2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习 专题整合突破四 介词和介词短语.doc

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2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习 专题整合突破四 介词和介词短语真题试做1(xx山东高考,30)Im sorry I didnt phone you,but Ive been very busy _ the past couple of weeks.AbeyondBwithCamong Dover2(xx山东高考,33) It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot _ easy reach.Anear BuponCwithin Daround考向分析1考查常用介词和介词短语的基本用法。从历年全国及各省市高考题中可看出,介词类考题常集中于一些常用介词,如at,in,for,from,to,of,on,with,until,about,by,since,as,around等。2考查常用介词或介词短语含义和用法的辨识能力。尤其是在一定的语言环境中,辨析意义相同或相近以及使用范围不同的介词或介词短语。3考查介词与某些名词、形容词或动词的各种搭配形式。特别是那些搭配繁多、用法灵活的介词,不同的搭配可用来表示种种不同的意义。热点例析考点一:表示时间的介词1in,on,at,over(1)in表示在一段时间之内。通常时间较长,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如:in the 1950s,in 1989,in summer,in January,in ones thirties等。(2)on表示具体的某一天及其早、中、晚。如:on May 1st,on Monday,on a cold night in January,on a fine morning等。(3)at表示在一个时间点上。指某一时刻或较短暂的时间,也泛指圣诞节,复活节等。如:at 3:20,at this time of year,at Christmas,at night,at this moment等。(4)over后面接一段时间,表示“超过”或“在期间”。 如:David Crum,the CEO of Geldart Software,announced that the corporation would open three branches in Bangkok over the next several months.(5)在last,next,this,that,some,every等词之前一律不用介词。如:He went to Japan last year.We meet every day.2in,after(1)“in一段时间”表示将来的一段时间之后。如:My mother will e back in three or four days.(2)“after一段时间”表示过去的一段时间之后。如:He arrived after five months.(3)“after具体时间”表示将来或过去的某一时刻之后。如:She will appear after five oclock this afternoon.The rain began to fall after seven.3from,since,for(1)from后接具体时间,说明从什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久。如:I hope to do morning exercises from today.(2)since后接具体过去时间,表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。如:We have not seen each other since xx.(3)for后接一段时间,通常与完成时连用。如:I have been in the army for 5 years.【典例分析】 He invited me to a dance after the show _ Christmas Eve.AatBonCin Dby答案为B项。具体的日期前介词应用on。They had a pleasant chat _ a cup of coffee.Afor BwithCduring Dover答案为D项。for和during都有“在期间”之意,但后面通常接时间;with意为“随着,用”;over意为“在(做)期间,边边”。句意:他们边喝咖啡边进行了友好的交谈。考点二:表示地点方位的介词1at,in,on,to(1)at表示在小地方或“在附近;在旁边”。 如:He arrived at the station at ten.He is sitting at the desk.(2)in表示在大地方或“在范围之内”。 如:He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.Shandong lies in the east of China.(3)on表示毗邻或接壤。如:Russia lies on the north of China.(4)to表示“在范围外”,不强调是否接壤。如:Japan is to the east of China.2above,over,on(1)above意为“在上方”,只表示位置高于某物但不强调是否垂直,与 below相对。如:The bird is flying above my head.(2)over意为“在之上”,表示垂直高于,与under相对。over强调与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。如:There is a bridge over the river.(3)on意为“在之上”,表示在某物体上面并与之接触。如:He put his watch on the desk.3below,under(1)below表示“在之下”,不一定在正下方。如:Please write your name below the line.(2)under表示“在正下方”。 如:There is a cat under the table.【典例分析】 (xx辽宁高考,27)The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place _ the main road at the far end of the lake.AtoBforCoff Dout答案为C项。句意:威尔酒店坐落于湖的彼岸远离主干道的一个僻静之处。此处off表示“离开,在之外”。考点三:表示运动方向的介词1across,through(1)across表示从物体表面穿过,与on有关。如:across the playground/square/desert/river(2)over表示动作是在空中进行的。如:He jumped over the wall.(3)through表示从物体里面穿过,与in有关。也可表示时间,指“(从开始到结束)经历了”。如:through the pipe/forest/doorWe work hard all through the year.2in,into(1)in通常表示静态,意为“在里面”。如:We walked in the park.我们在公园里走着。(2)into通常表示动态,意为“进入到里面”。如:We walked into the park.我们走进了公园。【典例分析】 (xx北京高考,34)Do you think this shirt is too tight _ the shoulders?Aat BonCto Dacross答案为D项。句意:你认为这件衬衣的肩宽是不是有点紧? across意为“横跨,在(身体某部位)上”。考点四:表示原因的介词1for表示原因时,常与sorry,famous,punish,praise,thank,blame等词连用。如:I am sorry for what I said to you.2at表示引起某种情感变化的原因,常与表示看、听或喜、怒、吃惊的词连用,意为“因听到或看到而”。如:He was surprised at the news.3from常接抽象名词表示自然、间接或外在的原因,如受伤、车祸等。如:He died from the wound.4of多用于表示自身或内在的原因,如病、饿等。如:The old man died of hunger.5with指生理上或情感上由外界到内心的原因。如:Hearing the news,he jumped with joy.He was shaking with anger.6by表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。如:She took your umbrella by mistake.她错拿了你的雨伞。 7over 一般用于 cry,weep,laugh 等带有感情色彩的动词后,表示所发生的事情的原因。如:She wept over the death of her daughter.We laughed over the victory.8because of 表示引起结果的直接原因。如:He retired last month because of his illness.9thanks to表示引起某种幸运结果的原因,常意为“幸亏,多亏”。如:Thanks to John,we won the game.【典例分析】 When we heard the news that Beijing Basketball Team has won the final,we sang and danced _ joy.Ato BwithCat Dof答案为B项。该题应用with表示由于高兴而又唱又跳。with表示原因时,一般指由于外界而影响到内部的原因。(xx河北保定调研,13)How about your trip to Italy?Oh,_ the fine weather,we enjoyed ourselves indeed.Abut for Bthanks toCin spite of Dbecause of答案为B项。句意:你到意大利的旅行怎么样? 哦,幸亏天气好,我们玩得很愉快。B项意为“幸亏,由于”,符合句意。but for表示“要不是”;in spite of表示“尽管”;because of表示“因为”,都与句意不符。考点五:表示计量的介词1at表示“以速度;以价格”。如:It flies at about 900 kilometers an hour.I sold my car at a high price.2for表示“用交换;以为代价”。如:He sold his car for 500 dollars.注意:at表示单价,for表示总钱数。3by表示“以计”,后跟度量单位。如:They paid him by the month.注意:by后接具体度量单位要加the。【典例分析】 He thought the jar made of earth _ little value and let me have it _ only one dollar.Awith;for Bof;forCof;by Dwith;by答案为B项。第一个空应用of,of little value/importance/use意为“没大有价值、重要性、用处”;第二个空应用for,表示“以一美元为代价,用一美元交换”。考点六:表示工具或手段的介词 1by意为“用某种方式”,后面的名词不带冠词。如:I went there by bus.2with表示“用某种工具”,后面的名词需带冠词。如:He broke the window with a stone.3in表示“用”时,后面的宾语不带冠词,且多为铅笔、墨水、颜色、语言等。如:I hate letters written in pencil.We will never forget this historical lesson written in blood.4on表示“以方式”,多用于固定词组。如:They talked on the telephone.She learns English on the radio/on TV.【典例分析】 The form is very important.Please fill in the form _ ink not _ a pencil,Jack.Ain;by Bwith;inCin;with Dby;in答案为C项。第一个空应用in表示“用墨水”;第二个空应用with表示“用工具”,后面的名词带有冠词。考点七:表示“在之间”的介词1between表示在两者之间。如:You are to sit between your father and me.2among表示在三者或三者以上之间。如:He is always happy among his classmates.3有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,但强调多者中的两两关系时用between。如:Switzerland lies between France,Italy,Austria and Germany.Pay attention to the relationship between the sentences in your position.【典例分析】 Four Chinese models were _ the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel petition.Aamong BbetweenCalong Dbeside答案为A项。Four Chinese models是部分,the 14 people是整体,所以选among意为“在之中”。考点八:表示“除了”的介词1besides表示“除之外,还有”。如:We all went to see the film besides you.除你之外我们也都去看电影了。2except表示“除外,把除去”。 如:We all went to see the film except you.除你之外我们都去看电影了。3but与except同义,但多用于不定代词no one/nobody/nothing/everything/all和副词nowhere/anywhere以及疑问代词who之后。如:I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.4except for表示“如无就,只是”,多表明理由细节。如:His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.5except that表示“除外,把除去”,后面接句子。如:I know nothing about him except that he is from Beijing.6apart from在不同的上下文中,既有besides的含义,又有except和except for的含义,要根据上下文来判别。如:Apart from/Besides English,he has a good mand of Russian and French.He has no interests,apart from/except his work.Its a good paper,apart from/except for a few spelling mistakes.【典例分析】 Some people choose jobs for other reasons _ money these days.Afor BexceptCbesides Dwith答案为C项。句意:如今一些人选择工作时,除了钱的原因还有其他原因。besides表示“除之外,还有”;except表示“除外,把除去”。(xx济南一中期末,23)_ good service,the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Shandong Cuisine.AFar from BRegardless ofCInstead of DApart from答案为D项。far from意为“远离,远非”;apart from意为“除以外”;instead of意为“代替,而不是”;regardless of意为“不管,不顾”。句意:除了优质的服务外,这个饭店提供了不同种类的传统鲁菜。考点九:介词与某些词类的习惯搭配1介词和名词搭配时的习惯用法(1)名词in:difference/interest/delight/progress/satisfaction/pride等。(2)名词to:attention/answer/key/visit/honour等。(3)名词on:attack/pity/mercy/congratulation等。(4)名词with:bargain/chat/mon/connection/conversation/talk等。2介词和形容词搭配时的习惯用法(1)与of搭配:afraid/careful/certain/sure/fond/full/ashamed/tired/proud/worthy等。(2)与at搭配:angry/surprised/pleased/moved/good/clever/slow/terrified等。(3)与in搭配:poor/rich/expert/successful/absorbed/interested/engaged/high/low/strict等。(4)与about搭配:anxious/careful/certain/sure/sorry/worried/happy等。(5)与to搭配:polite/equal/useful/necessary/strange/devoted/similar/next/kind/cruel/rude/ known/close等。(6)与for搭配:anxious/eager/famous/known/fit/sorry等。(7)与with搭配:busy/angry/strict/familiar/popular/satisfied/careful等。(8)与from搭配:different/far/free/safe/absent/tired等。(9)“It isadj.for/of sb. to do sth.”句型中,在形容词之后多用for短语,表示后面不定式的逻辑主语。但当是指性格、情感方面的形容词时,后面用of短语;常见的这类形容词有cruel/kind/good/clever/foolish/honest/nice/careful/careless/brave/polite/rude/wise/stupid/lazy等。如:Its important for you to learn English well.Its foolish of you to lie to the teacher.【典例分析】 (xx江苏高考,29)Thank God youre safe!I stepped back,just _ to avoid the racing car.Ain time Bin caseCin need Din vain答案为A项。考查介词短语。in time意为“及时”;in case意为“以防,万一”;in need意为“需要”;in vain意为“徒劳,无益地”。句意:感谢上帝,你没事。我往后退了退,刚好及时地避开了赛车。误区警示1近义介词的易错点(xx全国高考,16)100 is the temperature _ which water will boil.Afor BatCon Dof【错混透析】B由于本句中的which指代上文的100,所以应选at表示“在多少度,在这一点上”。受汉语意思的影响,该题易误选on。【解题指导】 由于介词不能单独充当某一成分,所以一般不会单一考查介词,而更多的是融合在语境或句型中,符合单项填空题“在具体的语境中考查英语基础知识的运用”的命题思想。因此做题时不能孤立地局限于介词单方面的意义,而要全面理解试题的结构和句意,在此基础上仔细辨析,作出最佳选择。平时的学习中,要善于归纳、总结和积累,注意常用介词的基本用法和多义性,区别近义介词在不同的语境中的不同含义。2介词的常见搭配易错点(xx陕西高考,11)An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the mittee members are _ it.Aagainst BforCto Dwith【错混透析】A句意:达成协议似乎是不可能的,因为委员会的大部分人都反对。be against意为“反对,不赞成”;be for意为“同意,支持”。如果不能正确理解句意,可能会误选B项,如果不了解搭配,可能会误选C、D项。【解题指导】 常用介词搭配在英语中极其丰富,意义复杂多变。同一个介词可以与不同的动词、名词或形容词搭配,表示不同的意思;反之,同一个动词、名词或形容词与不同的介词搭配,也表示不同的意思。掌握这些搭配,对夯实基础、提高英语水平大有裨益。要掌握这些搭配,关键是看平时的积累,首先要理解不同介词的含义,其次要注意观察、发现,并识记介词的各种搭配。3介词短语的易错点(xx福建高考,26)China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals _ all its citizens.Ain charge of Bfor the purpose ofCin honor of Dfor the benefit of【错混透析】Din charge of意为“掌管,负责”;for the purpose of意为“为了的目的”;in honor of意为“向表示敬意,为纪念”;for the benefit of意为“为了的利益”。句意:为了全国人民的利益,中国一直推行公立医院的改革。该题造成误选的原因是没有掌握四个介词短语的不同含义。【解题指导】 介词本身数量不多,但它与动词、形容词和名词等实词的搭配力极强,因此衍生出的词组让人有些“目不暇接”,高考对介词短语的考查频频出现。平时的学习中要注意识记一些介词短语的构成和意义,做题时结合句意作出选择。1(xx山东潍坊寿光现代中学一模,45) I know you have got a smooth tongue,so dont talk me _ buying it.AawayBdownCout Dinto2(xx山东实验中学三模,28) Almost everybody has sensed that Dave cares most about money _ the surface.Abeneath BbehindCunder Dbelow3A friend is not just someone _ whom you say hello but a shoulder _ which you can cry.Ato;on Bon;toCwith;over Dfrom;with4Tired,Jim was fast asleep with his back _ a tree.Ain BbelowCbeside Dagainst 5It is said that Greece has decided to sell a small island _ its coast to pay for the debts.Ain BatCoff Dof6_ only 20 minutes to go before the train left,I felt uneasy in the taxi to the railway station.AFor BWithCAs DBecause7(xx山东淄博一模,34) Its _ belief that parents have to spend nearly 500,000 yuan bringing up a child in China nowadays.Abeyond BinCwithout Dagainst8Between 2000 and xx,the number of overseas visitors expanded _ 27%.Aby BforCto Din9Most Americans would prefer to keep their problems _ themselves,and solve their problems _ themselves.Ato;by Bby;toCfor;to Din;on10(xx山东威海一模,34) Could you please introduce me to the person _ this project?Ain place of Bin possession ofCin terms of Din charge of11(xx山东淄博桓台二中月考,33) There wont be a good harvest of wheat in North China this year _ the severe drought.Ain spite of Bapart fromCdue to Din case of12(xx山东烟台期末,31) This pany has launched several types of cars this year,and one _ appeals to the young.Ain return Bin particularCin addition Din turn13A huge amount of money has been spent _ the new bridge.Ain BonCwith Dfor14(xx山东泰安期末,33) _ my efforts at persuasion,he wouldnt agree.AApart from BIn spite ofCBecause of DIn terms of15. Wed better discuss everything _ before we work out the plan.Ain general Bin detailCon purpose Don time参考答案四、介词和介词短语命题调研明晰考向真题试做1D考查介词辨析。beyond “超出”;with“具有,和一起”;among “在当中”;over “在正上方,在期间”。句意:很抱歉没给你打电话,我最近这几周一直都很忙。根据句意D项正确。over the last/past一段时间“在过去的里”,与现在完成时搭配使用。2C考查介词的用法。within easy reach“在容易够到的地方;在的附近”。句意“在厨房里,你要把常用的东西放到容易够到的地方,这样能节省时间”。创新模拟预测演练1Dtalk sb.into doing sth.意为“说服某人做某事”,其中into强调动态变化过程。2Abeneath为书面用词,指“紧挨之下”,与on相对;under为普通用词,指在某物的正下方,含垂直在下的意思,与over相对;below指位置低于某物或在某物下方,但不一定在正下方,所指范围较宽,与above相对;behind意为“在之后”。句意:几乎每个人都感觉到了在表象之下戴夫最在意的是钱。3Asay hello to sb.意为“向某人问好”,所以第一个空应选to,to whom引导定语从句修饰someone;第二个空应选on,on which引导定语从句修饰a shoulder,表示“在肩膀上”。4D分析句式结构,可知with his back和后面的介词短语构成with复合结构。against a tree “靠着树,倚着树”。5Coff意为“离一些距离,离不远的海上”。此处表示“离希腊海岸不远的一个小岛”。6B该题应选with,表示“有”。7Abeyond意为“超过,超出范围”,beyond belief表示“难以置信”。句意:在当今的中国,父母养育一个孩子需要花费近50万元,这真难以置信。8Aby用来表示增减的幅度,所以答案为A项。to可表示增减的结果,意为“到程度”。9Akeep.to oneself意为“把保守为秘密,不交际”;by oneself意为“独自,单独地”。句意:大多数美国人更喜欢把问题藏在心底,由自己来解决这些问题。10Din place of意为“代替”;in possession of意为“拥有”;in terms of意为“在方面,就而言”;in charge of意为“负责,掌管”。根据句意判断应选D项,表示“负责这个项目的人”。11CA项意为“尽管,不管”;B项意为“除了”;C项意为“由于”;D项意为“以防”。根据句意判断应选C项表示原因,意为“由于大旱”。12BA项意为“作为回报,作为报答”;B项意为“特别是,尤其是”;C项意为“另外,加上”;D项意为“反过来”。根据句意判断应选B项,表示“其中一款汽车尤其吸引年轻人”。13B本题考查固定结构“spend some money on sth.”的被动语态形式。14BA项意为“除了”;B项意为“尽管,虽然”;C项意为“因为”;D项意为“在方面,就而言”。句意:尽管我努力地劝说他,他还是不同意。15BA项意为“一般来说,通常”;B项意为“详细地”;C项意为“故意地”;D项意为“按时”。根据句意判断应选B项,表示“在我们实施计划之前我们最好详细地讨论每件事情”。
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