英语语法-非谓语及动词时态.ppt

非谓语动词,在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。1）不定式时态语态主动被动一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone2）动名词时态语态主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone3）分词时态语态主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone否定形式：not+不定式，not/no+动名词，not+现在分词,动词不定式,1）作主语：Tofinishtheworkintenminutesisveryhard.Toloseyourheartmeansfailure.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：Itisveryhardtofinishtheworkintenminutes.Itmeansfailuretoloseyourheart.,动词不定式,2）作表语：Herjobistocleanthehall.Heappearstohavecaughtacold.,5）作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：动宾关系：Ihaveameetingtoattend.注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.Thechildhasnothingtoworryabout.如果不定式修饰time,place,way，可以省略介词：Hehasnoplacetolive.Thisisthebestwaytoworkoutthisproblem.说明所修饰名词的内容：Wehavemadeaplantofinishthework.序数词和最高级后用不定式做定语：Heisthefirsttogethere.,动词不定式,做状语表目的：Heworkeddayandnighttogetthemoney.Shesoldherhairtobuythewatchchain.表结果：Hearrivedlatetofindthetraingone.常用only放在不定式前表示强调：Ivisitedhimonlytofindhimout.表原因：Theywereverysadtohearthenews.表程度：Itstoodarkforustoseeanything.Thequestionissimpleforhimtoanswer.,非谓语动词做题四步分析,一、分析句子结构,1._manytimes,buthestillcouldntunderstandit.,2._manytimes,hestillcouldntunderstandit.,A.HavingbeentoldB.ToldC.HewastoldD.Thoughhehadbeentold,C,_,A,4.Ifyou_totheleft,youllfindthepostoffice.,5._totheleft,andyoullfindthepostoffice.,A.TurningB.ToturnC.TurnD.Turned,3._totheleft,youllfindthepostoffice.,A,_,C,C,二、分析逻辑主语,非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不一致，则须加上自己的逻辑主语,1._nobuses,wehavetowalkhome,2._Sunday,Ishallhaveaquietdayathome.,TherebeingB.ItwereC.TherewereD.Itbeing,_,A,D,_,三、分析语态,分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。,1._fromspace,theearthlooksblue.,2._fromspace,wecanseetheearthisblue.,SeenB.SeeingC.ToseeD.See,_,A,_,B,3.Thedirtyclothes_,thegirlhungthemupoutside.,4._thedirtyclothes,thegirlhungthemupoutside.,waswashedB.washedC.werewashedD.havingwashed,_,B,_,D,四、分析时态,1.Thebuilding_nowwillbearestaurant.,2.Thebuilding_nextyearwillbearestaurant.,3.Thebuilding_lastyearisarestaurant.,A.havingbeenbuiltB.tobebuiltC.beingbuiltD.built,_,C,_,B,_,D,1.Hestoodthere_forhismother.,2._fortwohours,hewentaway.,waitingB.towaitC.waitedD.Havingwaited,A,D,巩固练习:,1._wontbeofmuchhelp.,A.TomsgoingB.TomgoingC.TomtogoD.Tomgoes,A,2.Theymanaged_themeetingroombeforetheguestsarrived.,A.finishingtocleanB.finishingcleaningC.tofinishcleaningD.tofinishtoclean,C,3.Wemustfindaroombigenough_.,forallofustoliveB.forallofustoliveinC.toliveinallofusD.ofallofustolive,B,4._ateacher,Ishouldsetagoodexampletostudents.,BeingB.HavingbeenC.TobeD.AsIbeing,A,5._ateacher,onemustfirstbetheirpupil.,A.BeingB.HavingbeenC.TobeD.Tohavebeen,A,6.Itwasstupid_youradvice.,formenottotakeB.formenottakingC.ofmenottotakeD.ofmenottaking,C,Itsnouse/good+doingsth.,不用todosth.,辨别：Itsnousetotellhimaboutthat.(wrong)Itsnousetellinghimaboutthat.（right),动词不定式作宾语补足语,2使役动词let,have,make及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel等要以不带to的不定式作宾补。Letshavearest.我们休息一会吧。Isawhimcomein.我看见他进来了。感官动词后既可跟不带to的不定式作宾补，也可跟v-ing作宾补，前者表示动作的全部过程已结束；后者表示动作正在进行。Isawhimcomedownstairs.我看见他下了楼。（说明他下楼了这件事）Isawhimcomingdownstairs.我看见他在下楼。（说明他下楼时的情景）,注意,动词不定式作宾语的注意事项（2点）,1有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟动名词作宾语，但含义不同：remembertodo记住要做某事；rememberdoing记得曾经做过某事forgettodo忘记要做某事forgetdoing忘记曾经做过某事stoptodo停下来去做某事stopdoing停止做某事goontodo继续做另一件事goondoing继续做原来在做的事Irememberseeingyousomewherebefore.我记得以前在哪儿见过你。Pleaseremembertoturnoffthelightwhenyouleave.离开时请记得关好灯。,动名词与不定式语义不同的有11组,1stoptodostopdoing2forgettodoforgetdoing3remembertodorememberdoing4regrettodo(要做)regretdoing(已做)5ceasetodoceasedoing6trytodotrydoing7goontodogoondoing8afraidtodo不敢afraidofdoing生怕9meantodomeandoing,4regretdoing/todoregrettodo对要做的事遗憾。(未做)regretdoing对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做)Iregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。IdontregrettellingherwhatIthought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题-Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.-Well,nowIregret_that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone答案：D。regrethavingdonesth.对已发生的事感到遗憾。regrettodosth.对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的,7.beafraiddoing/todobeafraidtodo不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为“怕”；beafraidofdoing担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing是客观上造成的，意为“生怕，恐怕”。Shewasafraidtostepfurtheringrassbecauseshewasafraidofbeingbittenbyasnake.她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。Shewasafraidtowakeherhusband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。Shewasafraidofwakingherhusband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。,9.meantodoing/todomeantodo打算、想meandoing意味着Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower.赠加工资意味着增加购买力。,英语中有些及物动词后只能跟不定式作宾语：,want,hope,wish,expect,plan,demand,dare,need,offer,prepare,afford,manage,know,learn,agree,decide,determine,只能跟不定式作宾语,promise,refuse,fail,attempt,beg,care,choose,claim,consent,decline,long,learn,seek,tend,threaten,undertake,volunteer,apply,fear,swear,只能用动名词的动词,admit承认；excuse原谅；postpone拖延；anticipate期望；fancy想象practise练习；appreciate欣赏；finish完成；prevent防止；avoid避免；forbid禁止；propose建议；consider考虑；forgive宽恕；recollect回忆；understand理解；escape逃避；permit允许,只能用动名词的动词,delay耽搁；imagine想象；resent厌恶；deny否认；involve涉及；resist抵制；detest厌恶；keep保留；risk冒险；dislike讨厌；mind在意；save挽救；dread害怕；miss错过；suggest建议；enjoy喜欢；pardon原谅；,非谓语动词综合练习,1.Sayingalwayshaslessdifficultythan_.A.doneB.doingC.todoD.havingdone2.Althoughswimmingishisfavoritesport,yethedoesntlike_today.A.toswimB.swimmingC.swimD.tohaveswim3.Shesaidshewassorry_thetrain,soshehadtostayhereforanotherday.A.missingB.havingmissedC.tomissD.tohavemissed4._thesamemistakeagainmadehisparentsveryangry.A.HisbeingmadeB.HehasmadeC.HehadmakingD.Hismaking5.Youdbetternothavethelights_alldaylong.A.burningB.burnedC.toburnD.beingburnt,6.Itis_thinkingaboutitnow.A.ofnouseB.notuseC.nouseD.notofanyuses7.-Wouldyouliketosingasongforus?-_.A.IprefernotB.IprefernottoC.IprefertonotD.Iwouldntprefer8.Duringthenexttenyears,shehadtoworkhard_forthenecklace.A.payingB.topayC.forpayingD.inordertopaying9.Janetwasangryat_.A.mynotwaitingforherB.IdidntwaitforherC.menotwaitforherD.metonotwaitforher10.Pleasegetsomeone_thewashingmachine.Iwanttogetit_assoonaspossible.A.torepair；toberepairedB.repair；repairedC.torepair；repairingD.torepair；repaired,11._moretime,hecouldhavedonetheworkmuchbetter.A.TobegivenB.TogiveC.GivenD.Giving12.Jessiewassick_suchnoise.A.ofhearingB.tohearC.ofbeingheardD.heard13._,helefttheroom.A.FinishingtheworkB.HadfinishedtheworkC.AfterfinishedtheworkD.Havingfinishedthework14.Themachinerequires_,sotheworkersarerequired_ready.A.repair；togetB.repairing；togetC.repairing；gettingD.toberepaired；getting15.WouldyoulikeHelen_yousinceyouhavesomedifficulty?A.helpingB.tohelpC.hashelpedD.help,16.Heisbeginning_hismistakes.A.correctB.tocorrectC.correctingD.corrected17.Mywishis_thepeoplewellinthefuture.A.toserveforB.toserveC.servingD.servingfor18.Thepoorboy,_withextraordinarystrength,_fromtheground.A.filled；roseB.filling；roseC.full；raisedD.filled；risen19.Headvised_ameeting_theproblem.A.holding；todiscussB.holding；fordiscussingC.tohold；todiscussD.hold；discussing20._theteacher,andhewilltellyoutheanswer.A.AskingB.AskC.IfaskD.Ifyouask,21.Hewasmade_workingbecauseofhispoorhealth.A.stoppingB.tostopC.stoppedD.stop22.Doyouconsideritanygood_again?A.totryB.tryC.tryingD.foryoutotry23.Iregret_youthatweareunabletoofferyouajob.A.informingB.havinginformedC.toinformD.toinforming24.Sheadmitted_thekey.A.beingtakingB.totakeC.havingtakenD.tohavetaken25.Besides_,sheiskindandtender.A.beautifulB.beingbeautifulC.shebeautifulD.isbeautiful,26.Iwonderedwhetherthemoviewas_worth_.A.very；seeingB.well；beingseenC.very；beingseenD.well；seeing27.Thelecturerbeganby_uswheretheislandwas,andwenton_aboutitshistory.A.telling；talkingB.totell；totalkC.telling；totalkD.hetold；talking28.Havingfinishedthework,_.A.itwasalmostsixoclockB.apostmancameanddeliveredtheeveningpaperandsomelettersC.supperhadalreadybeenpreparedD.wehadarestandthenhadsupper29.Ona_morningthelittlematchgirlwasfound_atthecornerofthestreet.A.freezing；freezingB.freezing；frozenC.frozen；frozenD.frozen；freezing30.Theyfounda_oldman_onthegroundwhenthedoorwasbrokenopen.A.dying；lyingB.dying；liedC.dead；liedD.dead；lain,31.Whocouldhaveimaginedsuchasweet-temperedgirlasJane_suchathing!A.doingB.todoC.willdoD.does32.Didyouhearthesoundlikethatofadoor_?A.burstB.toburstinC.burstinD.tobeburstin33.Iwasdeepinthought,soIdidntnotice_.A.himtocomeinB.himcomeinC.hecomeinD.himcomingin34.Thewalletwasreturnedtohimwithoutanything_.A.missedB.tobemissedC.missingD.tomiss35._hermotherhadcome,herfacelitup.A.HearingB.HavingheardC.WhenheardD.Whensheheard,36._inwhite,shelooksmuchmorebeautiful.A.WearingB.DressingC.DressedD.Havingdressed37._,theboycouldntenterhishouse.A.SincethekeyhadlostB.ThekeybeinglostC.LostthekeyD.Havinglostthekey38.TheArcticisconsidered_thenorthernpartoftheAtlantic.A.havingbeenB.tohavebeenC.tobeD.being39.Iamtooglad_you.A.toseeB.seeingC.sawD.atseeing40.Thereis_whattheweatherwillbelike.A.notknowingB.noknowingC.notknowD.noknown,动词时态专项复习,所谓动词时态,是指谓语动词所表示的动作发生的时间和状态.注意：学习时态关键关注时间状语动作发生的时间有过去,现在和将来;动作发生的状态有一般性,进行性和完成性.由此构成英语中16种不同时态,如上表所示:基本时态5种(红色所示)掌握时态的用法,应从以下几点入手:)谓语构成)时间状语)一般用法)特殊用法)相关时态的区别,.一般现在时,基本用法：一般现在时表示现在经常反复发生的动作,存在的状态或习惯性的动作.时间状语:usually,often,sometimes,everymorning,always,regularly,nowandthen,occasionally,seldom,onSundays,atpresent,nowadays,thesedays,atthemoment一般用法:1.经常性或习惯性的动作Igotoworkonfooteveryday.Wealwayshelpeachother.2.现在的特征，状态及能力Helovessports.Thecoatfitsyouwell.3.普遍真理,格言警句Lighttravelsfasterthansound.Practicemakesperfect.,特殊用法1.某些表示动作起止的动词,可用一般现在时表示一个按计划,规定,安排要发生的事.如begin,be,come,go,leave,sail,start,arrive,return,end,stop,open,takeoff,close,fall,meet,stay,takeplace,happen等Eg.TomorrowisMonday.Whendoestheplanetakeoff?2.在时间状语从句,条件状语从句或让步状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时Ifitrainstomorrow,wellputoffthesportsmeeting.Ineedonemorestampbeforemycollectioniscompleted.EvenifhedoesntcomethisSunday,Illgofishingbymyself.,3.特殊句型Here/Therecomesourteacher.(一般现在时表正在发生的动作)Itis+时间段+since.Itis/hasbeenfiveyearssinceImovedhere.,.现在进行时:,表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作.时间状语:now,atthemoment,thesedays,nowadays,atpresent一般用法:1.说话时正发生或正进行的动作Imgivingalecture.2.现阶段正在进行而此刻不一定正在进行的动作Imreadinganovelthesedays.(butIamnotreadingitnow.)特殊用法:1.表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作,限于表示来去,开始,结束,离开，到达等瞬间意义的动词,特殊用法1：WereleavingonFriday.IvewonaholidayfortwotoFlorida.Iamtakingmymom2.在时间状语从句,条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来正在进行的动作Dontmentionthiswhenyouaretalkingwithhim.Ifsheissleeping,dontwakeherup.3.现在进行时与always,continually,constantly,allthetime等副词连用表示反复或习惯性的动作,含有某种感情色彩,如赞扬,遗憾,讨厌,不满等.Heisalwayscominglate.(不满)Yourealwaysthinkingofothers.(赞扬)Howareyoufeelingtoday?(比Howdoyoufeeltoday?更为亲切),一般将来时,基本用法：表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某段时间内经常的动作与状态.时间状语:tomorrow,nextweek,fromnowon,inthefuture,in+时间段一般用法:1.将来的动作或状态Ishallgoshoppingthisafternoon./Hewillbebackinaweek.2.将来经常发生的动作Inafewyearstime,mostpeoplewillgotoworkbycar,特殊用法,.一般将来时可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作.eg.Oilwillfloatonwater./Cropswilldiewithoutwater.Wheneverhehastime,hewillcomeandseeme.其否定式表示“不能没法”Themachinewontwork.(机器没法开动)Thisplaywontact.(戏剧没法上演)begoingtodo,betodo,will/shalldo的区别前两者都可表示按计划,安排做某事.betodo还可表命令,意愿或征求对方意见.Will/shalldo则侧重临时的打算.Arewetogoonwiththework?=Shallwe?Ifyouaretobethereontime,(意愿)-youhaveleftthelighton.-Oh,sorry.Illgoandturnitoff.(被告知前无打算,.一般过去时,一般用法:(表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态.(包括习惯性动作)时间状语:yesterday,lastweek,ago,later,in1980Ihadsupperat6:30.Iwasntathomelastnight.Myfatheroftentookmetovisitmygrandpawhenhewasalive.特殊用法:1.在时间状语从句,条件状语从句或让步状语从句中过去将来的动作Hesaidhewouldcomeifhewasnotbusy.2.有些情况发生的时间不很清楚(无明确时间状语),但实际是过去发生的.Iwasgladtogetyourletter.Whatdidyousay?Whatwasthefinalscore?,.现在完成时,表示动作在过去已经完成,但对现在仍有影响.时间状语:already,yet,before,just,ever,lately,recently,often,sometimes,never,once,twice,for,since基本用法1.不带时间状语的现在完成时表示说话之前动作已经完成,而后果和影响至今存在.Ihaveseenthefilmmanytimes.Thecityhastakenonanewlook.2.到现在为止这一时期中发生的情况(可能是多次动作的总和,也可表示状态和习惯性的动作)Howmanypageshavecoveredtoday?Shehasdonealotofworkforus.Hehasbeenillforaweek.,3.表示一直持续到现在的状态Theconferencehaslastedfivedays.4.在时间状语从句,条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来某时已经完成的动作WhenyouhavelearnedEnglish,youwillfinditabridgetosomuchknowledge.Wellstartatsixifithasstoppedrainingbythen.,5.特殊句型:Itsthefirsttimethathave/hasdone.Ithasbeen/is+时间段+since.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.6.短暂性动词的完成时不与时间段连用,如需连用可转化成相应的延续性动词,如diebedead,leavebeaway,comebackbeback,fallinlovewith-beinlovewith,marrybemarriedto,joinbeamemberof/beinHehasdied.,一般过去时与现在完成时的区别,一般过去时表示在过去某个时间内发生的动作，而现在完成时讲的是迄今为止的这一段时间的情况，一个影响现状的动作，无论从时间上，后果上和现在联系起来了？（现在是否在这里？）？（刚才在吗？）（可能找到了）（还没找着）,过去进行时,表示过去某个时刻或时段正在进行的动作时间状语：，一般用法：1.过去某个时刻或时段正在进行的动作Theteachercameinwhentheyweretalking.HewasreadingwhileshewaswatchingTV.2.与always,continually,constantly,allthetime等副词连用表示反复或习惯性的动作,含有某种感情色彩,如赞扬,遗憾,讨厌,不满等（同现在进行时）,.过去完成时,用法：过去某时之前业已发生的动作或情况（过去的过去）时间状语：before,after,once,until,bythenendof+过去时间Bytheendoflastyear,theyhadtreated30,000patients.Theyhadfinishedalltheworkbeforedusk.Wecongratulatedthemonthesuccesstheyhadachieved.2.表希望,打算的词如hope,expect,intend,plan,mean,want,think,suppose可用过去完成时表示本打算/希望做而没做到的事.IhadhopedtovisitMountTailastsummer,butIwastoobusy.(也可表达为hopedtohavevisited/washopingtovisit),3特殊句型:刚一就Nosoonerhad+主语+donethan+主语+didHardly/Scarcelyhad+主语+donewhen+主语+did.及某些虚拟语气句式.Eg:NosoonerhaditrainedthanIwenthome.Hardly/Scarcelyhad+Mr.WhitearrivedChinawhen+he+begantowork.注意：此句型中先发生的用完成时,后发生的用一般过去时用过去完成时有一个重要前提,既两个动作发生在不同时间,先发生的用完成时,但如果两个动作紧接着发生,则可都用一般过去时.Afterwesaidgoodbyetoourfriends,weleftthevillage.JustbeforeIleftAmerica,Isentthematelegram.,.将来完成时,表将来某时业已发生的动作.常见状语by+将来时间.Ishallhavefinisheditbeforelunch.Whenwegetthere,theywillhaveleft.ThenewbuildingwillhavebeencompletedbytheendofAugust.有时也用来表揣测.Theywillhavearrivedbynow.Weworkedtogetherforayear.Hewonthaveforgottenme,.现在完成进行时,表示现在以前这段时间内一直在进行或反复的动作.(可能仍在进行，也可能停了一会儿.)Howlonghasitbeenraining?Ivebeensittinghereallafternoon.Shehasbeencyclingtoworkforthelast3weeks.一般过去时仅表示在过去某个时间已经发生的动作;现在完成时的动作发生在过去,但对现在有影响;现在完成进行时则是涉及了3个时间,开始在过去,持续到现在,并可能持续到将来,时态一致,）一般主句和从句时态要基本一致)如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时。Atthattime,peopledidnotknowthattheearthmoves.Hetoldmelastweekthatheiseighteen.3)宾语从句中如主语是现在时，则从句可根据需要使用任何时态ehassaidhewillcometoyouanytime.4)时间和条件状语从句中，在陈述语气中一般将来时和过去将来时要用一般现在时和一般过去时代替Ifyouhavetimetomorrow,youhadbetterhaveatalkwithyourbossaboutyourpay.,Exercises,1.-Oh,dear.Iforgottheairtickets.-You_something.A.haveleftB.arealwaysleavingC.areleavingD.alwaysleft2.-I_sobusilyrecentlythatI_notimetohelpyouwithyourmath.-ThatsOK.Icanmanageitbymyself.A.havebeenworking;haveB.haveworked;hadC.amworking;willhaveD.hadbeenworking;hadhad,3.Remembertosendmeaphotoofusnexttimeyou_tome.A.arewritingB.willwriteC.haswrittenD.write4.He_atthemeeting,buthisheartattackpreventedhim.A.willspeakB.isgoingtospeakC.hadtospeakD.wasgoingtospeak5.-Ibegyourpardon,butIdidntquitecatchyou.-Oh,I_myself.A.amtalkingtoB.talkedaboutC.havetalkedtoD.wastalkingto,6.I_ping-pongquitewell,butIhaventhadtimetoplaysincetheNewYear.A.willplayB.haveplayedC.playedD.play7.-What_whenIphonedyou?-I_mywork,andIwantedtogoout.A.haveyoudone;finishedB.wereyoudoing;havefinishedC.didyoudo;hadjustfinishedD.wereyoudoing;hadjustfinished,8.-Haveyoufinishedthereport?-No.I_itallthisweek.A.willdoB.haddoneC.havedoneD.havebeendoing9.-We_thatyouwouldfixtheTVsetthisweek.-Imsorry.I_tofixitthisweek,butIvebeentoobusy.A.hadexpected;hadintendedB.areexpecting;hadintendedC.expect;intendD.expected;intend,10.Theywontbuynewclothesbecausethey_moneytobuyanewhouse.A.saveB.aresavingC.havesavedD.weresaving11.-Iwillcometoattendyourlectureat10:00tomorrow.-Imsorry,bythenmylecturewillhaveendedandI_myguestsinmyoffice.A.isbeingmetB.willmeetC.willbemeetingD.willhavemet,12.IknowMr.Brown;we_toeachotherataninternationalconference.A.areintroducedB.arebeenintroducedC.wereintroducedD.hadbeenintroduced13.Dontbothertolookformydictionary-it_someday.A.turnsupB.hasturnedupC.willturnupD.isgoingtoturnup14.Theplane_at7:00pm,soIhavetobeattheairportby6:40atthelatest.A.hasleftB.wouldleaveC.willhaveleftD.leaves,15.Thetrain_atthepresentspeeduntilitreachesthefootofthemountainataboutnineoclocktonight.A.wentB.isgoingC.goesD.willbegoing16.IusedtodrinkalotofteabutthesedaysI_coffee.A.preferB.preferredC.hadpreferredD.ampreferring17.IwanttobuythatkindofclothbecauseI_thecloth_well.A.havetold;washesB.havebeentold;washesC.wastold;washedD.havebeentold;iswashed,18.-IsTomstillsmoking?-No.BynextSaturdayhe_forawholemonthwithoutsmokingasinglecigarette.A.willbeB.willhavegoneC.willhavebeenD.hasbeengoing19.-Lookattheblackclouds.It_soon.-Sure.Ifonlywe_out.A.israining;didntcomeB.istorain;wontstartC.willrain;haventstartedD.isgoingtorain;hadntcome,20.Whenhewasalive,theoldscientistusedtosaythatknowledge_frompracticeandhegainedhisexperiencebydoingalotofpracticalwork.A.wascomingB.hadcomeC.comesD.wouldcome21.-Dontforgettobringmynewbookstomorrowafternoon.-No,I_.A.dontB.doC.wontD.will22._itwithmeandIllseewhatIcando.A.WhenleftB.LeavingC.IfyouleaveD.Leave,23.Withthedevelopmentofscience,morenewtechnology_tothefieldofIT.A.hasintroducedB.isbeingintroducedC.isintroducedD.wasintroduced24.-Eachofthestudents,workinghardattheirlessons,_thebook.-SohaveI.A.isreadingB.hasreadC.readingD.reads,25.Itiswhentheplane_thatyoudbetterfindoutatthebookingoffice.A.wouldtakeoffB.hadtakenoffC.wastakingoffD.istakingoff26.IthoughtJimwouldsaysomethingabouthisschoolreport,buthe_it.A.doesntmentionB.hadntmentionedC.didntmentionD.hasntmentioned,27.Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguests_whenhe_attheparty.A.left,hadarrivedB.left,arrivedC.hadleft,hadarrivedD.hadleft,arrived28.We_fourthousandnewwordsbytheendoflastyear.A.hadlearnedB.havelearnedC.learnedD.willhavelearned29.Theyaskedmetohaveadrinkwiththem.IsaidthatitwasatleasttenyearssinceI_agooddrink.A.hadenjoyedB.wasenjoyingC.hasenjoyedD.hadbeenenjoying,