么）(4) The author mentions all of the following except . . .（作者提到了以下的所有事项，除了）(5) The reason for . . .is . . .（什么的原因是）(6) The author states that . . .（作者陈述的观点是）(7) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) .（根据文章，提问关于时间、地点、原因、形式和谁等的问题） 2.推测词义题。也就是要正确理解短文中个别关键词，可利用同义词、近义词及给定义等方法推测词义，甚至在通篇理解的基础上推测并发现所给生词的词义。这需要有意识地训练并最终具备这种不用字典而通过上下文来认识生词的能力。 3.推理判断题。要求在通篇理解文章的基础上，以文章提供的事实为依据，将已表述的和隐含的信息结合起来进行思考、分析，透彻理解全文，以领会作者的真正意图，从而做出正确的推理和判断，切不可凭空想象，主观臆断。1、读懂原文，抓住关键词、短语、句子或段落，透彻理解文章内容注意文章结构层次和逻辑关系，并结合阅读材料外的有关生活、社会常识，仔细斟酌，作出准确的推断和引申。2、熟悉常用的设问方式：1) We can infer /conclude from the passage that _.（通过文章我们可推断出什么结论） 2) It can be inferred /concluded (from the passage) that _. 3) The passage /story /author /paragraph implies, but does not directly state that _.（文章暗示，但没有直接表述的观点是） 4) The author strongly suggests that_ _. 5) What do you think would happen (to) at the end of the story? 4.归纳概括题。要求在理解全文后归纳短文要点，概括中心意思。不少文章一开头便展示出文章的主题。尤其是新闻报道之类的，第一段通常是故事的梗概，这一段往往表达了文章的中心涵义。在文章的段落中往往由开头的一句作为主题句(topic sentence)来概括该段的中心意思。但在不少文章或段落中，中心思想贯穿在全文中。此类题主要针对的主题、中心思想、文章的结构层次（主题句或题段）、作者的写作目的(purpose)等方面，要求考生在准确理解全文后，归纳短文要点、概括中心思想，也分析和归纳段落大意、重要情节、人物特征和环境特点等。 解题技巧：领会全文大意，灵活运用概念、判断、归纳、推理 等逻辑方法，真正理解文章的话题和中心思想。一般而言，英语文章的话题往往用很少几个词加以概括，通常具体反映在文章的题目或一段短文的小标题上；不少文章一开头便展示出文章的主题，特点是新闻报道，第一段通常是故事的梗概(lead paragraph)，这一段往往表达了文章的中心思想，但也要注意，不少文章的中心思想也常贯穿于全文之中；主题段通常在文章简要概括文章中心思想，而主题句(topic sentence)常在一段的开头，也有可能在段中或段末。这类题常见的命题方式有：（1）What is the main idea (subject) of this passage ?（2）What does this passage mainly talk about ?（3）The main theme of this passage is _.（4） The main point of the passage is_.（5） Which of the following is the best title for the passage ?（6） The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is _.（7） The purpose of the writer in writing this passage _.（8） Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole ?（9）推断作者的写作意图（Purpose）The authors purpose in writing this passage is to_.这类题要求阅读时不但要看懂个别的句子，而且要能够根据作者思路的展开，把握作者在整篇文章中的观点，因此，必须看懂全篇文章的意思 5.图示理解题。根据文章内容提供一幅或几幅画(地图、示意图或其他图形)，对某种图形进行选择或判断。 6.计算理解题。需要进行一定的运算或推算，才能做出正确的解答。这不仅需要对细节了解清楚，而且需要了解各细节之间的关系，即部分与整体之间的联系。三、答题的基本步骤1. 先看问题，再读文章：带着问题阅读短文，确定主攻方向，特别要注意首尾段和首尾句，把握文章的主题和用户服务，摘取有用的材料，舍弃无关的信息，有的放矢，高效省时。2. 细读全文，认真推敲：针对题目的要求，细心阅读与试题有的词汇、句子或段落，要特别留心一些信息词，它们既是检查的重点，也是把握全文意思的突破口。因此必须准确判断，仔细斟酌，以便选出最佳答案。3. 复读全文，验证答案：在选出全部答案后，应将答案带入问题中重读全文，看前后意思是否贯通，有无矛盾，若前后不一致或意思矛盾，则要考虑重选答案。4、抓细节、做记号。了解文章主旨后应该细读文章，并且边读边用铅笔做些记号，例如把人物、时间、地点等圈出来，看完再回头找时便一目了然了。对于难一点的题目，要回头再查阅短文，在文中划出依据。四、做阅读理解题时“五忌”1）.忌不带问题做阅读理解题时，应先把文章后面所给的考查题浏览一遍，然后带着这些问题进行阅读。边阅读边选出考查表层情况问题的答案，从而提高阅读效果。2）.忌草率行事在设计理解题时，设计者往往在四个选项中设计出一个似是而非的答案。这样答案干扰性特别强，容易迷惑考生。如果在发现一个看似正确答案时就草率定案，往往会掉进设计者设置的“陷阱”里。处理的方法是：对所给四个备选答案进行分析比较，在理解阅读材料内容的基础上进行去伪存真，方可选出正确答案。3）.忌主观印象少数阅读不明确题只需根据生活常识就可选出答案，而绝大多数则不然，考生必须按照原文来选定答案。因此，考生在做后一种测试题时，一定要排除自身的生活经验、经历和已有的知识等主观因素的干扰，按照文章实际反映的情况来选择答案。4）.忌囫囵定案所谓囫囵定案是指考生在未完全读懂文章时就匆忙定案，结果往往选错答案。因此，尚未读懂的地方如果时间允许的话，一定要慢速多读几遍，直到读懂时再定答案。5）.忌忽略时间做阅读理解题时，一定要从整体上控制时间，时间分配根据文章的难易程度有别。文中一两处没弄懂的地方可以暂且放置一边，等把全部题目做完后，再回头来处理。因为做完题目后，你的心情相对放松了往往会产生新的思路、新的灵感。即使做完题后时间所剩无几了，你再把未处理的题猜测一下也不晚，因为你仍然有选对的可能性。总而言之，虽然掌握了一些阅读技巧和方法，但要在阅读理解这一知识板块取得高分，还必须经过坚持不懈的努力。阅读理解靠的是扎实的语言基础。俗话说：“冰冻三尺，非一日之寒”。扎实的语言基础来自平时严格的基本功训练和长期的知识积累。只要平时刻苦用功，打下扎实的英语知识基础，加上掌握了较科学的解题方法，做阅读理解题就不会太难了。（一）An old lady in a plane had a blanket（毯子）over her head and she did not want to take it off . The air hostess spoke to her, but the old lady said, “I have never been in a plane before , and I am frightened. I am going to keep this blanket over my head until we are back on the ground again !”Then the captain came. He said, “Madam, I am the captain of this plane. The weather is fine, there are no clouds in the sky, and everything is going very well. ”But she continued to hide.So the captain turned and started to go back. Then the old lady looked out from under the blanket with one eye and said, “I am sorry, young man, but I dont like planes and I am never going to fly again. But Ill say one thing, ”She continued kindly, “You and your wife keep your plane very clean!”1. An old lady had _ .A. glasses B. a blanket over her head C. a coat D. a basket2. A. She didnt want to _ .A. take it off B. turn it off C. get on D. talk about it3. _ spoke to her .A. The air hostess B. The man next to her C. her husband D. one of her friends4. The old lady had never been _ before .A. abroad B. home C. in a plane D. in hospital5. The woman didnt like planes and she was never going _ .A. to fly again B. to travel C. to go abroad D. to go home（二）Dick lived in England. One day in January he said to his wife, Im going to fly to New York next week because Ive got some work there. Where are you going to stay there? his wife asked. I dont know yet. Dick answered. Please send me your address from there in a telegram (电报), his wife said. All right, Dick answered.He flew to New York on January 31st and found a nice hotel in the center of the city. He put his things in his room and then he sent his wife a telegram. He put the address of his hotel in it.In the evening he didnt have any work, so he went to a cinema. He came out at nine oclock and said, Now Im going back to my hotel and have a nice dinner.He found a taxi (出租车) and the driver said, Where do you want to go? But Dick didnt remember the name and address of his hotel.Which hotel are my things in? he said, And what am I going to do tonight? But the driver of the taxi did not know. So Dick got out and went into a post office. There he sent his wife another telegram, and in it he wrote, Please send me my address at this post office.Choose the right answer1. Dick flew to New York because _.A. he went there for a holidayB. he had work thereC. he went there for sightseeing (观光)D. his home was there2. Why did his wife want a telegram from him? A. Because she didnt know his address yetB. Because she wanted to go to New York, tooC. Because she might send him another telegramD. Because she couldnt leave her husband by himself in New York3. Where did Dick stay in New York?A. In the center of the city.B. In a hotel.C. In a restaurant.D. At his friends house.4. Who would send him the name and address of his hotel?A. The manager (经理) of his hotel.B. The police office.C. The taxi driver.D. His wife.5. Which of the following is not true?A. Dick stayed at a nice hotel in the center of the city.B. Dick didnt work on the first night of his arrival.C. Dick forgot to send his wife a telegram.D. Dick wanted to go back to his hotel in a taxi. （三）One of the things to be learnt in a foreign language is guessing all the time what kind of thing to come when listening to someone talking. People do this all the time in their own language, so it is necessary (必要的) to do this in a foreign language, too. Here are some examples.1. Whats the matter？ I went to a party last night, so I2. I feel so tired these days. I think youd better3.Of course, she never stops talking. She is one of the mostYou can see from the above three examples that the context (上下文) helps a lot in understanding what is being talked about. So guessing is very important in understanding English, especially (尤其)spoken English.1.This passage tells us mainly about _.A. the importance of guessing in learning a foreign languageB. how to guess what one is going to talk about C. some examples of right guessingD. how important it is to guess all the time2.from the context, we can see maybe the finished answer in EXAMPLE I is _.A. so I didnt have a good time. B. so I went to bed very late.C. . So I felt unhappy. D. so I got up very early.3. Maybe the finished answer in EXAMPLE 2 is _.A. I think youd better have a good rest and take good care of yourself.B. I think youd better have something to drink.C. I think youd better get some help from your friends.D. I think youd better be more careful.4. Maybe the finished answer in EXAMPLE 3 is _.A. she is one of the most famous film stars.B. she is one of the most beautiful women.C. she is one of the most famous speakers.D. . she is one of the most talkative women.5. From the passage we can infer (推断) that guessing is _in learning a foreign language.A. the only wayB. more important in spoken English than in written English C. more important than any other wayD. more important in written English than in spoken EnglishIn England (英格兰人) nobody under eighteen years old is allowed (允许) to drink in a bar (酒吧) Mr Thompson often went to a bar near his houseBut he never took his son, Tom, because he was too youngThen when Tom had his eighteenth birthday, Mr Thompson took him to his usual bar for the first timeThey drank for an hourTom drank a bitThen Mr Thompson said to his son,“Now, Tom, I want to teach you a useful（有用的） lessonHow do you know when youve had enough（足够的）? Well, Ill tell youDo you see those two lights（灯） at the end of the bar? When they seem（好象） to become four, youve had enough and should（应该） go home” “But, Dad,”said Tom,“I can only see one light at the end of the bar” 1Young people _B_ allowed to drink in a bar until eighteen Ais not Bare not Cmany Dmust 2When Tom was a child, his father often went to a nearby bar_D_ taking him Aby Bfor Cwith Dwithout 3On Toms eighteenth birthday, he drank together with his father in that bar for _A_ Athe first time Bonce Cmany times Deighteen times 4Father wanted to tell his son _C_ Athe time to drink Bsomething about the light Cwhen to stop drinking Dsomething about the bar 5In fact (事实上), there _A_ at the end of the bar Awas one light Bwere two lights Cwere three lights Dwere four lights (002) In 1620, about half the USA was covered（覆盖） by forests Today the forests have almost gone A lot of good land has gone with them, leaving only sand（沙地） China doesnt want to copy（抄） the USAs example Were planting more and more trees Weve built the Great Green Wall of trees across northern（北部的） part of our countryThe Great Green Wall is 7,000 kilometres long, and between 400 and 1,700 kilometres wide It will stop the wind from blowing the earth away It will stop the sand from moving towards the rich farmland（农田） in the south More Great Green Walls are needed Trees must be grown all over the world Great Green Walls will make the world better根据短文内容，选择正确答案。1In 1620, about _ the USA was covered by forestsAa third Bhalf Ctwo thirds Da fourth2A lot of good land has gone with _Asand Bwater Cwind Dforests3The Great Green Wall in China is _ longA7,000 kilometers B1,700 kilometers C7,000 meters D400 kilometers4Trees must be grown in _.AChina Bthe USA Csome countries Devery part of the world5_ will make the world betterAThe Great Wall BTall buildings CGreat Green Walls DFlowers and grass (003) “Cool”is a word with many meaningsIts old meaning is used to express （表达）a temperature that is a little bit coldAs the world has changed，the word has had many different meaning “Cool”can be used to express feelings of interest in almost anything When you see a famous car in the street，maybe you will say，“Its cool”You may think，“Hes so cool，”when you see your favourite footballer We all maximize（扩大） the meaning of“cool”You can use it instead of many words such as “new” or “surprising”Heres an interesting story we can use to show the way the word is usedA teacher asked her students to write about the waterfall（瀑布）they had visitedOn one students paper was just the one sentence（句子），“Its so coolMaybe he thought it was the best way to show what he saw and felt But the story also shows a scarcity（缺乏）of wordsWithout “cool”，some people have no words to show the same meaningSo it is quite important to keep some credibility（可信性）Can you think of many other words that make your life as colourful as the word “cool”？ I canAnd I think they are also very cool 1We know that the word“cool has had _. Aonly one meaning Bno meanings Cmany different meanings Dthe same meaning 2In the passage，the word“express”means“_”. Asee Bshow Cknow Dfeel 3If you are _A_ something，you may say，“Its cool” Ainterested in Bangry about Cafraid of Dunhappy with 4The writer takes an example to show he is _ the way the word is used Apleased with Bstrange to Cworried about Dcareful with 5In the passage，the writer suggests（暗示）that the word “cool”_ Acan be used instead of many words Busually means something interesting Ccan make your life colourful Dmay not（可能不） be as cool as it seems 004 A friend of mine named Paul received（收到） an expensive car from his brother as a Christmas presentOn Christmas Eve when Paul came out of his office，a street urchin(顽童) was walking around the shining car“Is this your car，Paul？”he asked Paul answered，“Yes，my brother gave it to me for Christmas”The boy was surprised（惊奇）“You mean your brother gave it to you and it didnt cost you anything？Boy，I wish”He hesitated(犹豫) Of course， Paul knew what he was going to wish for（希望）He was going to wish he had a brother like that. But what the boy said surprised Paul greatly. “I wish,”the boy went on，“that I could be a brother like that”Paul looked at the boy in surprise, then he said again, “Would you like to take a ride in my car？” “Oh yes，Id love that” After a short ride，the boy turned and with his eyes shining，said，“Paul，would you mind （介意）driving in front of my house？” Paul smiled a littleHe thought he knew what the boy wantedHe wanted to show his neighbours that he could ride home in a big car. But Paul was wrong again. “Will you stop where those two steps are？ the boy asked He ran up to the steps. Then in a short while Paul heard him coming back, but he was not coming fast. He was carrying his little crippled（残疾的） brother. He sat him down on the step and pointed to the car. “There she is, Buddy, just like I told you upstairs. His brother gave it to him for Christmas and it didnt cost him a cent（美分）. And some day Im going to give you one just like itthen you can see for yourself all the nice things in the Christmas windows that Ive been trying to tell you about.” Paul got out and lifted the boy to the front seat of his car. The shining-eyed older brother climbed in beside him and the three of them began an unforgettable（难忘的） holiday ride. 1The street urchin was very surprised when _ APaul received an expensive car BPaul told him about the car Che saw the shining car Dhe was walking around the car 2From the story we can see the urchin _ Awished to give his brother a car Bwanted Pauls brother to give him a car Cwished he could have a brother like Pauls Dwished Paul could be a brother like that 3The urchin asked Paul to stop his car in front of his house _ Ato show his neighbours the big car Bto show he had a rich friend Cto let his brother ride in the car Dto tell his brother about his wish 4We can infer（推断）from the story that _ APaul couldnt understand the urchin Bthe urchin had a deep love for his brother Cthe urchin wished to have a rich brother Dthe urchins wish came true in the end 5The best name of the name story is _C_ AA Christmas Present BA Street Urchin CA Brother Like That DAn Unforgettable Holiday Ride 005 DreamsDreams (梦 ) may be more important than sleep. We all need to dream, some scientists say. Dreams take up（占据） about one quarter of our sleeping time. People have several dreams each night. Dreams are like short films. They are usually in colour. Some dreams are like old films. They come to us over and over again. That may be because the dreamer is worrying about something. Dreaming may be a way of trying to find an answer. Some people get new ideas about their work from dreams. They may（可能） have been thinking about their work all day. These thoughts can carry over（携入） into dreams. Sometimes we wake up with a good feeling from a dream. But often we cant remember the dream. Dreams can disappear (消失) quickly from memory (记忆). Too much dreaming can be harmful (有害的). The more we sleep, the longer we dream. The mind is hard at work when we dream. That is why we may have a long sleep and still wake up tired. 1. It may be less important to sleep than to_. A. think B. dream C. work D. study 2. Dreams and films are usually _. A. very long B. in colour C. about work D. very sad 3. Why do some people often dream about their work? -A. Because they are tired in the daytime. B. Because they are not interested in their work. C. Because they may be thinking about their work all day. D. Because they have too much work to do. 4. The main idea of the story is that _. A. what dream is B. people like to sleep C. dreams are like films D. we always remember dreams 006 A Faithful（忠实的） Dog More than seven hundred years ago, the Prince of Wales had a very big and brave dog called Gelert. One day the Prince wanted to go hunting（打猎） with his men. He told his dog to stay at home and look after his baby son. The baby was in a wooden cradle（摇篮）, which was like a small bed. When the Prince came back from hunting, Gelert ran out to meet his master. He wagged（摇） his tail（尾巴） and jumped up to put his paws（ 手爪 ）on the Princes chest. Then the Prince saw the blood（血） on Gelerts jaws（颚） and head. What have you done? the Prince said. He rushed into his house and looked for his baby son. The cradle was lying on its side on the floor. The clothes were torn and there was blood on them. So you have killed my son? the Prince said angrily. You unfaithful dog! He took out his sword（剑） and killed the dog. Just as Gelert was dying, he managed（设法） to bark. Then the Prince heard a baby call to the dog. The Prince ran out of the house and saw his son lying on the ground unhurt（没受伤）. Near him was a dead wolf. Then the Prince knew that Gelert had defended（保卫） the baby and killed the wolf. The Prince ran back into the house but he was too late. Gelert was dead. The Prince