非谓语动词语法讲解.ppt

非谓语动词语法讲解,I.非谓语动词时态、语态形式对照表：,2.非谓语动词在句中可作的语法成份,1.非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等.,1.Toseeyouisglad.=Itsgladtoseeyou.2.Iwanttoseeyou.3.Iwanthimtoseeyou.4.Myhopeistoseeyou.5.Heisthemantoseeyou.6.Imgladtoseeyou.7.Iwenttoseeyou.8.Hewentsoearlyastoseeyou,（作主语）,(作宾语）,（作宾补）,(作表语）,（作定语）,（作原因状语）,（作目的状语）,（作结果状语）,1.Swimmingishisfavouritesport.2.Heenjoysswimming.3.Ifoundhimswimmingintheriver.4.Hisfavouritesportisswimming.5.Heisthemanswimmingintheriverjustnow.6.SwimminginSummer,wecangetcool.,(作主语）,(作宾语）,(作宾补）,(作表语）,(作定语）,(作状语）,1.Thiscupisbroken.2.Thisisabrokencup.3.Ifoundthecupbroken.4.BrokenbyTom,thecupcantbeused.过去分词一般不作主语、宾语.,(作表语,(作表语）,(作宾语补足语）,(作状语）,3.分词的用法比较A.在时态上1.Chinaisadevelopingcountry=acountrywhichisdeveloping.2.Japanisadevelopedcountry=acountrywhichhasdeveloped.3.Ifoundhimgone.=thathehadgone.(表完成）,ing分词表“进行”ed分词表“完成”,B.在语态上，ing分词表“主动”，ed分词表“被动”（多为及物动词）,1.Isawhimwritingashortnovel.=thathewaswritingashortnovel.2.HewasreadinganovelwrittenbyCharlesDickens.=whichwaswrittenbyCharlesDichens.在概念上，ing.表“抽象、习惯”,不定式表“具体、偶然、将来”.*Swimming(抽象）ismyfavouritesportandIlikeswimming(习惯）everyday,butIdontliketoswim(具体）today,Iwouldliketoswim(将来）tomorrow.,C.分词的完成式一般不用来作定语，只能用作状语.,Theplatformhavingbeenbuiltwillbeusedtoperformon.1.Theplatformbuiltwillbeusedtoperformon.Theplatformwhichhasbeenbuiltwillbeusedtoperformon.2.Havinggivenheropinionaboutthebuilding,sheleftthemeeting.Havingbeenusedforalongtime,thecomputerneedsrepairing.,作定语,作状语,D.ed+主句（不强调时间先后）;Beinged+主句（强调主句和从句动作同时发生）;Havingbeened+主句（强调时间先后）如不强调时间先后可用ed,一般式来代替.,1.UsedasameansoftrafficinChina,thebikeisveryuseful.WritteninsimpleEnglish,thebookiseasytoread2.Beingusedbymenow,thebikecantbelenttoyou.3.Havingbeenusedformanyyears,thebikeneedsrepairing.Havingbeentoldseveraltimes,可以写成=Toldseveraltimes,hecouldnt,understandwhatImeant.,4.非谓语动词的用法区别不定式和动名词作宾语的区别：,.下列动词常用不定式作宾语：aim,ask,dare,appear,arrange,demand,help,hesitate,pay,plan,wait,fail,seek,prepare,happen,mean,prove,expect,wish,hope,decide,refuse,offer,learn,agree,choose,promise,pretend,manage,care,determine,afford等。如：Heofferedtohelpus.IdidntexpecttofindyouhereTheyrefusedtoaccepthisinvitationThelittleboypretendedtobeasleepwhenhismothercamein,(2)下列动词通常用ing形式作宾语：,admit,report,appreciate,deny,explain,mention,resist,stand,stop,imagine,recall,suggest,mind,finish,enjoy,keep,practise,miss,avoid,delay,excuse,escape,consider,advise等。如：1）Wouldyoumindmysmokinghere?2）Thegirlwastoldtopractiseplayingthepianoforthreehourseveryday3）Goodnewskeepscoming.Tinasuggestedspendingtheweekendonherfarm,(3)下列动词接不定式与接ing形式意义相近：,like，love,hate,dislike,begin,start,prefer，continue,intend，attempt等.e.g：Iprefermaking(tomake)anoutlinebeforeIdomyoralcompositionWealllikeplaying(toplay)tabletennis但也有细微区别：*指具体某次的行为常用不定式，指惯常的行为常用ing形式.如：Ilikereadingbooksofthiskind(惯常行为)Ihatetosayso，butreallyIcantgowithyou(具体某次行为),Iprefertostayathometoday(具体某次行为)Hepreferswalkingtocycling(惯常行为)*一般说来不能用于进行时的动词如：realize，know，understand，see，lose等，多用不定式如：IbegantorealizeIhadbeenwrong.Wehatetolosethechance.Nowwearebeginningtoseeitmoreclearly.,(4)下列动词接不定式与接ing形式意义不同：,stoptodo停下(正在做的事)去做另一件事/stopdoing停下正在做的事e.g.：Seeinganoldmancarryingabigbag,IstoppedtohelphimHearingthebell,thestudentsstoppedplayingandranintotheclassroomforgettodo忘记做某事(此事未做)/forgetdoing忘记曾做过某事(此事已做)HeforgottoposttheletterwhenhewalkedpastthepostofficeIllneverforgetseeinghimforthefirsttime,remembertodo记得要做某事(此事未做)/rememberdoing记得某事已做过(此事已做)e.g.：IrememberseeingheroncesomewhereYoumustremembertotakeyourumbrellawhenyouleavehomegoontodo继续做另一件事goondoing接着做同一件事e.g.：Shestoodupandshookhandswithme,andthenshewentonwritingsomethingAfterIfinishedmyhomework,1wentontoreadthenoveltrytodo企图想做某事trydoing试着做某事(看看有什么后果发生)e.g.：Wetriedtopersuadehimtogowithus,buthewouldntlistenLetstrydoingtheworksomeotherway.,meantodo(意思是)打算做某事meandoing意味着做某事e.g.：RevolutionmeanslibratingtheproductiveforceSorry,Ididntmeantohurtyouregrettodo遗憾地做某事(通常后接say,tell等动词)/regretdoing后悔做了某事e.g.：IregrettotellthatyoudidntpasstheexamagainHeregrettedhavingtoldherthebadnews,(5)动词如：(permit,allow，admit，forbid，imagine，consider)advisesbtodosthadvisedoingsth,advisesbtodosthe.g.：Thedoctoradvisedmenottogotobedtoolate.PleasepermitmetointroducemyselftoyoufirstYousurelycantconsiderhimtobeaselfishmanMyparentsforbidmetostayoutaftermid-nightIallowedthechildrentoplayinmyroomforanotherfiveminutes.,*注意：*在imagineconsider后通常用“tobe”作宾语补足语。tobe有时可省略。e.g.：Youdbetterimagineyourself(tobe)inhisplaceThesituationwasconsidered(tobe)prettygood*在consider后，作宾补不定式主要是tobe，行为动词todo则多用tohavedone形式。如:Weallconsideredhimtohavetoldalie.,advisepermitallowadmitforbidimagineconsiderdoingsth.e.g.：ThelittleboyadmittedhavingbrokentheglassTheyshouldntallowparkinginthestreet;itstoonarrow.Canyouimaginemybeingsostupid?IforbidsmokinginmyhouseWedonotpermitsmokingintheoffice,即时巩固练习用所给动词的todo或doing形式填空：,1)LittleTomregretted_(waste)somuchtimeplayingcomputergames.2)Theywereexpecting_(get)theresultsoftheexamination.3)Willyouadvisemewhichofthem_(buy)?4)Onthebustheyoungmanpretended_(notsee)theoldwomanstandingbesidehim.,havingwasted,toget,tobuy,nottosee,5)WeallconsiderJohn_(be)anhonestboy.6)Ourbossforbids_(chat)duringofficehours.7)Therulesdonotpermitplayers_(step)outofbounds.8)Theboybeggedtopermithim_(explain).9)Theyoungmanimagined_(live)onalonelyisland.10)Itwasuselesstoforbidchildren_(play)here.,toplay,living,toexplain,tostep,chatting,tobe,11)Whyhavetheydelayed_(open)thenewschool?12)Sheenjoys_(practise)_(dance)beforethelargemirror.13)Bytakingthebackway,heescaped_(see).14)Idprefer_(stay)herewaitingforhisarrival.15)Asthemeetingwasbeginning,weallstopped_(talk).,opening,practicing,beingseen,tostay,talking,dancing,16)ThiskindofcarisnicebutIcantafford_(buy)one.17)ImsorryIforgot_(tell)youaboutthemeeting.18)Shetried_(comfort)mebysayingsomefunnythings19)Goingonwaitingheremeans_(waste)ourtime.20)Theywenton_(work)inthefieldsinspiteoftheheavyrain.,working,wasting,comforting,totell,tobuy,2)现在分词和动名词作表语的区别：,（1）现在分词用来说明主语的性质，可用very来修饰。如：Thenewsissurprising.(surprising用来说明Thenews的性质.可以说verysurprising.)Hiswordswereencouraging.(encouraging用来说明Hiswords的性质.可以说veryencouraging.)*动名词和主语说的是同一件事，不可用very来修饰。如：MyjobisteachingEnglish.(Myjob=teachingEnglish,不可说veryteachingEnglish.)Teachingisalsolearning.(Teaching=learning,不可说verylearning.),(2)注意现在分词和动名词作表语与现在进行时的区别。如：Hisviewisveryalarming(现在分词作表语表示主语的性质)Whathelikestodoisstayingathomealoneandreading.(动名词作表语表示的是某一件事情)HeiswatchingthefootballgameonTV.(现在进行时表示某动作在进行)*过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别。如：Mybikeisbroken.(broken形容词作表语，表示“状态”)。MybikewasbrokenbyJim(动词过去分词构成被动语态，表示“动作”),(3)还要注意现在分词和过去分词作表语在意义上的区别。,*过去分词作表语表示人的感觉，主语通常是人。现在分词作表语表示事物本身的特点，主语通常是事物。如：IminterestedinEnglish(我的感觉，觉得有趣.Thefilmisinteresting(电影本身的特点是使人有趣.)类似情况还有：surprisingsurprised,excitingexcited,tiringtired,disappointingdisappointed,encouragingencouraged，interestinginterested，amazedamazing,boredboring,pleasingpleased,astonishingastonished.,即时巩固练习,用所给动词的todo或doing形式填空：1)Thejourneywasquite_(tire)2)Thestoryisvery_Weare_init(interest)3、Theresultoftheexammademe_(disappoint)4)Thiswasreallyan_moment(excite)5)The_boycouldntbelievehisears(astonish),tiring,interested,disappointed,exciting,astonished,interesting,即时巩固练习,6)Itwasa_storyWedidntwanttolistenagain(bore)7)Heseemedquite_attheidea(delight)8)Theproblemwasquite_(press)9)Thepresentsituationis_(encourage)10)Iwas_atwhatshesaid(puzzle),boring,delighted,pressing,encouraging,puzzled,4)不定式、分词和动名词作定语的区别：,(1)动词不定式作定语通常放在被修饰的名词后面。如：IhavesomethingimportanttotellyouThepoorchildrenhadlittletoeat它和被修饰的名词有时有动宾关系。如：Thereissomebooksforyoutoread(可看成：toreadsomebooks)Idliketogetsomethingtodrink(可看成：todrinksomething),如果这这个作定语的不定式是一个不及物动词，注意不可忽略不定式短语中的副词或介词。如：Ineedapentowritewith(可看成：towritewiththepen)Shenowhasnothingtoworryabout(可看成：toworryaboutnothing),(2)现在分词和动名词作定语的区别,*现在分词和被修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系。单个分词作定语放在被修饰的名词的前面，分词短语放在被修饰的名词的后面。如：Afishingboywasseensittingattheendoftheboat.(afishingboy=aboywhowasfishing)Thesoldierridingahorsewasmybrother(thesoldierridingahorse=thesoldierwhowasridingahorse)*动名词用来说明用途，和被修饰的名词在逻辑上无主谓关系。动名词作定语只能放在被修饰的名词的前面。如：Therewasonlyonefishingboatontheriver(afishingboat=aboatusedforfishing)Theoldmanneedsawalkingstickwhenhegoesout(awalkingstick=astickusedforwalking),(3)不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语有时在时态上有区别：,*不定式作定语表示将来的动作。如：Thebridgetobebuiltnextmonthisthethirdbridgeacrosstheriver*现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作。如：Thebridgebeingbuiltnowisthethirdbridgeacrosstheriver*过去分词作定语表示已完成的动作。如：Thebridgebuiltlastyearisthethirdbridgeacrosstheriver,即时巩固练习,用所给动词的正确形式填空：1)Theman_(question)inthepolicestationnowisaspy2)Aman_(respect)otherswillberespected3)shecanfindnoone_(make)friendswith4)Isthereanybody_(answer)thequestion?5)Halfoftheguests_(invite)totheconferencewereforeigners.,beingquestioned,respecting,tomake,toanswer,invited,6)Shewouldbethebest_(agree)theopinion7)Thematter_(discuss)isveryimportant8)Thatistheway_(operate)themachine9)Shewasthenaprofessor_(love)byallherstudents10)Withmuchmoney_(spend)，theboyformedabadhabit,toagree,beingdiscussed,tooperate,loved,tospend,5)不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾补的区别：,*现在分词作宾补和宾语在逻辑上有主动关系，强调动作在进行。如：Isawhimfallingoffhisbikejustatthatmoment(看到他时他正从自行车上掉下来。)Hefoundhimselflyingonthegroundwhenhecametohimself(他苏醒过来时正躺在地上。)*不定式作宾补和宾语在逻辑上有主动关系，强调动作的过程。如：Isawhimfalloffhisbikeandhurthisleftleg,(看到他从自行车上掉下来，并且摔伤了腿。动作有先后，是全过程。)Theyweremadetoworkdayandnight(他们被迫日夜干活，天天如此，不是某个时刻正在干活。)*过去分词作宾补和宾语在逻辑上有被动关系。如：Iheardmynamecalledbysomeone(我的名字被叫，myname和called是被动关系。)Ifeltagreatweighttakenoffmymind.(重担被卸下来了，agreatweight和takenoff是被动关系。),即时巩固练习,用所给动词的正确形式填空：1)Imeanttobuyaneveningpaper,butIdidntseeanyone_(sell)them.2)Iknowthat_(be)afact.3)Pauldoesnthavetobemade_(learn).Healwaysworkhard.4)Thepatientwaswarned_(noteat)aftertheexamine.5)JustnowIsawaman_(walk)inthestreet,withalittlegirl_(seat)onhisshoulder,selling,tobe,tolearn,nottoeat,walking,seated,6)Theladylovedtohaveherluggage_(weigh).7)Whodidtheteacherhave_(clean)theblackboardjustnow?8)Businessesarebeginning_(develop)newmethodsofreachingcustomers.9)Thethiefwascaught_(steal)goodsinthesupermarketagain10)-WhathappenedtoMr.Whiteearlythismorning?-Oh，hewasseen_(knock)downandthedriver_(drive)away,weighed,clean,todevelop,stealing,knocked,drove,6)不定式和现在分词作状语的区别：不定式作状语表示：原因，结果，目的；分词作状语表示：原因，结果，时间，伴随情况,(1)不定式和分词表示原因时的区别：*不定式表示原因通常跟在某些表示感情的形容词后，用来说明产生这种感情的原因。如：Iwassoexcitedtohearthenews(不定式tohearthenews表示激动的原因。)Weweresurprisedtoseesuchgreatchangesinthatvillage(不定式toseesuchgreatchangesinthatvillage表示惊讶的原因。)*分词表示原因时，它相当于一个原因状语从句。如：Beingamonitor,shetakesleadineverything(Beingamonitor=Asshewasamonitor)KnowingsomeEnglish,heofferedtobeaninterviewerforus.(KnowingsomeEnglish=AsheknewsomeEnglish),(2)不定式和分词表示结果时的区别：*不定式表示结果，含有没有预料到的情况的意味。如：Igotuponlytofinditwasrainingoutside(起来时没有料到在下雨。)Hewastooexcitedtosayaword(太激动了说不出话，是没有预料到的情况。)*分词表示结果包含着一种必然发生的情况。如：Hisparentsdied，leavinghimalotofmoney(父母去世，钱留给儿子。这是自然的事。)Theoutputofirondecreasedby23lastyear,reaching80，000tons(产量下降，到了80，000吨，这是必然结果。),即时巩固练习,用所给动词的正确形式填空：1)-Whywastheofficialmeetingcalled?-_(select)newofficers2)_(get)backmystory,herefusedtheinvitation3)Thebeautifulgirltriedtokillherselfonly_(save)4)When_(face)withastrongenemy,theyhadalwaysretreated5)_(wear)outafteralongwalk,Henrycalledandsaidhecouldntcome,Toselect,Toget,tobesaved,faced,Worn,6)Hewassaidtohaverefusedagiftfromher,_(know)thatitmeantabribe.7)Thepresidentexpressedhissatisfactionwiththeco-operation,_(add)thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere8)Thepresidentpromisedtokeepalltheboardmembers_(inform)ofhowthenegotiationsweregoingon9)_(allow)todevelophistalent,hecouldbecomeanexcellentartist10)_(invite)togotocamping,Paulorderedanewsleepingbag,knowing,adding,informed,Havingbeenallowed,Havingbeeninvited,4使用非谓语动词的注意事项：,1)动词不定式可以和疑问代词或副词when，what,where,why,who,whom,which,how一起构成不定式短语，但不说whytodo(Whynotdo?，它表达一种建议，和此部分所说的todo无关。)“疑问代词或副词+todo”的作用相当于一个名词性从句。如：Myteacherdidnttellmewhattodonext(=whatIshoulddonext)Hesaidheknewhowtodoit(=howheshoulddoit)ThisisthefirsttimeIhavecometothisdryIdontknowwhichwaytogo(=whichwayIshouldgo),4使用非谓语动词的注意事项：,2)形式主语和形式宾语*形式主语：当作主语的不定式或动名词短语过长，谓语部分太短，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放到后面，以保持句子的平衡。如：ItiseasytoworkoutthisproblemItismydutytohelpthepeoplewhoareintrouble*形式宾语：当作宾语的不定式或动名词短语过长，宾补部分太短，常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放到宾补后面，亦为保持句子的平衡。如:IfounditeasytoanswerthisquestionWethinkitnogoodgivinglittlechildrentoomuchmoney,3)不定式符号的省略,(1)两个不定式并列时，后一个常省去to。Itoldhertostayandwaitformetocomeback但表示对比关系时，要带to。Hehasntdecidedtostayatschoolortogohome.(2)在下列句型中不定式符号to常省去。*Whynotdo?*wouldratherdothando*Youdbetterdo.*donothingbutdo/havenothingtodobutdo(3)简短回答中的不定式符号to后的动词常省去，有时to亦省去。-Wouldyouliketohavedinnerwithus?-Idloveto.,(4)有些动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式不带to。这些动词是：see,watch,notice，lookat，hear,listento,feel，make，have,et等感官动词和使役动词。这些动词如果用于被动语态，后面的不定式要带to。HisfathermadehimwritetwentymoresentencesHewasmadetowritetwentymoresentencesbyhisfatherhelp后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to。也可以不带to。Ioftenhelp(to)dohouseworkathome(5)被省略的不定式是作助动词用的have或be时，要保留这些助动词。Heisnotwhatheusedtobe-Didhetellyoutoattendthemeeting?-No，Ioughttohavebeen,4)分词作状语时，分词前可加连词表示强调。Whenheated,icecanbechangedintowaterThoughtired,Iwentonwiththework.Whilewalkinginthestreet,Isawaroadaccident5)分词表伴随情况，其动作和谓语动作须同时发生。Ihadtostayinthehotel，waitingforthecartocomeTheystoodthere,listeningtothebroadcast但是如果是连续的有先后的几个动作，就不能用分词表伴随情况。Hefinishedhisworkquickly,thenwenttothekitchenandbegantocooksupperTheboyfelloffthetreeandbrokehisleftleg.,6)不定式、分词和动名词的时态和语态：(1)不定式-tohavedone，tobedone，tohavebeendone现在分词-havingdone,beingdone，havingbeendone过去分词只有一种形式-done.(2)在plan,hope,expect,would(should)like,mean等动词后的不定式的完成时表示没有实现的行为。Ihopedtohaveseenher(ButIdidntseeher)Theyexpectedtohavefoundhiminthecave(Buttheyfailedtofindhim),7)不定式，现在分词和动名词的逻辑主语：,(1)不定式的逻辑主语：-forofsb+todosth如：ItsimpossibleforhimtomovesuchabigstoneThequestionistoohardforalittlechildtoanswer*但表示性质的adj(good，nice,kind,rude,polite,impolite,clever,wise,stupid,silly,foolish,right,wrong)等而用介词of。ItscleverofhimtodosoItspoliteofyoutomakeroomfortheoldman(2)动名词的逻辑主语：-sbs+doing如：LittleFranzsbeinglateagainfortheschoolmadetheteacherveryangry.*但动名词作宾语时逻辑主语可用普通格或人称代词的宾格，逻辑主语用普通格。Isuggestedhim(his)goingtherebytaxi.DidyouenjoyZhoujielunsingingattheconcert?,(3)现在分词的逻辑主语：一分词的独立结构当分词的动作执行者和句子的动作执行者不一致时，分词前必须有自己的主语，称为分词的独立结构。Weatherpermitting,wellhaveafieldtriptomorrowMotherbeingin，Ihadtostayathometolookafterher*但有些分词作状语属习惯用法，分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语可以不一致。如：Judgingfromtheexpressiononhisface,hehadfailedthedrivingtestagainGenerallyspeaking,girlsaremorecarefulthanboys.,8)注意以下几种情况不定式的用法,*在thefirst,thesecond，thelast和only之后，只能用todo。如：Hewasthelasttoleavetheclassroom*如果understand，realize,know用在begin,start,attempt,intend后，只能用todo。如：Ibegantounderstandthetruth*表示目的的不定式的否定式一般不用nottodo,而用inordernottodo或soasnottodo。如：()Inordernottobeseen,hecameintotheroomthroughthewindow()Nottobeseen,hecameintotheroomthroughthewindow()Hecameintotheroomthroughthewindowsoasnottobeseen*soastodo一般不放在句首。()Hegetupatfivethismorningsoastocatchtheearlybus(X)Soastocatchtheearlybus，hegotupatfivethismorning,9)非谓语动词的常用句型,*Ittakes+时间+todo*spendwaste+时间，金钱+doing*hadbetter+do*wouldrather+dothando*prefer+tododoing*Itsnousegood+doing*Itsawasteoftime+doing*beworth+doingbeworthyof+beingdone,非谓语动词的常用句型,*Itsworthwhile+doing*Wouldyoumind+doing.?*Wouldyoulike/care+todo.?*.havenochoicebut+todo./.,donothingbut+do*.too.+todo*.need/want/require+doing*.beusedto+doing(习惯做)*.havesb+do/havesb(sth)+doinghavesth+done*.happened+todo,即时巩固练习,用所给动词的正确形式填空：1)Thefluisbelieved_(cause)byvirusesthatliketoreproduceinthecellsinsidethehumannoseandthroat.2)Whenfirst_(introduce)themarket,theseproductsenjoyedgreatsuccess.3)Helenhadtoshout_(make)herself_(hear)abovethesoundofthemusic.4)When_(compare)withthesizeofthewholeearth,thebiggestoceandoesnotseembigatall.5)Youweresillynot_(lock)yourcar.,tobecaused,introduced,tomake,heard,compared,tohavelocked,6)Victorapologizedhis_(notbe)abletoinformmeofthechangeintheplan.7)Afterhisjourneyfromabroad,RichardJonesreturnedhome,_(exhaust).8)Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledtothethief_(catch).9)Generally_(speak),When_(take)accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.10)Shewilltelluswhyshefeelssostronglythateachofushasarole_(play)inmakingtheearthabetterplace_(live).,notbeing,exhausted,beingcaught,speaking,taken,toplay,toplay,11)Though_(lack)money,hisparentsmanaged_(send)himtouniversity.12)-Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers?-Thekey_(solve)theproblemis_(meet)thedemand_(make)bythecustomers.13)Withalotofdifficultproblems_(settle),thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.14)_(suffer)suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolate_(clear)uptheriver.15)Doletyourmother_(know)allthetruth.Sheappears_(tell)everything.,lacking,tosend,tosolving,tomeet,made,tosettle,Havingsuffered,toclear,know,tohavebeentold,16)Sandycoulddonothingbut_(admit)tohisteacherthathewaswrong.17)Mr.Reedmadeuphismind_(devote)allhehadto_(set)upsomeschoolsforpoorchildren.18)Onelearnsalanguageby_(make)mistakesand_(correct)them.19)Iveworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat_(expect)inmynewjob.20)Tonywasveryunhappyfor_(notinvite)totheparty.,admit,todevote,setting,making,correcting,toexpect,nothavingbeeninvited,21)_(give)thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhile_(recover)fromtheoperation.22)Therearefivepairsofshoes_(choose)from,butImatalosswhich_(buy).23)Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallyget_(pay)bythehour.24)Whatworriedthechildmostwashis_(notallow)visithismotherinthehospital25)Heclaimed_(treat)inthesupermarketwhenhewasdoingshoppingyesterday.,Given,torecover,tochoose,tobuy,paid,notbeingallowed,tohavebadlytreated,26)_(fetch)waterbeforebreakfastseemedtomearulenever_(break).27)While_(shop),peoplesometimescanthelp_(persuade)intobuyingsomethingtheydontreallyneed.28)Shelooksforwardeveryspringto_(walk)intheflower-linedgarden.29)Onceyourbusinessbecomesinternational,_(fly)constantlywillpartofyourlife30)Thelittletimewehavetogetherwetry_(spend)wisely.,Tofetch,tobebroken,shopping,beingpersuaded,walking,flying,tospend,